National Institute of Development Administration
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Identification construction and identity communication of women dress in Thai fabric
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (ศศ.ม. (นิเทศศาสตร์และนวัตกรรม))--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2565งานวิจัยเรื่อง “กระบวนการสร้างและการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ของผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทย” มีวัตถุประสงค์คือ 1) เพื่อศึกษากระบวนการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ของผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทย 2) เพื่อศึกษาการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ของผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทย ซึ่งเป็นงานวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพโดยใช้แนวคิดการศึกษาเชิงปรากฏการณ์วิทยาแนวอรรถปริวรรตที่มุ่งเน้นการตีความปรากฏการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นกับแต่ละบุคคล งานวิจัยนี้ใช้เครื่องมือวิจัย 2 วิธี คือ การสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกจากกลุ่มผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทยทอมือทั้งหมด 9 คน และการวิเคราะห์ตัวบทจากสิ่งที่กลุ่มผู้ให้ข้อมูลสื่อสารผ่านสื่อสังคมออนไลน์เฟซบุ๊ก ผลการวิจัยพบว่า
กระบวนการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ของผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทยทอมือ มีการประกอบสร้างอัตลักษณ์แบ่งออกเป็น 6 กลุ่ม คือ 1) ระบบการสื่อสารและภาษา 2) ลักษณะท่าทางและการแต่งกาย 3) เวลาและสำนึก 4) ความสัมพันธ์ 5) ความรู้สึกเป็นตัวเองและระยะห่าง 6) ความเชื่อและทัศนคติ และการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ของผู้หญิงที่แต่งกายด้วยผ้าไทยทอมือ มีการสร้างตัวบทในการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ผ่านสื่อสังคมออนไลน์เฟซบุ๊กด้วยกัน 2 รูปแบบ 1) การสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์จากการประกอบสร้างความเป็นจริงทางสังคมที่เป็นการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ทางสังคม 2) การสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์จากการเล่าเรื่องที่เป็นการสื่อสารอัตลักษณ์ส่วนบุคคล
จากผลการวิจัยสามารถอธิบายได้ว่าอัตลักษณ์ของบุคคลเป็นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในช่วงระยะเวลาหนึ่งและถูกสั่งสมจนเกิดเป็นภูมิหลังที่ก่อตัวให้เกิดอัตลักษณ์ด้านใดด้านหนึ่ง โดยบุคคลจะเลือกนำอัตลักษณ์ที่โดดเด่นในการแสดงความเป็นตัวตนออกมาให้ผู้อื่นได้เห็น โดยการเกิดอัตลักษณ์เป็นสิ่งที่ไม่หยุดนิ่งหรือหาข้อจำกัดที่สามารถระบุได้ตายตัวThe research titled “Identification Construction of Women Dress in Thai Fabric”. The objective of this study was an Identification Construction of Women Dress in Thai Fabric. This qualitative study gathered the concept of Hermeneutic Phenomenology data by using In-depth Interviews from a group of Women Dress in Thai Fabric 9 key informants. And Textual Analysis from information groups communicate through social media on Facebook. Findings:
The Identification Construction of Women Dress in Thai Fabric, which is composed of identity can be divided into 6 groups: 1) Communication and Language Systems, 2) Gestures and Dress, 3) Time and Realization, 4) Relationship, 5) Feeling of self and Distance, and 6) Beliefs and Attitudes.
The Identity Communication of Women Dress in Thai Fabric. The creation of textual identity communication on social media on Facebook take two forms: 1) Identity communication from Social Construction of Reality that is social identity communication. 2) Identity communication from Narrative that is personal identity communication.
According to the research, That can be explain as the group of informant identities that identity is something occurs over a period of time and accumulated form the background that one aspect of identity. The person will choose to bring the identity is outstanding in expressing one's identity to show others the identity of the person. The identity is a dynamic or identifiable constraint
Legal problems to protection children as victims from cyberbullying causing suicide
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (น.ม.)--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2565วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาแนวคิดว่าด้วยการคุ้มครองสิทธิเด็กซึ่งเป็นผู้เสียหายในคดีอาญา 2) เพื่อศึกษาแนวคิด รูปแบบ และผลกระทบของการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์ 3) เพื่อศึกษาสภาพปัญหา และกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับกรณีการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์ของประเทศไทย ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ประเทศแคนาดา และประเทศฟิลิปปินส์ 4) เพื่อศึกษาความสมบูรณ์ของร่างบทบัญญัติเกี่ยวกับการกระทำผิดต่อเด็กผ่านสื่อออนไลน์ว่าด้วยกรณีการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์ โดยวิเคราะห์เปรียบเทียบกับกฎหมายต่างประเทศที่เกี่ยวข้อง และ 5) เพื่อเสนอแนวทางแก้ไขเกี่ยวกับข้อกฎหมาย พร้อมทั้งเสนอมาตรการคู่ขนาน เพื่อให้เกิดประสิทธิภาพในการคุ้มครองเด็กซึ่งเป็นผู้เสียหายจากการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์
จากการศึกษาพบว่า การกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์มีลักษณะเป็นการกระทำซ้ำ ๆ ส่งผลให้ผู้ถูกกระทำได้รับผลกระทบต่ออารมณ์ จิตใจ และจุดจบอาจนำไปสู่การฆ่าตัวตาย ซึ่งปัจจุบันประเทศไทยไม่มีบทบัญญัติเพื่อคุ้มครองเด็กที่ถูกกลั่นแกล้งรังแกออนไลน์ไว้เป็นการเฉพาะ จึงต้องบังคับใช้กฎหมายที่ใกล้เคียงอย่างยิ่ง คือ ประมวลกฎหมายอาญา พระราชบัญญัติว่าด้วยการกระทำความผิดเกี่ยวกับคอมพิวเตอร์ พ.ศ. 2550 และที่แก้ไขเพิ่มเติม (ฉบับที่ 2) พ.ศ. 2560 ซึ่งไม่ทันสมัย และไม่ครอบคลุมกรณีการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์ ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงมีการยกร่างบทบัญญัติว่าด้วยการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกทางออนไลน์ขึ้นเป็นการเฉพาะ แต่เมื่อเปรียบเทียบบทนิยามกับกฎหมายต่างประเทศที่มีการตรารับรองไว้เป็นการเฉพาะ จะเห็นได้ว่านิยามในร่างฯ ไม่สามารถให้ความคุ้มครองได้อย่างครอบคลุม ซึ่งแนวทางที่จะคุ้มครองผู้เสียหายได้อย่างแท้จริง จะต้องแก้ไขบทนิยาม ความว่า “ผู้ใดกระทำด้วยประการใด...” และเพิ่มเหตุฉกรรจ์แก่ผู้กระทำในกรณีเด็กฆ่าตัวตาย พร้อมทั้งเสนอมาตรการคู่ขนาน เพื่อให้ร่างมีความสมบูรณ์ และมีประสิทธิภาพ ในกรณีที่มีการกลั่นแกล้งเพียงครั้งเดียวเป็นเหตุให้เด็กถึงแก่ความตายThe objectives of this thesis were: 1) to study the concept of protection of the rights of children as victims of criminal cases 2) to study the concepts, patterns and effects of online bullying 3) to study the condition of the problem and laws related to online bullying cases in Thailand, the United States of America, Canada, and the Philippines 4) to study the completeness of the draft provisions relating to the offenses against children through online media. It would be inserted into the Criminal Code on Online Bullying Cases by comparing them with relevant foreign laws; and 5) to propose solutions on legal matters along with parallel measures to be effective in protecting children as victims being online bullied causing suicide or attempting suicide.
This study found that the characteristic of cyberbullying was repetitive actions affected to emotionally and psychologically provoked children as victims, possibly leading to suicide. and Nowadays, there are no specific provisions to protect children who are online bullied in Thailand. therefore, these cases shall require the most nearly applicable provisions, related to the Penal Code and the Commission of Computer-related Offences Act B.E.2550 (2007) and the amendment to the Act (No.2) B.E.2560 (2017). The mentioned laws were outdated and not to cover the cases of cyberbullying. As a result, a specific bill on online bullying has been drafted. But when comparing the definition with the foreign laws enacted specifically. It could be seen that the definitions in the draft could not meet the comprehensive protection which is the way to truly protect the victims. It must be amended the definition of "Whoever commits any act..." and add gravity causes to the suicide in children and proposed the parallel measures to make the completed and effective figure in the case of a single bullying causing the death of children
การสื่อสาร ประเด็นแห่งยุคสมัย ความหมาย “การตายดี” ในประเทศไทย
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Innovation))--National Institute of DeveloThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Innovation))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022pment Administration, 2022People gave previous meanings to death in one form or another. The current communication process has been modified; "reconstruction" created a new meaning. What kind of new death is it and how is it perceived.? The objective is to study the meaning, the communication process and the perception of a "good death", a peaceful death. This qualitative study was performed by researching documents and data collected from in-depth interviews including an analysis of relevant documents in print and electronic media. The study has revealed a new meaning, the communication process and the perception of a "good death", a peaceful death.
The study found that the meaning of death varied according to the nature and time of the era. In the past, death was linked to religion. Later, it was influenced by scientific paradigms, and modern medicine has increasingly taken over the management of death. At the same time in society there has been an alternative trend that came to help create a new definition of death. By relying on interdisciplinary fields such as religion, medicine, law, etc., the integration of multiple disciplines has become involved in the management of death, opening a new dimension of death in a friendly and interesting perspective.
There are 5 criteria in constructing the new meaning of a "good" death, a peaceful death; 1) "good" death conditions 2) who is the good deceased 3) causes and effects of a "good" death 4) approaches to a "good" death 5) death management style.
The Peaceful Death Group has a process of communicating and creating a new meaning of "death" for easier understanding by producing tools and organizing learning activities about life and death, easily accessible for those interested. These are distributed through many channels, both online and on-site by communicating to the target group before illness and to the group of people who have influence on the decision to take care of family members.
Awareness of a "good" death, a peaceful death, has contributed to changes in thinking or behaviors related to peacefully facing death. After the perception of a "good" death, the sample group gained knowledge that resulted in a positive attitude towards acceptance when the last moment came, including a good attitude towards a peaceful death. This is a modification of the software or way of thinking. The demolishing of this way of thinking made the sample group look at death both for themselves and their relatives with new eyes. This resulted in a practice that can be applied in a personal way, behaving positively in relationships with relatives and family. It has made it possible to change their understanding of death
การพัฒนารูปแบบสมรรถนะของผู้ประเมินภายนอกในศตวรรษที่ 21 ที่สนับสนุนต่อประสิทธิภาพการประเมินด้านการอาชีวศึกษาของประเทศไทย
No full textThesis (D.P.A.)--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022This research aims to develop a competency model for vocational external assessors in the 21st century that contributes to Thailand's vocational assessment efficiencies. A mixed method was employed to obtain data. The qualitative data were collected from the experts and external assessors using the Delphi technique and in-depth interviews, while the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to obtain the quantitative data through the use of the LISREL program.
The synthesis results obtained from the Delphi technique in Phase 1 were used to determine three groups of competencies that are necessary for vocational external assessors: 1) knowledge competencies, which include knowledge of educational context; vocational education quality assurance; curriculum design and educational management; educational institution management; vocational education directions; and labor market situations; 2) skill competencies, which include teamwork skills; information technology skills; assessment communication skills; data collection skills; analytical, interpretation, and evaluation skills; report writing skills; advising skills; and immediate problem-solving skills; and 3) attribute competencies, which include assessment ethics and professionalism. These results were used to develop a questionnaire for collecting data from 272 vocational external assessors in order to confirm the reliability of the drafted competencies and competency indicators. The CFA results showed that all of the competencies and their indicators were consistent with the empirical data. The results of the first-order CFA showed that X2 = 92.62, p value = 0.220, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.021, and RMR = 0.006, with the reliability coefficients ranging between 0.32 and 0.85 at a statistical significance level of 0.05. The results of the second-order CFA showed that X2 = 88.50, p value = 0.266, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.018, and RMR = 0.009, with the reliability coefficients ranging between 0.32 and 0.90 at a statistical significance level of 0.05. These results indicated that all 16 competencies obtained from the Delphi analysis were suitable to be included in the competency model for external assessors in the 21st century. The skill competencies had the highest importance, followed by the attribute competencies and knowledge competencies. According to the CFA results, the knowledge competencies with the highest importance were knowledge of educational institution management and knowledge of curriculum design and vocational educational management. However, the key informants who were by vocational institute administrators indicated that knowledge of vocational education quality assurance was most important. In terms of skill competencies, the vocational external assessors stated that analytical, interpretation, and evaluation skills were most important, whereas the vocational institute administrators gave the highest importance to communication skills for assessment, followed by advising and immediate problem-solving skills. As for attribute competencies, the empirical data and the key informants’ opinions were consistent in that promoting assessment ethics helps create professionalism among external assessors. The qualitative and quantitative results of this study indicated that the competency model for external assessors in the 21st century must focus on developing knowledge and skills that contribute to work efficiency as well as promoting assessment morality and ethics that can lead to the professionalism of external assessors in the vocational education system of Thailand
อิทธิพลของปัจจัยเชิงสถาบันและระบบการเมืองต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงรายจ่ายสาธารณะด้านการศึกษา และการกระจายผลประโยชน์ของไทย ในปี พ.ศ. 2541 – 2562
No full textThesis (D.P.A.)--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022This study compares the impact of institutional and political system factors on the adjustment of public education expenditure in Thailand to that of socioeconomic factors. It also investigates the benefit distribution of public education expenditure and the impact of public expenditures on access to education from 1998 to 2019.
The study found that bureaucratic decision-making could cause incremental changes in public education spending. The changes were based on the preceding year's public education expenditure, population change, economic growth, and inequality of income distribution, all of which were socio-economic environmental factors that were gradually altered and difficult for the state to control. As a result, the allocation of public expenditure on education altered slightly from the previous year. Changes in education spending were also affected by institutional and political system factors, which are internal factors; for example, government efficiency, political stability, and civil liberties. However, due to the country's high level of inequality, a significant shift in education expenditure requires changes in other factors. For instance, by taking advantage of trade openness to collect revenue for expanding public services, and ensuring that the operation of government agencies is efficient and the budget is used effectively and efficiently.
Yet, an increase in public expenditure on education alone cannot guarantee whether such public expenditures are evenly distributed to households across income classes and regions. The study shows that although public education expenditure has increased the income ratio after accounting for education spending in low-income families and households in other provinces or in different regions, the increase was very slight. The income ratios after benefiting from public education expenditure between high-income and low-income households and between households in Bangkok and households in other regions were reduced, but the gap reduction was not significant. This result demonstrates that education spending cannot, as expected, solve inequality. Furthermore, from 2015 onwards, the allocation of education expenditures has widened the gap in income after accounting for education expenditures between households in Bangkok and those in other regions. Particularly, public expenditure on tertiary education was found to have a clear disparity between high- and low-income classes and between households in Bangkok and those in other regional households. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has further increased educational inequality, aligning with the result of the study, which found that government efficiency, political stability, and civil liberties have an impact on public education expenditure.
Furthermore, the unequal benefit incidence of education expenditure may have an impact on educational access. In other words, an allocation of education expenditure that is pro-rich or benefits households in Bangkok more than those in other regions has lowered the average years of schooling and literacy rate. Therefore, if the budget allocation is unequal or the benefits cannot be properly distributed to poor households and households in other regions, poor and rural people will not be able to access education, especially in the case of tertiary education. Thus, increasing public education expenditure alone cannot ensure an increase in quality of education and educational opportunities because it also depends on the form of government budget allocation and whether it is distributed fairly to different groups of people.
Therefore, the policy recommendations are as follows: 1) political restructuring and the use of participatory budgeting; 2) emphasizing assistance in the form of targeted systems by improving universal coverage services; 3) rational budgeting and increasing the efficiency of the public sector; 4) formulating education policies that focus on improving the quality of education and schools in rural areas; 5) refining the public expenditure allocation system for tertiary education; and 6) focusing on education and technology development
Pioneering Days of the Institute
No full textIn 1962, Professor Bunchana Atthakor and some other Thai delegates participated in an academic conference convened by the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) in Vienna, Austria.After the IIAS conference, Professor Bunchana and the other Thai academics arrived at the view that it would be a good idea to establish an institute which provided training and education in the fields of development economics, statistics, and enterprises in Thailand. As a consequence, they submitted a proposal to the government.The government welcomed such proposal while considering the concept of founding a management institute, as suggested by Dr. Amnuay Weerawan. Before then, the renowned American statistician and economist,Dr. Stacy May, had presented a project to establish an advanced education institute in accordance with His Majesty the King’s notion
กระบวนการและการมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ใช้ในการรายงานข่าวบนแพลตฟอร์ม Crowdsourcing ของไทย
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Innovation))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022The research is aimed to study 1) the process of news reporting on the crowdsourcing platforms of the Bureau of Networking and Public Participation, Thai Public Broadcasting Service (Thai PBS), and the Southern Cities Climate Change Resilience Network Foundation, 2) factors affecting users’ participation in news reporting on Thai crowdsourcing platforms, and 3) the development of the structural equation model of factors affecting users’ participation in news reporting on Thai crowdsourcing platforms. The study applied mixed methods of both qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research was conducted by documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with 3 groups of key informants: the organizations’ crowdsourcers, users who were platform members, and 21 scholars in the field of digital journalism, while the quantitative research was conducted by survey questionnaires with 100 samples.
The findings show that the news reporting process of the C-Site and Hatyai City Climate Platforms is a process designed for the interaction between a proposing organization or an initiator and users, which is mutually beneficial relationship with 3 main sub-processes: 1) Input: the importing of data for distributing problem issues or news pieces and creation of motivation to stimulate users to participate in news reporting news and operation on three kinds of the public sphere, namely virtual, physical, and mass media; 2) process: session, crowd, content, and technology management, and 3) output, which is completed work or news pieces, guidelines for problem-solving, and common benefits of the organization and users.
The factors found to affect users’ participation in news reporting on Thai crowdsourcing platforms are personal motivation, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, the interaction between crowdsourcers and users, organizational factors, and users’ intention to participate.
The developed structural equation model of the factors affecting users’ participation in news reporting on Thai crowdsourcing platforms is found to be congruent with the empirical data, analyzing from the following congruence indices: x2 = .170, df = 1.122, CFI = .988, TLI = .984, RMR = .028, and RMSEA = .035, which pass the determined criteria. From the analysis of direct, indirect, and total effect of variables in the structural model, only one causal variable, namely intention to participate, is found to have a positive direct effect on users' participation in news reporting at a significance level of 0.01
The influencing factors of enterprise digital transformation on the perspective of innovation---and empirical study of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022Digital revolution has altered the business models of a number of industries. China’s pharmaceutical industry will be developed mostly via the digital transformation (DT) of pharmaceutical enterprises. Nevertheless, the current study on the digitization of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises is deficient and trailing. Consequently, determining which key factors can influence the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises can support the government and enterprises in taking correct and effective steps to implement DT. The models of enterprise DT offered by previous scholars are imperfect and might be improved on the perspective of innovation. Formulating a solution for the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises requires determining the relationship between the influencing factors of DT and how to influence DT. Currently, Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises lack a set of effective solutions and guide ideas for its DT, which is an essential issue that must be addressed.
The objective of this study has four components. Identifying the key factors influencing the DT of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises is the first step. Secondly, improving the theoretical model of the factors influencing the DT of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises on the perspective of innovation and the TOE model. Thirdly, empirically demonstrating the impact and relationship between the factors influencing the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises. Fourthly, providing suggestions and effective solutions for relevant institutions (e.g. government departments and enterprises) in order to promote the development of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises’ DT.
This study used the quantitative analysis method to conduct empirical research. The questionnaire was developed using the Likert scale. Online questionnaire, purposive sampling and snowball sampling were utilized to acquire data. For factor analysis (FA), reliability testing, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0 were utilized.
This study’s empirical analysis yields four aspects for its findings. The external environment (e.g. customer needs, market competition, government policy, digital technology), the internal conditions (e.g. digital strategy, organization capability, leadership), digital innovation, company size, staff position, age, region, ownership type of enterprise, and situation of enterprise’s DT were identified as factors influencing the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises. Secondly, this study enhanced the theoretical model of the factors influencing the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises on the perspective of innovation and the TOE model. Thirdly, this study demonstrated the relationship between the influencing factors and their impacts on the DT of pharmaceutical enterprises. Particularly, digital innovation and internal conditions can mediate the impact of the external environment on DT, and company size can moderate the impact of the external environment on DT. Fourthly, this study proposed effective suggestions and paths for the Chinese government and pharmaceutical enterprises to promote the development of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises’ DT.
This study enriched the research on the DT of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises, and its findings can serve as a reference not only for the DT practice of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises, but also for the DT practice of foreign pharmaceutical industries and other pharmaceutical enterprises. Therefore, it has significant theoretical and practical significance for the implementation of DT in pharmaceutical enterprises
กล่องบุหรี่ : ศาสตราจารย์ ดร.มาลัย หุวะนันทน์(2/4)
No full textสภาพสมบูรณ์กล่องบุหรี่ที่ระลึก ให้คุณมาลัย หุวะนันท์ ไว้เป็นที่ระลึกด้วยความอาลัยรักในการที่ต้องจากกรมพลศึกษาไป, ข้าราชการกรมพลศึกษา วันที่ 4 มีนาคม 2498 , ผู้บริจาควัตถุ : รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร.อุมา หุวะนันทน
Proposed policy for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential mice destination
No full textThesis (Ph. D. (Integrated Tourism and Hospitality Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2022The objectives of this research are to 1) study alternative policies for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential MICE destination., 2) assess appropriate alternative policies for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential MICE destination., and 3) propose policies for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential MICE destination.
The research design was a mixed methodology combining quantitative and qualitative research approaches. For the quantitative method, data were collected from questionnaires with 300 respondents from the government sector, associations, and the private sector. The confirmatory factor analysis, which is the overall construct reliability for all constructs, reveals scores within an acceptable range of factor loading (0.5 and above): p-value = 0.129, CFI = 0.937, TLI = 0.905, RMSEA = 0.033, SRMR = 0.08, PC = 5.107, and AVE = 0.890. Thus, the statistical and theoretical models are a good fit. Then, analytic hierarchy process is used to develop a decision-making assessment model utilizing weighted parameters for scoring decision alternatives. Alternative 3, Integrated International MICE and Tourism, had the highest weight score of 1.2612, making it the alternative with the best rating.
The qualitative research examined stakeholders from the MICE industry in Songkhla Province using documents, research articles, academic journals, and field data collected from key informants. A total of 13 individuals were interviewed, and 6-12 individuals were invited for focus group interview. The indicators for the alternative policies for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential MICE destination are grouped as follows: 1) area-based, which consist was of MICE city profiles, human resources, and marketing; 2) function-based, was comprised of stakeholders, business sectors, and government & private sectors; and 3) agenda-based, which consisted of economic, competitiveness, and professionalism.
According to the research findings, the proposed policy for promoting Songkhla Province as an international potential MICE destination includes the following: 1) promoting and elevating Songkhla to become an international MICE city; 2) improving the quality and standards of the progressive MICE event organization; 3) improve its image in terms of safety and hygiene; 4) integrate operations and collaborations with tourism and MICE network; and 5) strengthen the competitiveness in the international MICE industry.