National Institute of Development Administration
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A legal issue of electronic bills of exchange
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (น.ด.)--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2564วิทยานิพนธ์นี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อศึกษาความเป็นมาและการพัฒนาการของตั๋วแลกเงิน ทฤษฎีของตั๋วแลกเงิน ทฤษฎีความเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเทคโนโลยี แนวความคิดรูปแบบตั๋วแลกเงินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ หลักกฎหมายเกี่ยวกับตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์และกฎหมายอื่นที่เกี่ยวข้องในประเทศไทยและต่างประเทศ และวิเคราะห์ปัญหาทางกฎหมายเกี่ยวกับตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์และหาข้อสรุปและข้อเสนอแนะ
จากการศึกษาพบว่า ตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ไม่เป็นตั๋วแลกเงินตามประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ บรรพ 3 ลักษณะ 21 แต่เป็นตราสาร (Instrument) ตามจารีตประเพณีทางการค้า การทำเป็นบันทึกอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เป็นลายลักษณ์อักษรอีกประเภทหนึ่ง สัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เป็นสัญญาที่ไม่มีชื่ออย่างหนึ่ง การโอนสัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เป็นการโอนสิทธิเรียกร้องตามประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ มาตรา 306 หลักผู้รับโอนไม่มีสิทธิดีกว่าผู้โอน ไม่คุ้มครองผู้รับโอนที่สุจริต ความรับผิดเป็นไปตามหลักสัญญาแพ่งทั่วไป ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างหนี้เดิมกับหนี้ตามสัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กัน การทำสัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ไม่ทำให้หนี้เดิมระงับ จึงเกิดช่องว่างของกฎหมาย ผลจากการวิเคราะห์จึงทำให้สัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เป็นตราสารเปลี่ยนมือที่เกิดโดยจารีตประเพณีทางการค้าและเป็นตราสารเปลี่ยนมืออีกประเภทหนึ่งนอกจากตั๋วแลกเงิน
ผู้เขียนจึงขอเสนอให้นำหลักกฎหมายแม่แบบว่าด้วยบันทึกอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่เปลี่ยนมือได้ UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Record: ETR ยอมรับ (Adopt) บัญญัติเป็นกฎหมายภายในแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมพระราชบัญญัติว่าด้วยธุรกรรมทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ หมวด 2/2 บันทึกอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่เปลี่ยนมือได้ ต้องบัญญัติยกเว้นหลักทั่วไปว่าด้วยหนี้ “สิทธิเรียกร้องอันจะพึงชำระหนี้ตามเขาสั่ง และสิทธิอันจะพึงชำระหนี้แก่ผู้ถือ” จึงจะสามารถแก้ไขปัญหาประเด็นผลบังคับตามประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ว่าด้วยหนี้
แก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ ทำให้หนี้เดิมอันเป็นมูลเหตุในการทำสัญญาตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ระงับจึงควรที่จะเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์มาตรา 321 วรรคสาม เพิ่มคำว่า “ตั๋วแลกเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์” หรือ “บันทึกอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่เปลี่ยนมือได้”This Thesis targets at researching backgrounds and development of bill of exchange, its theories, rules of laws governing an Electronic Bill of Exchange and other concerned regulations in Thailand and overseas; and to conduct an analysis on, and a summary of, legal issues pertaining to the Electronic Bill of Exchange as well as to propose solutions thereto.
From the research it is established that the Electronic Bill of Exchange is not a bill of exchange from a legal perspective of the Civil and Commercial Code, Book III, Title XXI, rather it is an instrument per a trade-customary basis or another written form of electronic records. A contract of Electronic Bill of Exchange is an innominate contract of one kind, a transfer of which constitutes an assignment of claims per the Civil and Commercial Code’s Section 306. The jurisprudence ‘Nemo dat qui non habet’ does not grant protection over a bona fide transferee and any obligations therebetween shall follows the general principles at law. There exists no correlation between original obligations and obligations under Electronic Bill of Exchange whereas an execution of Electronic Bill of Exchange does in not cause the original obligations to extinguish – hence resulting in a legal loophole. From such an analysis derives a finding that the contract of Electronic Bill of Exchange is a negotiable instrument originated from customary practices in trades, also a negotiable instrument of another category distinct from bill of exchange.
The Author hereby proposes to adopt a principle under the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Record: ETR, for enactment as an internal legislation supplementing the Electronic Transaction Act as Chapter 2/2 regarding Electronic Transferable Record. By excluding from the general principle of legal obligations about “claims over obligations performable per order and claims over obligations performable towards holder”, the problem as to the enforcing effect under the Civil and Commercial Code regarding obligations would thus be solved.
Apart from the aforementioned is an amendment to the Civil and Commercial Code, so that the original obligations underlying the contract of Electronic Bill of Exchange become extinguishable, by adding in the Civil and Commercial Code’s Section 321, paragraph 3, a term of either “electronic bill of exchange” or “electronic transferable record”
The driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in Thailand
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Innovation))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021The research is aimed 1) to study the driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in successful countries, 2) to explore the driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in Thailand, and 3) to examine guidelines for solving problems and obstacles for the driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in Thailand. The study was divided into two parts:
Part 1: The study on the driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in successful countries was conducted by qualitative research through the documentary analysis of public records of the advertising media professional organizations for regulating advertising ethics in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the People’s Republic of China. The results show that the United Kingdom and Australia have driven advertising ethics in their countries by developing codes of conduct, establishing regulatory committees, and disseminating through organizational communication. For the People’s Republic of China, advertising regulatory associations were established, including researching and upgrading the advertising industry. The self-regulatory organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia are responsible for establishing fundamental structure, enacting and enforcing laws, consumer protection, support, and regulation, while Chinese organizations determine roles covering additional issues towards the utmost social and economic. Regarding funding, the budget of self-regulatory organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia benefits comes from the levy, fees, and fines, while the income of Chinese organizations comes from other additional sources.
Part 2: The study on the driving of self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in Thailand was conducted by qualitative research through in-depth interviews. The study found that self-regulatory mechanisms of the advertising profession in Thailand should be managed by the Advertising Association of Thailand via the determination of roles and responsibilities in advertising regulation, research, and collaboration development to ensure that advertisements through every communication channel in Thailand has a social responsibility and can compete in the market mechanisms fairly by following the 5Cs Strategy, namely Consumer and Community, Complaint Handling, Content, Consensus, and Center of Excellence. The advertising auditing should be supported by the budgets from membership fees, auditing fees, activities for fundraising, government funding, and the levy from advertising media. Moreover, possible problems in the coverage of self-regulation, voluntary workers in self-regulatory missions, regulatory officers’ conscience, funding, and the intervention from stakeholders should be prevented.
Digitally depressed: the effects of digital media usage in regards to depression and approaches for alleviation for individuals and the society
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Communication Arts and Innovation))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021Digital media is inevitable. Users are claiming that digital media platforms have
become part of their daily routines and their communication channels. If this is the case,
it is believed that depressed users are using digital media to stay connected,
communicate and other purposes, inevitably. Therefore, the aim of this study is how
clinically diagnosed depressed patients (users) are using the digital media and whether
it is helping or worsen their depressive symptoms.
This study used mixed methodology, using survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews. The participants were depressed patients who used digital media
platforms, where they were asked to evaluate and report the usage and the effects that
digital media has on them. The questionnaires were conducted to explore generic
information regarding depressed patients’ usage intensity, where the interviews allow
the author to understand the patient’s in-dept feelings and opinions on specific topics.
The results were compared and analyzed accordingly.
Participants admitted of using digital media platforms as part of their daily
routines for different purposes. The self-reported results show that digital media is like
a double-edged sword to them as there are certain features that help their symptoms,
for example, group-forming feature that compensate their offline relationships and
other user-generated features. Some content, however, is harmful and negatively impact their depressive symptoms. Contents like misleading information around mental illness
and suicide incident reports from the digitized news media on these platforms are
claimed to negatively impact patients’ depressive symptoms as it is one of the
contributing factors to the public stigma around depression
The effect of online community interaction on customer participation in value co-creation based on stimulus-organism-response model
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021As the market competition environment has changed, creating value with customers has become a way for firms to get a marking advantage, and the significance of client involvement in value creation has been widely recognized. Online brand communities have gotten a lot of attention in academia and business circles as a common platform for companies and clients to collaborate to create value. However, no scholar has conducted a thorough study on the mechanism of client taking part in value co-creation in view of online community interaction and psychological factors. The article conducts a research on the mechanism of online community interaction and psychological elements that encourage clients to take part in value co-creation to enrich the theoretical results and provide theoretical guidance for firms to conduct value co-creation.
This article investigates the influence path of online community interaction on value co-creation, the mediating role of community identity and flow experience, and the moderating role of prosocial motivation using the SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model. First, this article develops a research model of online community interaction influencing client taking part in value co-creation and proposes hypotheses due to a thorough interpretation of the literature. Second, this article uses a questionnaire survey method to gather information from the online brand communities of mobile phone brands Xiaomi and Huawei. Third, this article uses SPSS and AMOS software to perform descriptive analysis of sample data, exploratory factor analysis, validity and reliability testing, path analysis, mediating effect and moderating effect testing to validate each hypothesis.
The research results show: (1) Online community interaction and community identity both have a direct impact on consumer taking part in value co-creation, and they directly influence value co-creation. (2) Flow experience does not directly influence value co-creation and does not serve as a mediator between online community interaction and value co-creation. To motivate clients to take part in value co-creation, the flow experience requires more community identity. (3) Online community interaction effect value co-creation directly and indirectly. Online community interaction does not affect value co-creation indirectly through community identity or flow experience, but rather through a chained mediator consisting of flow experience and community identity. (4) The effects of various types of online community interactions on value co-creation differ. (5) Prosocial motivation positively moderates the relation between community identity and value co-creation. At last, due to the findings of this study, this article makes practical suggestions for companies to manage and operate online brand communities to better encourage consumers to involve in value co-creation.
This thesis proposes and tests a path for online community interaction and psychological factors influencing value co-creation, as well as develops a model of online community interaction influencing customer involvement in value co-creation. This study confirms that online community interaction as well as value co-creation are chain intermediated by flow experience and community identity. It has been demonstrated that community identity and value co-creation are moderated by prosocial motivation. The thesis adds to the research connotation of value co-creation theory in view of interaction and psychology, and it deepens the theory. This study also applies flow experience and prosocial motivation to the study of online brand community, broadening the research scope and application fields of flow theory and motivation information processing theory. At the same time, the thesis offers a theoretical base for enterprises to guide the consumers in online brand community to more effectively take part in value co-creation
Working from home: The new normal of working during the COVID-19 pandemic situation
No full textการทำงานจากที่บ้าน (Working From Home--WFH) เป็นแนวคิดการทำงานนอกสถานที่ทำงานที่สามารถทำงานที่ไหน เมื่อใดก็ได้ และมีมานานหลายศตวรรษแล้วจนถึงปัจจุบัน แต่ถูกนำมาปรับใช้ใหม่อีกครั้งเพื่อเว้นระยะห่างทางสังคม (Social Distancing) ในสถานการณ์การแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 ทำให้วิถีชีวิตการทำงานเดิมกลายเป็นความปกติใหม่ (New Normal) ที่เป็นกระแสหลักของสังคมโลกปัจจุบัน บทความวิชาการนี้ นำเสนอองค์ความรู้เกี่ยวกับความเป็นมาของการทำงานจากที่บ้าน ความหมายของการทำงานจากที่บ้าน ข้อดีและข้อด้อยของการทำงานจากที่บ้าน เพื่อสร้างความรู้ความเข้าใจและเปรียบเทียบให้เห็นความแตกต่างของการทำงานจากที่บ้านในบริบทที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไ
Public Speeches of the People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) leader: the critical discourse analysis on social conflict
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Social Development Administration))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021The purpose of the research is to study the discourse of the People’s Democratic
Reform Committee leader, Suthep Thuagsuban’s public speaking from 2013- 2014 by
using critical discourse analysis. 94 videos are selectively collected according to the
triangulation technique for the document data. Research findings show numerous
discourses been used during the six-month-long protest; each is developed specifically
for the cause. To see the development of discourses and surrounding contexts,
researcher divided the duration of protest to 3 periods; the initiative period, the peak
period, and the maintain period.
First, the initiative period was the boosted start of the anti- graft amnesty bill
protest which took place from October to the end of November 2013. It was positive
that political purpose of the anti-graft amnesty bill protest was changed once it became
the People’s Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) which was to eradicate Thaksin
Shinawatra and his influence over Thai politics. Thus, the major discourse found in this
period was “Thaksin Regime. ” Discourse of Thaksin Regime had constructed social
reality about the corrupted system in the contemporary Thai politics, including
corruption, bureaucratic system abuse. Surrounding context was the conflict of the
corruption cases by Thaksin Shinawatra and his sister Yingluck Shinawatra’ s
government which was a sequence of political corruptions. And Yingluck Shinawatra
tried to make legitimacy laundry for her brother by passing the graft amnesty bill and
another general election. Another discourse was called “ allegiance to Thai Monarch” which helped identifying the PDRC movement as a protest of the good people of
Thailand. Allegiance to Thai Monarch also gave the protest the moral support and a
mutual purpose of devotion.
Second, the peak period was happened after the PDRC grew in number, over
million people had joined the protest. With its strategic movement, Bangkok Shutdown
( divided to 13 rally sites), being platform for rice farmer protest and other political
events, PDRC had successfully made a hard time for Yingluck Shinawatra’ s
Administration. Once, PDRC gained much political pressure, it became a target from
the government and government’ s supporting crowd, the Red- Shirt. Suthep
Thuagsuban as the PDRC leader was being defamed in attempt to dismiss the protest.
This surrounding context made discourse of “Uncle Headman” emerged to construct
body-image of a good leader. It was consisted of a story of Suthep Thuagsuban since
he was a Headman from Surat Thani whose dream was to be people’s representative,
until he had become one of the most powerful political figures of Thai politics. Yet, he
willingly gave up his title to lead the protest of PDRC, so the prominent politician
became a people’s uncle headman, and the medium (host body of the collective mind),
and the holy monk who kept his ordain to preserve the good and righteousness of the
protest. Apart from Uncle Headman, there was a discourse of “ peaceful protest”
because the surrounding context was full of violence done onto the PDRC by the
government’s extremist supporters.
Lastly, the maintain period which was marked when all PDRC rally sites had
retreated to its last precinct, Lumpini Park for security and changes in its movement.
By limiting its activities and sites, PDRC could pursue its goal of reforms. While
Yingluck Shinawatra’s government had been exhausted from countering the protest,
many conflicts had been concluded by the courts. It was an opportunity for PDRC to
hammer at the government with all its strength. But it was a time for the extremist
supporters of Yingluck Shinawatra desperately resorted an absurd idea of dividing the
Kingdom. So, in this period there were various discourses, including reform,
bureaucratic friends to secure the connection between the protest and the bureaucrats,
soldiers, and polices. In this period, the evolving uncle headman and allegiance to Thai
Monarch had played their part to strengthen the cause and common purpose of
patriotism against an idea of dividing Kingdom
การส่งเสริมการตลาดเชิงกลยุทธ์เพื่อการพัฒนาประสบการณ์เทศกาลอาหารไทยพื้นบ้าน: กรณีศึกษาจังหวัดภูเก็ต ประเทศไทย
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Integrated Tourism and Hospitality Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021This research has the purpose to 1) examine local food festival market segmentation of tourists to local food festival in Phuket, Thailand, 2) investigate the underlying factors of perceived value and experience economy of tourists in a local food festival in Phuket, Thailand, and 3) examine the positive influences of perceived value, experience economy on behavior intention and tourist’s loyalty for the tourists in local food festival in Phuket, Thailand. This research uses mixed-methods research. First, the research used a quantitative research blend model using survey research to examine opinions with market segmentation, experience economy, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty to local food festivals in Phuket, Thailand. The research used 550 samples. Second, the qualitative research used in-depth interviews and small group meetings to corroborate the findings quantitatively and promote suggestions. Moreover, the research analyzed the structural equation model according to the hypothesis; this research aimed to examine the structural equation model (SEM).
The research findings reveal that the structural equation model (Modified Model) was congruent with the empirical data after the adjustment. It implied that it could accept the main hypothesis that the theoretical model was congruent with the empirical data. Considered the chi-square statistic (c2) = 175.204, degrees of freedom (df) = 93, P-value = 0.068 which could meet the criteria as it was greater than 0.05. The ratio between the chi-square statistic and the number of degrees of freedom or the relative chi-square (c2/df) = 1.884 could meet the criteria as it was less than 2 and lower than the determined criteria that were equal to 2. Therefore, the model was congruent with the empirical data. The congruence from the goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.968, AGFI = 0.934 which could meet the criteria as it was higher or equal to 0.90, NFI = 0.977, RFI = 0.959, TLI = 0.980, and CFI = 0.989, which could meet the criteria as they were greater than 0.90, PNFI = 0.532 which could meet the criteria as it was greater than 0.50 and RMSEA = 0.040 and RMR = 0.024 which could meet the criteria as they were lower than 0.05 and Hoelter value = 400 which could meet the criteria as it was higher than 200. The congruence analysis of the hypothesis model and the empirical data of the structural equation model of promoting the food tourism experience economy in Phuket, Thailand, indicated that the analysis meets the standardized measurement model with congruence and goodness of fit. The results of the structural equation model of promoting the food tourism experience economy in Phuket can be concluded that tourists’ perception values (PERC) between emotional and functional factors had a positive direct effect on tourists’ experience economy (EXPE), tourists’ behavioral intention (BRHA), and tourist’s loyalty (LOYA). Besides tourists’ experience economy (EXPE) factors had a positive direction on tourists’ behavioral intention (BRHA), and tourist’s loyalty (LOYA). Moreover, tourists’ experience economy (EXPE) factors had a positive mediating between perceived value and behavioral intention (BRHA), and tourist’s loyalty (LOYA). Thus, the factors revealed that the most critical causal variables are tourists’ perception values (PERC) between emotional and functional, and was the mediator variable is tourists’ experience economy (EXPE)
The right of the children and protection the right of the children who born through surrogacy
No full textวิทยานิพนธ์ (น.ด.)--สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2564ความก้าวหน้าทางวิทยาการและเทคโนโลยีทางการแพทย์ในการบำบัดรักษาภาวะการมีบุตรยาก
สามารถช่วยให้ผู้มีภาวะการมีบุตรยากสามารถมีบุตรได้โดยการใช้เทคโนโลยีช่วยในการเจริญพันธุ์ทาง
การแพทย์ซึ่งรวมไปถึงการตั้งครรภ์แทน และประเทศไทยได้ตรากฎหมายขึ้นรองรับการตั้งครรภ์แทนตาม
พระราชบัญญัติคุ้มครองเด็กที่เกิดโดยอาศัยเทคโนโลยีช่วยในการเจริญพันธุ์ทางการแพทย์ พ.ศ. 2558
กฎหมายได้บัญญัติกำหนดความเป็นบิดา มารดาที่ชอบด้วยกฎหมายของเด็กที่เกิดจากการตั้งครรภ์แทน
ตลอดจนถึงการควบคุมการศึกษาวิจัยทางวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์เกี่ยวกับตัวอ่อนและเทคโนโลยีช่วยในการ
เจริญพันธุ์ทางการแพทย์ และกำหนดการคุ้มครองสิทธิเด็กที่เกิดจากการตั้งครรภ์แทน โดยมีกฎหมายลูก
เป็นประกาศกระทรวงสาธารณสุข ประกาศแพทยสภาและประกาศคณะกรรมการคุ้มครองเด็กที่เกิดโดย
อาศัยเทคโนโลยีช่วยการเจริญพันธุ์ทางการแพทย์รวมทั้งสิ้น 21 ฉบับ พระราชบัญญัติฯ และประกาศ 21
ฉบับดังกล่าวยังไม่สามารถให้ความคุ้มครองสิทธิเด็กที่เกิดจากการตั้งครรภ์ที่มีลักษณะเฉพาะอันแตกต่าง
จากเด็กทั่วไปได้สมบูรณ์ เกิดเป็นประเด็นปัญหาความไม่สอดคล้องกับอนุสัญญาว่าด้วยสิทธิเด็กที่ประเทศ
ไทยเป็นภาคีและมีพันธกรณีที่ต้องปฏิบัติตามและเป็นประเด็นปัญหาการให้ความคุ้มครองสิทธิเด็กที่เกิด
จากการตั้งครรภ์แทน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในกรณีที่หญิงผูู้ตั้งครรภ.แทนมิใช่ญาติผูู้สืบสายโลหิตของสามีหรือ
ภรรยาผู้ประสงค์ให้มีการตั้งครรภ์แทน และวสามีและภรรยาเกิดเสียชีวิตก่อนเด็กเกิด บทบัญญัติตาม
พระราชบัญญัติฯ กำหนดให้หญิงผู้ตั้งครรภ์แทนเป็นผู้ปกครองของเด็กชั่วคราว แต่เนื่องด้วยหญิงผู้ตั้งครรภ์
แทนมิได้เป็นผู้ถูกกำหนดให้ต้องทำหน้าที่ผู้ปกครองมาแต่ต้น ความไม่พร้อมและเหตุปัจจัยต่าง ๆย่อม
ส่งผลต่อการคุ้มครองสิทธิในการอยู่รอด สิทธิที่จะได้รับการปกป้องคุ้มครอง และสิทธิที่จะได้รับการพัฒนา
ของเด็กที่เกิดจากการตั้งครรภ์แทน ส่วนในกรณีสามีและภริยาผู้ประสงค์ให้มีการตั้งครรภ์แทนไม่ปรากฏตัว
เมื่อเด็กเกิด พระราชบัญญัติฯ ไม่มีบทบัญญัติใช้บังคับกับกรณี จึงยิ่งเลวร้ายกว่ากรณีแรก นอกจากนี้ยังมี
ประเด็นปัญหาการไม่มีบทบัญญัติคุ้มครองสิทธิการเข้าถึงข้อมูลของผู้ที่มีความสัมพันธ์ทางพันธุกรรมระหว่างเด็กกับผู้บริจาคอสุจิหรือไข่อันกระทบต่อสิทธิในการรับรู้ข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวกับตนเอง และอาจก่อให้เกิดปัญหาเกี่ยวกับการรับบริการทางการแพทย์การดูแลสุขภาพและปัญหาจากการสมรสกับผู้ที่มีความใกล้ชิด
ทางสายโลหิต ประเด็นปัญหาอีกประการหนึ่งคือ บทบัญญัติที่ห้ามปฏิเสธเด็กในทุกกรณีโดยไม่มีบท
ข้อยกเว้น หากคู่สมรสผู้ประสงค์ให้มีการตั้งครรภ์แทนเกิดตกอยู่ในสภาวะไม่เหมาะสมอย่างร้ายแรงทั้งใน
สภาพร่างกายสภาพทางเศรษฐกิจ หรือสภาพทางสังคม กลายเป็นกรณีที่บทบัญญัติแห่งพระราชบัญญัติ
เป็นปัจจัยที่ส่งผลให้เด็กต้องตกอยู่ในสภาวะเสี่ยงต่อการได้รับประโยชน์สูงสุดและเสี่ยงต่อการได้รับความ
คุ้มครองตามสิทธิเด็กทั้งปวง
ผลที่ได้จากการศึกษาจึงนำไปสู่ข้อเสนอแนะให้มีการปรับแก้บทบัญญัติในพระราชบัญญัติคุ้มครอง
เด็กที่เกิดโดยอาศัยเทคโนโลยีช่วยในการเจริญพันธุ์ทางการแพทย์ พ.ศ. 2558 ให้สามารถคุ้มครองสิทธิเด็กที่
เกิดจากการตั้งครรภ์แทนให้มีความสมบูรณ์ยิ่งขึ้นAdvancement of medical science and technology for infertility treatment has enable
infertile parents to have babies with the reproductive technology including using surrogacy
technology. Thailand has enacted the Protection of a Child Born By Medically Assisted
Reproductive Technology Act, B.E. 2558 to support the legal surrogacy. The Act prescribe the
legal parents of the child born through surrogacy as well as the control of medical research
on embryo and reproductive technology, and the right protection of the child born through
surrogacy. The total of 21 announcements were issued after the Act. Include Ministry
Announcement, The Medical Council Announcement, and The Surrogate Child Protection
Committee Announcement.
The Act and the 21 announcements have not been able to thoroughly protect the
surrogate child whose properties are different from an ordinary child. That has resulting in an
inconsistency with the Convention of the Rights of the Child which Thailand is a contracting
state and has an obligation to conform. That has caused problems in protecting the rights of
surrogate child especially when the surrogate mother is not a blood relative of the intended
parents and the intended parents have passed away before the birth of the surrogate child.
The Act prescribed the surrogate mother to be the temporary legal guardian, but since the
surrogate mother was not appointed to be the responsible guardian at the earlier stage and
without any intention to be a mother, her unreadiness and other factors would affect the right
protection for the child on the right to survival, the right to protection, and the right to
development of the surrogate child. For the case of absence of the intended parents, there is no applicable provision in the Act which cause a worse situation for the child.
Moreover, there have been a problem of not having a provision to protect the right of the
surrogate child to access genomic relationship information between the child and the egg or
sperm donator This has restricted the right to access self data, and could lead to personal
healthcare problem and consanguineous marriage problem. Another problem is the caused
by the provision of child undeniable in all cases regardless of unsuitableness of the intended
parents either byeconomical condition or social condition. This turn out that the provision of
the Act is the factor that put the surrogate child into the risks to receive the best interest of
the child and be protected under all other rights of the child.
The result of the study leads to the recommendation to amend the Protection of a
Child Born By Medically Assisted Reproductive Technology Act, B.E. 2558 in order to provide
a more thorough protection to the surrogate child
The effect of prior knowledge, cognitive styles and social network on opportunity recognition: the role of absorptive capacity
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Management))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021The objective of this study is to make better sense of individual-level factors in
opportunity recognition in the context of China's IT industry. This study seeks to
analyze theoretically and empirically how prior knowledge (i.e., customer need
knowledge, technological knowledge depth, and technological knowledge breadth),
social network (i.e., social network size and social network strength), cognitive styles
(i.e., knowing style, planning style, and creating style) and absorptive capacity are
related to opportunity recognition. To date, limited research has empirically examined
the direct and indirect effects of the above-mentioned variables on opportunity
recognition in the context of China's IT industry.
Drawing on human capital theory, social network theory and the view of
cognitive psychology, a conceptual model that shows the relationships between these
variables is developed. To examine the conceptual model, this study conducts a
survey to employees of IT firms located in Beijing, Guangdong, and Jiangsu. With the
aid of software SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0, preliminary analysis is conducted to
make sure that the proposed measurement model is satisfactory. Bootstrap procedure
is used to examine the proposed hypotheses.
The results of this study reveal the positive direct effects of technological
knowledge breadth, knowing style, and creating style on opportunity recognition. The positive effect of absorptive capacity on opportunity recognition is also established.
This study identifies three mediating mechanisms through which knowing style,
planning style, and creating style develop their effects on opportunity recognition.
Additionally, the results of this study show that customer need knowledge,
technological knowledge depth, social network size, and social network strength do
not play important roles in opportunity recognition.
By showing the different effects of the above-mentioned variables on
opportunity recognition, this study provides a more fine-grained understanding of
individual-level factors in opportunity recognition. The findings of this study shed
new light on what individual-level factors are helpful in recognizing opportunities in
the context of China's IT industry. This study makes several contributions to the
theory of opportunity recognition and provides useful implications for
entrepreneurship practice. Finally, this study concludes with its limitations and
directions for further research
The performance management factors affecting on employee's perceived fairness in power generation industry in Thailand
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Human Resource and Organization Development))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2021The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among performance
management, relationship with supervisor, organizational culture, and employee’s
perceived fairness in order to develop employees’ perceived fairness model in power
producer in Thailand.
Quantitative method was conducted based on 604 samples from four power
producers in private sector and one state-enterprise power producer in Thailand.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used to analyze the data gathered
using the SPSS and AMOS program to assess what factors influence employee’s
perceived fairness and how well the proposed model can be used to explain this
phenomenon. The results revealed that performance management practices and
organizational culture have a positive direct effect on employee’s perceived fairness,
while relationship with supervisor has an insignificant effect on employees’ perceived
fairness.
The results of structural equation modeling using maximum likelihood revealed
that according to a variety of fit indices, the proposed model confirmed both absolute
fitness and incremental fitness. The value of χ2 = 315.958 df = 76 with p = 0.001, GFI
= 0.938, RMSEA = 0.072, AGFI = 0.902, CFI = 0.971 and NFI = 0.962 indicate that
all fit indices passed the cut-off values.According to the research results, it is suggested that to enhance employee’s
perceived fairness, performance management practices and organizational culture
should be integrated designed and implemented. Both performance management
practices and organizational culture should be continuously assessed and adjusted to
ensure an alignment of the two with organization’s directions and critical success
factors, organization’s characteristics, organization’s visions, values, strategies, and its
members