Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH)
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Biopsychosocial Determinants of Visual Inspection Acetic-Acid Test Uptake in Sragen, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Cervical cancer ranks second among the top ten leading causes of death in women in the world, especially in developing countries. Cervical cancer can be cured if detected early. A simple and common method in early detection of cervical cancer is a visual inspection acetatic-acid (VIA) test. This study aimed to analyze the biopsychosocial factors associated with use of VIA test, using health belief model and a path analysis model.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was carried out in Sragen, Central Java, from October 2017 to May 2018. A sample of 200 women was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was utilization of VIA test. The dependent variables were intention, self-efficacy, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, attitude, subjective norm, knowledge, education, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, and number of children. Data on VIA test were obtained from medical record. The other variables were measured by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Use of VIA test was directly and positively affected by intention (b= 3.50; 95% CI= 1.20 to 5.79; p=0.003), perceived benefit (b= 5.21; 95% CI= 1.98 to 8.44; p= 0.002), and number of children (b= 4.23; 95% CI= 1.61 to 6.86; p<0.001). Use of VIA test was directly and negatively affected by perceived barrier (b=-5.98; 95% CI= -8.83 to -3.13; p<0.001). Use of VIA test was indirectly affected by attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, knowledge, education, perceived susceptibility, and perceived seriousness.Conclusion: Use of VIA test is directly and positively affected by intention, perceived benefit, and number of children, but negatively affected by perceived barrier.Keywords: visual inspection acetic-acid test, determinants, biopsychosocial, health belief modelCorrespondence: Dewi Saptowati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(3): 197-206https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.03.0
Path Analysis Risk Factors that Influence Maternal Mortality in District of Brebes
Get PDFBackground: Maternal mortality is one of health indicators of a country. Based on demographic and health survey in Indonesia in 2012, the data presented the fact that there was a significant increase on maternal mortality which was 359 maternal mortality in every 100,000 live births. Maternal mortality rate indicated a decrease to 305 maternal mortality in every 100,000 live births which was stated as a finding in Intercensal Population Survey in 2015. District of Brebes was one of the districts in the province of Central Java which had the highest maternal mortality in 2016 which was 54 maternal mortality. This research aims to reveal the risk factors that influence maternal mortality. Those are proximate determinants, intermediate determinants and contextual determinants.Subjects and Method: This research was observational analitical study design using a case control. This research was conducted in district of Brebes, Central Java from February to March 2017. Subjects of the research were 162 which were chosen using a table of Sample Size for a Hypothesis Test of the Odds Ratio (1:2), and acquiring 54 cases and 108 controls. The dependent variables were maternal mortality, and the independent variables were maternal education, maternal job, numbers of visits to Antenatal Clinic (ANC), birth attendant, place of delivering babies, high-risk pregnancy, obstetric complications. The data was univariately, bivariately and multivariately analised using a double logistic regression, and then stata 13 path analysis.Results: The results of this research indicated that the risk factors which directly influenced maternal mortality were the amount of visits to ANC<4 times (b= 0.25; 95% CI= 0.07 to 0.42; p= 0.006;) and obstretical complications (b= 1.78; 95% CI= 1.85 to 0.14; p= 0.013). Besides of the ability to recognise the direct effects, path analysis was also to used to present the risk factors that indirectly influenced maternal mortality. Those were high level of education (b= -0.63; 95% CI= -0.91 to 0.34; p= 0.001) and maternal jobs that influenced their numbers of visits to ANC (b = 1.00; 95% CI= 0.34 to 1.67; p= 0.003).Conclusion: Amount of visits to ANC < 4 times and obstretical complications are influenced maternal mortality. High level of education and maternal jobs are influenced their numbers of visits to ANC.Keywords : maternal mortality, risk factors, case control, path analysisCorrespondence: Masturoh. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +628783000101.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(1): 11-19https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.01.0
Social Development of Children Under-Five as the Impact of Extramarital Pregnancy
Get PDFBackground: Teenagers have a great curiosity of something have never been experienced before. This characteristic affect their sexual and dating behaviors. This eventually may lead to unwantted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexual transmitted disease (STD) infection, and even mortality. This study aimed to determine the social development of children under-five as the impact of extramarital pregnancy.Subjects and Method: This was an explorative qualitative study. It was carried out in Jaten Subdistrict, Karanganyar District, Central Java. The key informants in this study included Head of the Office of Marital Affairs, Jaten Subdistrict, Karanganyar District. Other key informants included extramarital offsprings, their parents and grandparents.Results: Couples with extramarital pregnancy experience hard life. They tend to refuse the extramarital pregnancy and atempt to abort it. This situation affects parenting pattern. Social support system had an important role in parenting pattern. Couples lacking in social support system were not able to nurture the offsprings optimally. The offsprings received minimal stimuli required for the social development. In effect, their offsprings became shy and fearful.Conclusion: Social support system has an important role in parenting pattern. It is required for the extramarital couples to raise their offsprings normally.Keywords: extramarital pregnancy, offsprings, social development, parenting patternCorrespondence: Reni Purbanova. Academy of Nursing 17, Karanganyar, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285658076583Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(3): 214-222https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.03.0
Effects of Maternal Nutrition Status, Maternal Education, Maternal Stress, and Family Income on Birthweight and Body Length at Birth in Klaten, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Birthweight and body length at birth are predictors of morbidity and mortality in children under five years old and adult age. Low birthweight increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in children under five. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal nutrition status, maternal education, maternal stress, and family income, on birthweight and body length at birth in Klaten, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with case control design. The study was conducted at Manisrenggo and Bayat community health centers, Klaten District, Central Java, in April 2017. A total sample of 120 children aged 0 to 6 months and their mothers were selected for this study using fixed disease sampling. The dependent variables were birthweight and body length and birth. The independent variables were maternal nutrition status, maternal education, maternal stress, and family income. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Maternal nutrition status at pregnancy was measured by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Data on birthweight and body length at birth were taken from mother and child health monitoring book. The data was analyzed using path analysis.Results: Birthweight was directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy (b=0.50; SE=0.13; p<0.001), family income (b=0.11; SE=0.04; p=0.004), and maternal education (b=2.14; SE=0.88; p=0.016). Birthweight was directly and negatively affected by maternal stress (b=-1.81; SE=0.81; p=0.025). Body length at birth was directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy (b=0.16; SE=0.64; p=0.011) and family income (b=0.05; SE=0.18; p=0.005). Maternal MUAC at pregnancy was affected by maternal education (b=1.41; SE=0.58; p=0.014). Likewise, family income was affected by maternal education (b=5.28; SE=2.11; p=0.012).Conclussion: Maternal MUAC at pregnancy, family income, and maternal education positively and directly affect birthweight. Maternal stress directly and negatively affects birthweight. Body length at birth is directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy and family income.Keywords: birthweight, body length at birth, MUAC, maternal stressCorrespondence: Rika Nurmayanti. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281270333572.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(4): 297-308https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.04.0
Empowerment of Occupational Therapists in Aquatic Program for Improving the Development of Children with Neurodevelopment Disorder
Get PDFBackground: Aquatic program is an occupational therapy for children with neurodevelopment disorder that has been recognized as one of the technological innovations in medical rehabilitation. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of occupational therapist empowerment training in aquatic program on the knowledge, attitude, and competence of occupational therapists, and the effectiveness aquatic therapy on improving the development of children with neurodevelopment disorder.Subjects and Method: This was a quasi experiment study with pre and post test design with no comparison design. A sample of 88 occupational therapist were selected for this experiment. Knowledge, attitude, and competence of the therapists before and after empowerment training were measured and compared. Likewise, 78 children with neurodevelopmental disorder in Central Java who were under treatment by the occupational therapists were measured and compared before and after the occupational therapist empowerment training, in terms of motoric and sensoric development. The effects of empowerment training on knowledge, attitude, and competence of the occupational therapists as well as motoric and sensoric development of children with neurodevelopment disorder were analyzed by linear regression analysis model.Results: Empowerment training significantly increased knowledge (b=3.95; 95% CI= 3.55 to 4.34; p<0.001), attitude (b=3.49; 95% CI= 2.84 to 4.14; p<0.001), and competence (b=2.73; 95% CI= 1.93 to 3.53; p<0.001) of the occupational therapists. Aquatic therapy resulting from empowerment training significantly increased motoric (b=1.39; 95% CI= 1.04 to 1.74; p <0.001) and sensoric (b=2.79; 95% CI= 2.13 to 3.45; p<0.001) development of children with neurodevelopment disorder.Conclusion: Empowerment training effectively increases knowledge, attitude, and competence of occupational therapists. In turn, aquatic therapy conducted by the occupational therapists effectively increases motoric and sensoric development of children with neurodevelopment disorder.Keyword: Occupational therapist, aquatic program, empowerment training, competence, motoric development, sensoric development, neurodevelopment disorder, childrenCorrespondence: Erayanti Saloko. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(4): 345-355https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.04.05
Path Analysis on Gestational Socio-economic Determinants of Nutritional Status in Children Under Five in Purworejo Regency, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Undernutrition by height-for-age standard starts during pregnancy and continues to the first two years of life. Linear growth disorders among children under five years are associated with morbidity, mortality, loss of physical growth potential, reduced neurological development, reduced cognitive functions, and increased risks of adulthood chronic diseases. In 2015, the number of undernourished children under five (height-for-age) reached 156 million globally. Purworejo regency was an area with the second highest undernutrition cases in Central Java in 2014. This study aimed to analyze the life-course epidemiology perspectives on the socio-economic factors contributing to the nutritional status of the children aged two to five years in Purworejo regency, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytical study with case control design. This study was conducted in Purworejo, Kaligesing, and Bruno sub-districts, Purworejo Regency, Central Java in February to March 2017. A total sample 160 children aged two to five years and their mothers were selected by fixed disease sampling. There were 37 children in the case groups, and 113 children in the control groups. The independent variables included family income, maternal age, maternal nutritional status (mid upper arm circumference), birth length, exclusive breastfeeding and the children’s history of illness. The dependent variable was the children’s nutritional status (height-for-age/HAZ). Data on the children’s height were collected using microtoise. Other data were collected by maternal and children health (MCH) books and a set of questionnaires. The data were analyzed using path analysis.Results: Nutritional status of children under five (height-for-age/HAZ) was affected by family income (x Rp 100,000) (b=0.03; SE=0.24; p<0.001), maternal age (years) (b=0.02; SE=0.02; p=0.160), maternal nutritional status/MUAC (cm) (b=0.08; SE=0.05; p=0.066), birth length (cm) (b=0.22; SE=0.05; p<0.001), exclusive breastfeeding (b= 0.03; SE=0.16; p=0.080), and the absence of illness (b=0.39; SE=0.14; p=0.007).Conclusion: Nutritional status of the children under five (height-for-age/HAZ) is affected by family income, birth length, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal age, maternal nutritional status, and the absence of illness.Keywords: nutritional status, children under five, life-course epidemiology, socio-economicCorrespondence: Ika Yuli Ayuningrum. Magister of Public Health Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285729407360.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(1): 30-41https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.01.04
Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeeding: Application of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model and Theory of Planned Behavior
Get PDFBackground: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is an ideal food for infants aged 0-6 months. EBF is useful for infants, but it is under-implemented. A non profit organization, namely Indonesian Association of Lactating Mothers (AIMI), has been established recently, with an objective to disseminate knowledge and information on breastfeeding and to increase breastfeeding practice in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine factors associated with exclusive breastfeeeding using PRECEDE-PROCEED model and Theory of Planned Behavior.Subjects and Methods: This was an analytic observational study with retrospective cohort design. This study was conducted at Pajang Community Health Center, Surakarta, Central Java, from January to March, 2017. A total sample of 120 lactating mothers were selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variables were maternal education, maternal employment status, participation in AIMI, knowledge, attitude, family support, perceived behavior control, and intention. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Exclusive breastfeeding were positively associated with maternal education ≥senior high school (b= -0.13; SE= 0.22; p= 0.572), participation in AIMI (b= 0.45, SE= 0.26, p= 0.085), maternal employment status (b= -0.63; SE= 0.20; p= 0.002), attitude (b= 0.05; SE= 0.03; p= 0.172), family support (b= 0.06; SE= 0.03; p= 0.039), perceived behavior control (b= 0.04; SE= 0.03; p= 0.164), and intention (b= 0.09; SE= 0.05; p= 0.045). EBF intention were positively associated with maternal education ≥senior high school (b=1.44; SE=0.42; p<0.001), participation in AIMI (b= 0.55; SE= 0.46; p= 0.229), attitude (b= 0.11; SE= 0.06; p= 0.046) and perceived behavior control (b= 0.38; SE= 0.05; p <0.001).Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding are positively associated with maternal education ≥senior high school, participation in AIMI, maternal employment status, attitude, family support, perceived behavior control, and intention. EBF intention are positively associated with maternal education ≥senior high school, participation in AIMI, attitude and perceived behavior control.Keywords: PRECEDE-PROCEED model, theory of planned behavior, AIMI, exclusive breastfeedingCorrespondence: Anggityas Alfianrisa. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285647563476.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(1): 42-53https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.01.0
Multilevel Analysis on the Risk Factors of Post Partum Hemorrhage in Bondowoso, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: The primary causes of maternal mortality in Indonesia are hemorrhage (32%), pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia (25%), infection (5%), prolonged labor (5%), abortus (1%), and other causal factors not related to pregnancy and birth delivery (32%). This study aimed to investigate risk factors of post partum hemorrhage in Bondowoso, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted in Bondowoso, East Java, from May, 15 to June, 15, 2016. A total of 90 study subjects was selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 30 women with post-partum bleeding and 60 control women without post-partum bleeding. The dependent variable was post-partum hemorrhage. The independent variables were age, parity, hemoglobin, obstetric history, use of ANC, and type of birth attendant. The data were collected by questionnaire and medical record. The data were analyzed by mix-effect model.Results: Anemia (Hb <11 g%) (b=2.22; 95%CI=1.05 to 3.39; p=0.001) and obstetric history of bleeding (b=1.31; 95%CI= 0.15 to 2.47; p= 0.027) increased the risk logodd of postpartum hemorrhage, and it was statistically significant. ANC ≥ 4 times (b= -1.46; 95%CI=-2.95 to 0.02; p=0.052) decreased the risk logodd of postpartum hemorrhage, and it was marginally significant. Age <20 year or ≥ 35 year (b= 0.12; 95%CI= -1.01 to 1.26; p= 0.827) and parity = 1 or ≥4 (b= 0.18; 95%CI= -0.95 to 1.32; p=0.754) increased the risk logodd of postpartum hemorrhage, but it was not statistically significant. Multilevel analysis was not needed in this model because ICC <1%.Conclusion: Anemia and history of postpartum bleeding are important risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage. Use of ANC ≥4 times decreases the risk of postpartum bleeding.Keywords: Postpartum bleeding, risk factor.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(4): 205-213https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.04.0
Effect of Birthweight, Illness History, and Dietary Pattern, on the Incidence of Anemia in Children Under-Five at Tasikmadu Health Center, Karanganyar, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: The first five years of life is often regarded as “golden age period” of development. During this period physical, motor, intellectual, emotional, language, and social development proceed rapidly in children. Brain tissues grow fast to reach 80% of adult brain weight. Anemia occuring during this period can affect health, as well as cognitive and physical development in children. This study aimed to determine the effects of birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, maternal education, and family income on the incidence of anemia in children under-five years of age.Subject and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was carried out at Karanganyar District, Central Java, from February to April 2017. A sample of 110 subjects was selected for this study, consisting of 35 children under-five years of age with anemia and 75 children of the same age without anemia. The independent variables were birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, maternal education, and family income. The dependent variable was anemia. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Hemoglobin concentration was measured by Hb meter. The data were analyzed by path analysis on Stata 13.Results: Anemia in children under-five was directly affected by illness history (b= 2.50; 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.95; p= 0.001;), dietary pattern (b= -1.89; 95% CI = -3.39 to -0.39; p=0.013;), and birthweight (b= -0.97; 95% CI = -2.07 to 0.13; p= 0.083). Anemia in children under-five was indirectly affected by maternal educational (b=1.09; 95% CI = 0.14 – 2.04; p= 0.024) and family income (b= -0.90; 95% CI = -1.78 to 0.02; p= 0.044).Conclusion: Anemia in children under-five is directly affected by illness history, dietary pattern, and birthweight. It is indirectly affected by maternal educational and family income.Keywords : Anemia, birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, children under-fiveCorrespondence: Yeni Anggraini. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. Email : [email protected]. Mobile : 085712329100Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(3): 200-212https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.03.0
Effect of Menopause Duration and Biopsychosocial Factors on Quality of life of Women in Kediri District, East Java
Get PDFBackground: Menopause is defined as the point in time when menstrual cycles permanently cease due to the natural depletion of ovarian oocytes from aging. Studies have shown, menopause causes decrease in quality of life and a positive correlation between menopausal symptoms and quality of live. This study aimed to determine the effect of menopause duration and biopsychosocial factors on quality of life of women.Subjects and Method: This study was an analytic study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Bendo Community Health Center, Kediri District, East Java, from 8–31 March 2017. A sample was of 105 menopausal women was selected for this study by proportionate random sampling. The dependent variable was quality of life. Quality of life encompassed several constructs including physical, functional, emotional, social, and cognitive variables. The independent variables were duration of menopause, Body Mass Index (BMI), education, family support, and family income. The data were collected by pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Quality of life was affected by menopause duration (b=2.19; SE=0.38; p<0.001), education (b=6.72; SE=1.72; p<0.001), family support (b=0.42; SE=0.17; p=0.011), BMI (b=0.71; SE=0.27; p=0.010), and family income (b= 0.13; SE= 1.60; p= 0.936). BMI was affected by education (b= 1.87; SE= 0.50; p<0.001).Conclusion: Quality of life is directly affected by menopause duration, education, family support, BMI, and family income. Quality of life is indirectly affected by education.Keywords: menopause duration, biopsychosocial factors, quality of life, path analysisCorrespondence: Nunik Ike Yunia Sari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282257969278.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(2): 125-136https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.02.0