National Institute of Development Administration
NIDA (National Institute of Development Administration): Wisdom Repository / สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์Not a member yet
3872 research outputs found
Sort by
Process of community enhancement on tourism promotion marketing for community-based tourism destination in designated Pattaya and Vicinity area
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Integrated Tourism Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020This research aims 1) to develop an indicator used for evaluating community enhancement of tourism promotion marketing in community–based tourism destinations in designated Pattaya and vicinity areas, 2) to evaluate the community enhancement of tourism promotion marketing for community–based tourism destinations in the designated Pattaya and vicinity areas, 3) to obtain the community’s potential reinforcement method in the aspect of tourism marketing promotion currently proceeded by the related parties, and 4) to create a process of community enhancement for tourism promotion marketing for community–based tourism destination in the designated Pattaya and vicinity areas. A mixed method: both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in this research.
Baan Chak Ngaew community, Bang Lamung district, Chonburi is selected as a study area for the research. Data collection is done by purposive sampling among 400 Thai tourists, who visited the community on Saturdays, through a questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire, which is the data collection tool for this research, was used to evaluate the community’s potential in the aspect of community-based tourism marketing promotion, whereas descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. The other type of data collection tool was an expert interview.
According to the result of the evaluation conducted by using six marketing promotion tools covering the four aspects: knowledge, attributes, general skills, and specific skills, it appears that the overall result is 3.22 or medium level. The result of each aspect can be concluded as follows: the community’s potential to operate marketing promotion by advertising is 3.65 or a high level; by publicizing is 3.50 or a medium level; by promotion sales is 3.09 or a medium level; by individual selling is 4.12 or a high level; by direct selling is 2.56 or a medium level; and by internet marketing is 2.44 or a low level.
Regarding data analysis in the aspect of qualitative research, content analysis is applied along with the analysis of opinions and recommendation from experts and persons related to the community-based tourism marketing promotion in the designated Pattaya and vicinity areas. Six elements of the community’s potential were evaluated in four aspects: general skills, specific skills, attributes, and knowledge. After obtaining the result, researchers analyzed the data, selected a procedure, and specified issues and suitable techniques used for improving each aspect of the community’s potential in order to enhance their potential to operate tourism marketing promotion more efficiently.
The process of community enhancement of tourism promotion marketing for community–based tourism destinations in designated Pattaya and vicinity areas consists of three major elements which are 1) an evaluation of the community’s potential in the aspects related to a marketing promotion process in order to understand their strengths and weaknesses; 2) an analysis of the procedures currently used in the area; and 3) the community’s potential enhancement process based on the procedures, issues, and techniques suitable for improving the community’s potential in the aspect of community-based tourism marketing promotion in order to develop their potential and sustainability: local people can keep operating the tourism marketing promotion by themselves
Message from the president issue 17-2020
No full textสารจากอธิการบดีสถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์ ฉบับที่ 17 ปี 202
The influence of enterprise network on competitive antage of high technology enterprises in China : the mediating effects of dynamic capabilities and ambidexterity innovation
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020In a dynamic environment, companies that want to gain competitive advantages need not only to integrate their internal resources but also to absorb external resources through the enterprise network and then use these resources to innovate and subsequently achieve their corporate strategic goals. However, the exploitative innovation advocated by Chinese companies has led to a serious lack of exploratory innovation capabilities, which has caused Chinese companies to fall into the trap of “lack of technology-technology introduction-lack of technology”; moreover, 80% of core technologies and key products are controlled by developed countries, and international competitors often constrain the development of Chinese companies by restricting the exports of these key products. To resolve this dilemma, Chinese companies need to pay attention to both exploitative innovation and exploratory innovation, that is, ambidextrous innovation. Therefore, that study the influence of enterprise network on competitive advantage from the perspective of dynamic capability and ambidextrous innovation have great theoretical value and practical value.
Based on the above research background, this study proposes a “resource–capacity– innovation–advantage” research framework and uses enterprise network theory, dynamic capability theory, ambidextrous innovation theory, and competitive advantage theory to analyse the impacts of tie strength/network centrality on dynamic capabilities, ambidextrous innovation, and competitive advantages and to explore the inner mechanism between enterprise networks and competitive advantages from the perspectives of dynamic capabilities and ambidextrous innovation. Structural equation modelling was used to test all hypotheses.
384 valid questionnaires that were collected from China National High-Tech Industrial Development Zones were entered into the structural equation modelling. The result showed that enterprise networks, dynamic capabilities, and ambidextrous innovation have a significant positive impact on the competitive advantages of Chinese high-tech companies. Moreover, the influence of tie strength/network centrality has a stronger effect on the competitive advantages of manufacturing companies; However, dynamic capabilities and ambidextrous combinations have a greater effect on the competitive advantages of service companies. Our results also show that tie strength/network centrality have positive effects on dynamic capabilities, and dynamic capabilities have a partial mediating effect between tie strength/network centrality and competitive advantages, revealing the internal mechanism between enterprise networks and competitive advantages and answering the question “why do companies located in the same enterprise network have differences in their competitive advantages?”. Besides, the results show that tie strength/network centrality and dynamic capabilities have significantly positive effects on the ambidextrous combination, but not for the ambidextrous balance, excepting for the tie strength, indicating that only the ambidextrous combination has a mediating effect between network centrality and competitive advantages. Moreover, the interaction of dynamic capabilities and the ambidextrous combination also played a mediating effect between enterprise networks and competitive advantage.
These findings not only clarified the importance of enterprise networks, dynamic capabilities, ambidextrous innovation to competitive advantages but also revealed the internal mechanism between enterprise networks and competitive advantages. Besides, the results of the multi-group analysis suggested the Chinese Government encourage manufacturing enterprises with resource advantages to carry out an ambidextrous combination, but the manufacturing companies with resource advantages lack reform motivation because that most manufacturing companies focus on achieving low-cost advantages through mass production, while service companies with strong reform motivation have difficulty achieving ambidextrous innovation due to insufficient resources, indicating the Chinese Government may encounter more difficulties in the process of promoting innovation reform.
Communication of national security issues via online media in the information operations framing
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020The research is a mixed-method study of both quantitative and qualitative research, aimed to 1) explore and analyze communication patterns used in communicating the content related to national security via the government's and the political dissidents’ information operations through online media, 2) study and analyze the impact of the communication related to national security via online media on the government, mass media, and general people, and 3) recommend some guidelines for national security operations for the government sector, mass media, and general people. The research was conducted by content analysis, in-depth interview, and documentary study, i.e., from primary sources, such as the government’s declarations, orders, announcement, etc., and secondary source, such as academic paper, websites, and official online channels of 1) the government/ government agencies, 2) political dissidents or activists, both supporters for and protestors against the NCPO government, and 3) media or news agencies. The time frame for the analysis was from the coup d’etat on May 22, 2014, up to the official election date on March 24, 2019. The information was searched purposively for the content related to national security, based on keywords by the Search Engine via Google website.
From the study, the following findings were found to answer the research objectives:
1) Communication patterns used in communicating the content related to national security via the government's and the political dissidents’ information operations through online media.
The study found that the government and political dissidents had different purposes in communicating content about political policies, ideologies, concepts, and attitudes. Information operations (IO) were used through online media channels as an important tool in presenting each side’s content and concepts for supporting their missions mainly. From the analysis of IO, most of the government’s operations were “passive operations,” by emphasizing the chain of command or lines of authority. The most important tool of the government was to use an information source who was the supreme leader of the government or the concerned minister, including the spokesperson team to communicate with the public. On the other hand, political dissidents applied an "active approach" of IO by disseminating their disagreement and opposition against the government's administration via various kinds of online channels continuously and consistently in the form of networking with an effort of exerting their influence over the government's estimation of situations.
2) The impact of the communication related to national security via online media on the government, mass media, and general people.
From the study, it was found that the government sector gave very high importance to online communication as government officials still adhere to the traditional ways, i.e., focusing on the online media blockade or blackout policies, which cannot solve national security problems at present. Mass media lack caution in verifying information received from online media and become even victims of that false or misleading information by publicizing such information to the public without any prior information verification process. General people still believe that the transmitted information of online media has been screened. Particularly, it is the nature of online media that untrue information can be diffused more quickly than true information.
3) Guidelines for national security operations for the government sector, mass media, and general people.
For the government sector, plans must be well-prepared for coping with the new form of threats hidden in communication technology. Government personnel should be empowered to possess specialized expertise to catch up with technological changes, especially the modification of thinking patterns and attitudes in working with new media. Mass media should always be concerned about the well-roundedness and thoroughness of news or information before dissemination, including verifying sources of information and being able to confirm the credibility of information sources. General people should learn to question themselves every time upon the receipt of online information. Without such questioning of the acquired information, they will become prey to information releasers easily
Waste management and implementation of the Green National Park Project for waste in Phu Ruea National Park, Loei Province
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (วท.ม. (การจัดการสิ่งแวดล้อม))--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2563การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อศึกษาระบบการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยในปัจจุบัน รวมถึงประเภทและปริมาณของขยะมูลฝอยของอุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือ จังหวัดเลย การประเมินการปฏิบัติตามเกณฑ์ด้านการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยของโครงการประกวดอุทยานแห่งชาติสีเขียว (Green national park) และเพื่อเสนอแนะแนวทางการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยที่เหมาะสมสำหรับอุทยานแห่งชาติดังกล่าว เป็นการศึกษาแบบผสมผสานทั้งวิธีการศึกษาเชิงปริมาณและคุณภาพ โดยเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลปฐมภูมิจากการสัมภาษณ์ผู้ให้ข้อมูลหลักที่มีหน้าที่รับผิดชอบเกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยของอุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือและผู้ผลิตขยะมูลฝอยภายในพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือ รวมถึงข้อมูลทุติยภูมิจากเอกสารที่เกี่ยวข้อง ผลการวิจัย พบว่า อุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือได้เก็บรวมรวบข้อมูลปริมาณขยะมูลฝอยตั้งแต่ ปี พ.ศ. 2560 – 2561 ซึ่งในแต่ละปีมีปริมาณขยะมูลฝอยลดลงตามลำดับ ซึ่งช่วงเดือนที่มีปริมาณขยะสูง จะสอดคล้องกับช่วงเทศกาลวันสำคัญต่างๆ และช่วงฤดูหนาวที่เป็นฤดูกาลท่องเที่ยวของอุทยานแห่งชาตินี้ ประเภทขยะมูลฝอยที่มีแนวโน้มปริมาณลดลง คือ ขยะรีไซเคิล และขยะอันตราย ส่วนขยะมูลฝอยที่มีแนวโน้มปริมาณเพิ่มขึ้น คือ ขยะย่อยสลาย สำหรับขยะทั่วไปนั้น มีแนวโน้มเพิ่มขึ้นในปี พ.ศ. 2560 - 2561 แต่ลดลงเล็กน้อยในปี พ.ศ. 2562
อุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือมีการบริหารจัดการขยะมูลฝอย ทั้งการเก็บรวบรวม การขนส่ง การคัดแยก การกำจัด และการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยตามหลัก 3Rs ได้แก่ ลดการใช้ การใช้ซ้ำ และการนำกลับมาใช้ใหม่ โดยคัดแยกขยะมูลฝอยออกเป็น 4 ประเภท และกำจัดด้วยวิธีการที่แตกต่างกันตามประเภทของขยะมูลฝอย ตลอดจนมีการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยตามหลัก 3Rs ทั้งในส่วนสำนักงาน ร้านค้า/ร้านอาหาร พื้นที่เขตบริการ โดยการประชาสัมพันธ์และขอความร่วมมือจากเจ้าหน้าที่ บุคลากร ผู้ประกอบการ และนักท่องเที่ยว รวมถึงกำหนดมาตรการการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยตามหลัก 3Rs แก่สำนักงาน ร้านค้า/ร้านอาหาร เป็นต้น
อุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือได้ผ่านเกณฑ์การประเมินด้านการจัดการสิ่งแวดล้อมจากโครงการประกวดอุทยานแห่งชาติสีเขียว ประจำปี พ.ศ. 2562 ซึ่งโครงการประกวดอุทยานแห่งชาติสีเขียวประกอบด้วยเกณฑ์การประเมินด้านการจัดการสิ่งแวดล้อมทั้งหมด 17 เกณฑ์ โดยมีด้านที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดการขยะมูลฝอย 4 เกณฑ์ ได้แก่ การลดปริมาณขยะมูลฝอยโดยใช้หลัก 3Rs การคักแยกขยะมูลฝอย การเก็บรวบรวมขยะมูลฝอย และการกำจัดขยะมูลฝอย โดยอุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือมีการดำเนินการในภาพรวมได้ดี ไม่มีขยะตกค้าง มีนักท่องเที่ยวและเจ้าหน้าที่บางส่วนมีการคัดแยกขยะมูลฝอยไม่ถูกต้อง รวมถึงการกำจัดขยะทั่วไปยังใช้วิธีการกำจัดที่ไม่เหมาะสม ซึ่งแนวทางการจัดการขยะมูลฝอยที่เหมาะสมของอุทยานแห่งชาติภูเรือ เช่น จัดซื้อเครื่องมือ อุปกรณ์สำหรับจัดการขยะให้เพียงพอ เพิ่มมาตรการการการจัดการขยะในช่วงเทศกาล อบรมพัฒนาศักยภาพบุคลากร และปรับปรุงระบบกำจัดขยะให้ถูกหลักสุขาภิบาล เป็นต้น
การดำเนินการบริหารจัดการขยะในพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาตินี้ ควรพัฒนาสื่อหรือรูปแบบมาตรการที่จะมีผลต่อการปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมในการลดขยะภายในอุทยานแห่งชาติ รวมถึงการผลักดันมาตรฐานแหล่งท่องเที่ยวสีเขียวให้นำไปใช้กว้างขวางมากยิ่งขึ้นโดยร่วมมือกับหน่วยงานอื่น เกณฑ์อุทยานแห่งชาติสีเขียวควรได้รับการพัฒนาเกณฑ์ในด้านการคุ้มครองและบำรุงรักษาระบบนิเวศและทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ รวมถึงการส่งเสริมและสนับสนุนให้เป็นแหล่งค้นคว้าวิจัยและการศึกษาหาความรู้ด้วย เพื่อพัฒนามาตราฐานของอุทยานแห่งชาติในอนาคตThe purpose of this study aimed to study current waste management systems, including the type and amount of waste of Phu Ruea National Park, Loei Province, to assess waste management operation under Green National Park Project, and to recommend appropriate waste management guidelines for the national park. This study is mixed study of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The literature review of related documents, academic articles, so on and semi-structured interview with key informant involving waste management and waste producer in the national park. The study found that the Phu Ruea National Park has collected the amount of waste since 2017. The annual amount of waste decreased from 2018 to 2019. The highest waster rate usually is in various important festival days, long weekend and the winter which is high season for tourists. The types of solid waste which have the tendency of decreasing amount are recyclable and hazardous waste. The increasing amount of solid waste is decomposed waste. For general waste, it has the tendency to increase in 2017 - 2018 but slightly decrease in 2019.
Waste management system of Phu Ruea National Park includes waste collection, waste transport, waste separation, waste disposal, and waste management according to 3R principles: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Waste is separated into 4 types and disposals with different methods according to the type of waste. As well as waste management in accordance with the 3Rs principles, waste management in national park office, restaurant/shops and service zone area are organized by public relations and requesting cooperation from staffs, personnel, entrepreneurs and tourists.
Phu Ruea National Park has certified the environmental management assessment from the Green National Park in 2019. The Green National Park Project consists of 17 criteria for environmental management assessment, with 4 criteria related to waste management; waste reduction according 3Rs principle, separation, collection, and disposal. In general, Phu Ruea National Park has performed sound waste management according to the criteria. There was no remaining waste in the area, however waste separation was partially practiced incorrectly. Moreover, general waste disposal was not appropriate. Recommendations for waste management in the national park were such as appropriate tool procurement, adequate waste management equipment, more waster management measures during high season, waste disposal improvement, etc.
Waste management operations in this national park area should develop specific media or measures that will affect the behavior of waste reduction in national parks. The responsible agencies should push the green tourism more widely by collaborating with other agencies. Green national park criteria should be developed for the protection and maintenance of ecosystems and natural resources. As well as, there should be more promotion and supports the national park as a source of research and education in order to develop standards of the national park in the future
การศึกษาเรื่องแรงจูงใจมีผลต่อการทำงานที่ต้องใช้ทักษะหลายด้านของพนักงานต้อนรับบนเครื่องบิน
No full textThesis (M.M. (Integrated Tourism and Hospitality Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020Today many airline companies are encountering high competition. Providing excellent service quality can make airline companies more competitive. The lack of the cabin crew’s ambidextrous behavior is the main reason for the business failure of an airline. The objectives of this study were to find the relationship between two types of motivation (intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation), and the relationships between the cabin crew’s ambidextrous behavior and service performance, as well as the moderating roles of emotional exhaustion and work experience in the motivation-individual ambidextrous relationship. A total of 569 cabin crew members working in commercial airlines in Asia were investigated. With structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical moderated regression analyses were used to examine the relationships. The results confirmed that the two types of motivation were positively related to individual ambidexterity and affected service performance. Moreover, the results showed interesting moderation effects of emotional exhaustion and work experience on the intrinsic motivation-individual ambidextrous relationship.
A new approach to the business cycle and insights for the allocation of investment asset classes and sectoral stock return along the business cycle
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020Portfolio management strategy enables investors to reduce risk and maximize return. Investment in different stocks in equity market helps reducing non-systematic risk however systematic risk of portfolio obviously affected by macroeconomic conditions. Different stages of business cycle associates with changes in macroeconomic environment together with business sentiment and different market expectations which impact performance of specific asset classes in each stage. Equity in different stock sectors responses differently in various economic and business conditions according to the nature of industry. Understanding context of business environment and impact on sectoral stock returns helps investors to foresee potential systematic risk of portfolio and understanding association between business cycle stages and sectoral stock returns will provides insight to the investors on strategic portfolio allocation.
This study provides practical methodology on how to define the stages of business cycle using real GDP growth (YoY, Seasonally Adjusted) as a proxy of aggregated economic activities and using steady zero-growth line together with local maxima and local minima to divide business cycle into 4 stages (expansion, recession, depression, recovery). After defining the stages of business cycle, this study analyzes impact of business cycle on sectoral stock return through changes of market risk premium along the different stages using monthly sectoral stock data from The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) during period January 2002 to December 2019 . The analysis is based on Modified CAPM Model with interaction terms between business cycle stage dummies and excess market return over risk free asset to identify business cycle stage beta-value for each stock sector which further bring into Treynor ratio calculation. Recommendations on sectoral stock investment in each stage of buisness cycle are based on risk-adjusted return perspective where the results also proven with portfolio simulation using Markowitz Portfolio Optimization Strategy to define optimal intersectoral allocation ratio in each business cycle stage. Using investment recommendation strategy in this study enables portfolio to achieve higher return than market while reducing volatility risk. The results from this study imply that recovery stage of business cycle is the best timing for investment in stock market due to positive expectation towards future firm earnings. Commerce is the only stock sector which provides positive risk-adjusted return over market performance across all stages of business cycle and it also performs best among all stock sectors in recovery stage. Tourism and Leisure sector performs best in the aspect of risk-adjusted return in expansion stage. Healthcare services is outstanding among other sectors in recession stage. In depression stage, most of stock sectors have negative average return where commerce and ICT are only two sectors with positive risk-adjusted return in this stage of business cycle.
In addition, this study also provides insight towards impact of key macroeconomic factors, business sentiment index and fund flow on sectoral stock returns. With sectoral approach, this study contributes to many controversial points regarding relationship of key macroeconomic factors on stock returns where conflicting results were found in the literatures where most of the studies were focusing on market level. This study also explore the relationship between expected business sentiment index in the different stages of business cycle on sectoral stock returns and found that expected business sentiment index has most influence on sectoral stock returns in depression stage of the business cycle.
Finally, the study analyzes relationship between net investment of different types of investors and sectoral stock returns which reveals that market return in expansion stage has significant causal relationship with net investment from domestic institutions and market return in recession stage also has significant causal relationship with net foreign investment while there is no significant causal relationship between net investment from any type of investors on sectoral stock returns. This imply direction of causal relationship between fund flow and stock market return is more likely to be market return attracts fund flow rather than fund flow impact on stock market return.
This study contributes to the practical methodology of business cycle stage determination, investment recommendations based on risk-adjusted returns of stock sectors along different stages of business cycle, and additional insights on the influence of key macroeconomic factors and business sentiment on stock sector returns and relationship between fund flow from different types of investors and stock returns in both market and sector levels
Message from the president issue 15-2020
No full textสารจากอธิการบดีสถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์ ฉบับที่ 15 ปี 202
Optometry profession practice control
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (น.ม.)--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2563ในปัจจุบันประเทศไทยมีการประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรอยู่อย่างแพร่หลาย แต่การประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรในประเทศไทยยังไม่มีบทกฎหมายใดๆเข้ามาควบคุมการประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรอย่างแท้จริงไม่ว่าจะเป็นกระบวนการเข้าสู่วิชาชีพในการกำหนดคุณสมบัติความรู้พื้นฐานของผู้ที่จะทำการประกอบวิชาชีพและการพิจารณาอนุญาตให้ทำการประกอบวิชาชีพ การควบคุมการประกอบวิชาชีพให้เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานจรรยาบรรณแห่งการประกอบวิชาชีพ, มาตรการบังคับให้การประกอบวิชาชีพเป็นไปตามเงื่อนไขที่กำหนด รวมทั้งบทกำหนดโทษแก่ผู้ที่ประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรโดยไม่ได้รับอนุญาต ส่งผลให้ผู้ที่ไม่มีความรู้ความสามารถในวิชาทัศนมาตรศาสตร์สามารถประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรได้ ทำให้การประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรในปัจจุบันไม่มีมาตรฐานจรรยาบรรณซึ่งอาจก่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้รับบริการ วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้จึงจัดทำขึ้นโดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาถึงความจำเป็นในการกำหนดมาตรการทางกฎหมายเพื่อควบคุมการประกอบวิชาชีพทัศมาตร โดยทำการศึกษาเปรียบเทียบกับกฎหมายของต่างประเทศที่เกี่ยวกับการประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตร นำไปสู่ข้อเสนอในการควบคุมการประกอบวิชาชีพทัศนมาตรโดยกฎหมาย โดยกำหนดเงื่อนไขในการประกอบวิชาชีพ มาตรการบังคับให้เป็นไปตามกฎหมายรวมทั้งบทกำหนดโทษทางอาญาสำหรับการฝ่าฝืนAt present, Thailand has a wide range of practice of optometry. However, in Thailand, there is no law to control the practice of optometry, whether it is a process to enter the profession to determine the qualifications, basic knowledge of those who will practice and consider allowing. Do practice of optometry in accordance with the professional ethics standards, measures to enforce the practice of optometry according to the specified conditions. Including penalties for those who practice of optometry without permission. Resulting in people who do not have the knowledge and ability in optometry to practice optometry As a result, the current profession of vision is not ethical standards which may cause damage to clients. Therefore, this thesis has been conducted with the objective of studying the necessity of establishing legal measures to control practice of optometry. By conducting a comparative study with foreign laws relating to the practice of optometry Lead to proposals to regulate the profession of perspective measurement by law By stipulating conditions for professional practice Measures to enforce compliance with the law, including criminal penalties for violation
Message from the president issue 20-2020
No full textสารจากอธิการบดีสถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์ ฉบับที่ 20 ปี 202