Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Risk of antimicrobial and multidrug resistance on Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in public health
Get PDFEscherichia coli is a harmful bacterium commonly found in poultry species like chickens, ducks, quails, and turkeys, which can lead to colibacillosis. This illness is caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a highly virulent strain that poses a risk of transmission through the food chain, endangering human health. Managing infections in poultry frequently involves the widespread use of antibiotics, which promotes the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). The global use of antibiotics in livestock is a significant issue, with an estimated 63,000 tons used annually, expected to rise to 105,500 tons by 2030. Antibiotic residues found in poultry products, such as meat and eggs, can enter the human food supply, contributing to antibiotic resistance and diminishing the effectiveness of treatments for human infections. The transmission of APEC occurs through horizontal pathways, including direct contact between poultry via feces and the environment, and vertical transmission via eggs from infected breeders. Additionally, APEC can spread through water, feed, and environmental contamination. Antibiotic residues in poultry products can cause allergic reactions, cancer, reproductive issues, and toxicity in humans. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance include higher rates of illness, death, and healthcare costs, with the potential for further escalation
Paratyphoid salmonellosis: A disease of significance in pigeons (Columba livia)
Get PDFPigeons may be kept in captivity as pet and companion birds, or raised for laboratory specimens, sport or racing, and meat production. Pigeons (Columba livia) belong to order Columbiformes and family Columbidae. Pigeons are susceptible to many important bacterial, viral and parasitic threats. One of the most important bacterial diseases that affect all breads of pigeons is salmonellosis or paratyphoid. Until now, the disease still constitutes one of the most important serious diseases of economic and zoonotic significance for owners of pigeons. Different serotypes of Salmonella have been isolated from pigeons. However, Salmonella (S. Typhimurium) and S. Enteritidis are the most common. Salmonellosis in young squab pigeons causes high mortalities, besides the enteric and nervous manifestations. Chronic carrier diseased pigeons create a hazard to the other avian species and humans. The close contact with pigeons and their droppings is a risk for people who frequently share the same environment. Therefore, pigeon’s flocks should be regularly checked for the early detection of Salmonella infection status, and the positive reactors should be eradicated with a strict biosecurity plan. Antibiotic sensitivity test is very important before any treatment of Salmonella infection in pigeons as a result of continuous development of resistance. Since the multiple needs for raising pigeons and the scientific literature discussing the most important infections of pigeons are insufficient, this article spots-light on salmonellosis in pigeons regarding the disease infection and transmission, signs and lesions, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination
Replacing crude fiber content of berseem hay by wheat straw with or without probiotics or enzymes in the diets of growing rabbits
Get PDFThe goal of the current study was to assess the impact of partial or complete substitution of crude fiber content of berseem hay by wheat straw with or without probiotics or enzymes on growth performance, caecal contents parameters, nutrients digestibility and economic efficiency of growing rabbits. Eighty-four weaned New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes (at 30 days of age) were randomly assigned to seven groups, each consisting of twelve rabbits. The same feed ingredients as the control diet (D1) were used to create two experimental pelleted diets, but one source of roughage (wheat straw) was added in diets 2 (D2) and 3 (D3) which replaced 50 & 100% of the crude fiber content of berseem hay with or without probiotics or enzymes. The first group (control group) was given a basal control pelleted diet (D1) that included berseem hay as the primary source of crude fiber without additives. The second, third and fourth groups fed on the second pelleted experimental diet (D2) in which fiber content of wheat straw replaced 50% of berseem hay without (group 2) or with probiotics (group 3) or enzymes (group 4). The fifth, sixth and seventh groups fed on the third pelleted experimental diet (D3) in which fiber content of wheat straw replaced 100% of berseem hay without (group 5) or with probiotics (group 6) or enzymes (group 7). Experimental period extended for 42 days from weaning (at 30 days) to slaughter age (at 72 days). The results showed that replacing of 50 or 100% of berseem hay fiber by wheat straw with probiotics or enzymes in the diets of growing rabbits increased the final weight of the body, gaining in weight, the cumulative feed consumption and economical feed efficiency as well as improved the feed conversion ratio, performance index, the coefficients of digestion for all nutrient and also feeding criteria including DCP & TDN in comparison with control. During the entire trial, there was no mortality among rabbits fed diets made with wheat straw supplemented with probitoics or enzymes, while those fed the same diets without additives had a lower mortality rate than the control group, which had the highest mortality rate. Compared to other treatment groups and the control, rabbits fed diets containing wheat straw supplemented with enzymes, had the highest values of total bacterial count and total volatile fatty acids of the cecal content. In conclusion, it is cost-effective to replace 50 or 100% of the fiber in berseem hay with wheat straw fiber, either without or with probiotics or enzyme supplements, and the feed additives will enhance the growth performance metrics for growing New Zealand White rabbits
First molecular characterization of Columbid herpesvirus-1 isolated from pigeons in Egypt
Get PDFColumbid herpesvirus-1 (CoHV-1) is one of the most frequent pigeon diseases reported worldwide. It is associated with respiratory and nervous manifestations in pigeons and necrotic lesions in their livers. It may cause sudden death, especially in young and immunosuppressed pigeons, and thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence and genetic characterization of CoHV-1 in Egypt. In this study, forty-four cloacal swabs and tissue samples were collected from Qena governorate, South Egypt. These samples were screened for CoHV1 by conventional polymerase chain reaction-based assay (PCR). The PCR results revealed the presence of herpesvirus DNA in Sixteen pigeons’ samples. The liver and spleen formalin-fixed tissue samples proved the presence of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies by histopathological examinations. Four samples were selected for Sanger sequencing for virus characterization. Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene showed a high similarity with Columbid herpesvirus-1 strains from China, Thailand, and Turkey and with Falconid herpesvirus from the USA. This characterization of CoHV-1 isolates from South Egypt helped in giving informative data about their genetic relationships with global strains and decreased the research gap in studying pigeon diseases in Egypt and worldwide
Prevalence of aflatoxins in dairy products and the biocontrol potential of lactobacillus acidophilus for detoxification and fungal inhibition
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the preponderance of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) in different cheese varieties (Ras, processed, and soft cheese) and raw milk and assess their compliance with Egyptian safety standards. This study investigated the potential detoxification effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus against AFM1 and its inhibitory activity on Aspergillus flavus. One hundred dairy samples were collected from various Menoufia Governorate, Egypt markets. AFM1 and AFM2 levels were confined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The probiotic detoxification study was conducted by inoculating milk samples with Aspergillus flavus spores and treating them with L. acidophilus at 1%, 2%, and 3%, monitoring fungal growth and toxin levels over 15 days. The results showed that AFM1 exceeded the permissible limit of 0.05 ppb in 28% of Ras cheese, 16% of processed cheese, 20% of soft cheese, and 8% of raw milk samples, while AFM2 contamination was lower across all categories. Lactobacillus acidophilus exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Aspergillus flavus, achieving complete fungal inhibition at 3% concentration by day 6. Moreover, AFM1 levels were significantly reduced, with complete detoxification observed at 2% and 3% L. acidophilus concentrations. These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of AFM1 in the dairy products sector and underscore the potential of probiotic interventions as a natural mitigation strategy for aflatoxin contamination.
Effects of indigofera zollingeriana and ammonium sulfate-ca(oh)₂ as protein and non-protein nitrogen supplement on in vitro ruminal fermentation
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined protein–non-protein nitrogen (NPN) supplement based on Indigofera zollingeriana and ammonium sulfate-Ca(OH)2 on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. A completely randomized design was applied with five treatments, N0 (100% ammonium sulfate), ID0 (100% Indigofera), NID19 (NPN: Indigofera = 1:9), NID11 (1:1), and NID91 (9:1), with six replications. Parameters measured included ammonia (NH₃) concentration, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), dry matter degradation, total gas production, and methane production (CH₄). The NID19 treatment associated with significantly higher (P<0.05) total VFA (380.99 mM), acetate (350.87 mM), microbial protein (17.79 mg/dL), and gas production (97.67 mL), while resulting in lower NH₃ than N0. The N0 treatment exhibited the highest NH₃ (117.48 mM) but the lowest gas and methane production. The inclusion of Ca(OH)₂ in the protein–NPN supplement reduced NH₃ concentration, gas production, gas production rate, and methane output. Meanwhile, Indigofera inclusion contributed to higher microbial protein synthesis, VFA concentrations, and dry matter degradation in the rumen
Meat chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chickens fed butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flour
Get PDFButterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flour contains antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic anthocyanins and triterpenoids, which are expected to enhance both the chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of butterfly pea flour on the chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The experiment was assigned in a completely randomized with five treatments and five replications. The treatments included BPF0 = basal ration (BR), BPF1 = BR + 1% butterfly pea flour (BPF), BPF2 = BR + 2% BPF, BPF3 = BR + 3% BPF, and BPF4 = BR + 4% BPF. ANOVA was applied to the chemical data, and subsequently, Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) for significant effect. Descriptive analysis was done for the phytochemical content data. Observed variables were nutrient quality, and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The findings were that addition of butterfly pea flour resulted in tremendous improvement in chemical quality of broiler chicken meat by raising protein level (P<0.05), and reducing fat, moisture and carbohydrate level (P<0.01). But no effect on the ash content of broiler meat (P>0.05). Furthermore, the addition of butterfly pea flour to the broiler feed enhances the phytochemical content in the broiler chicken meat, including triterpenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, and DPPH antioxidant activity
Effect of fermented rice bran and chitosan on duck livestock productivity
Get PDF This study examined how adding fermented rice bran and chitosan to duck diets affects hematological profiles, blood cholesterol, egg cholesterol, enzyme activity, and fatty acid content in duck meat and eggs. The research employed an experimental design with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: R0 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% unfermented rice bran; R1 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% fermented rice bran; R2 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 19.5% fermented rice bran + 0.5% chitosan; R3 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 17.5% fermented rice bran + 2.5% chitosan, with five replications. The results showed that fermented rice bran and chitosan increased hematocrit levels, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and leukocyte counts. They also affected blood glucose and cholesterol levels, meat cholesterol, and eggs from Tegal ducks. Some treatments significantly reduced cholesterol. Additionally, treatments influenced enzyme activity: R3 exhibited increased amylase and protease activity and decreased lipase activity. Blood glucose levels decreased in treatments R2 and R3, and blood cholesterol levels were reduced in R2, with specific treatments showing significant reductions. The combined use of fermented rice bran and chitosan impacted the fatty acid composition of duck eggs and meat. Overall, this study demonstrates that incorporating fermented rice bran and chitosan into duck diets can improve health parameters and enhance the quality of duck products
Averrhoa carambola L. leaf as a source of phytobiotic feed additive for broilers: A review
Get PDFThe sweet starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), a plant widely cultivated in Indonesia and other tropical regions, has long been recognized for its medical properties. Its leaves are rich in bioactive compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, making sweet starfruit leaves a promising candidate for phytobiotic feed additive in poultry nutrition. Antioxidants play an important role in preventing the oxidation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Tannins are polyphenols that reduce free radicals by inhibiting the enzymatic system. Flavonoids can stabilize free radicals by adding electrons from free radicals and preventing ring reactions that form new free radicals. Flavonoids function in the prevention and treatment of oxidative pathologies such as atherosclerosis and inflammation. Flavonoids can function as drugs because they have a role in regulating enzymes and receptors in the brain that produce significant effects on the central nervous system. The active compound content of sweet starfruit leaves makes this plant useful as a phytobiotic feed additive. This study explored the potential of sweet starfruit leaf extract as anatural feed additive to improve broiler performance and the finding support as a suistainable and effective alternative to synthetic growth promotor
Non genetic analysis on reproductive traits of Garut sheep
Get PDFThe influence of non-genetic factors on the reproductive traits of sheep is used as the basis of information to design the sustainability of Garut sheep development. Reproductive traits is key factor of productify and eficiency of Garut Sheep. The aim of this study was to analyze non genetic factors on reproductive traits of Garut sheep in Unit of the Margawati Garut Sheep and Goat Development Center (UPTD BPPTDK) Margawati. Reproductive traits data from 4,246 Garut lambs were collected at UPTD BPPTDK Margawati during the period 2021–2024. The reproductive traits analyzed included litter size, preweaning mortality, and pregnancy rate. These data were obtained from 1,703 Garut ewes, 53 Garut rams, and 2,490 Garut lambs. Non genetic factors examined included year, type of birth, seasons, and parity. The reproductive traits data were analyzed using Univariat General Linear Model (GLM). Year had significantly (P<0,01) impact on preweaning mortality rates and pregnancy rates and had significantly (P<0,05) effects on litter size. Parity significantly (P<0,01) influenced pregnancy rates. Type of birth significantly (P<0,01) affected preweaning mortality rates. Season did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on litter size, preweaning mortality, and pregnancy rate. All non genetic factors except seasons affects on reproductive traits in Garut sheep. It can be concluded that analyzing non-genetic factors affecting the reproductive traits of Garut sheep can provide valuable insights for improving management practices and developing more effective sheep breeding programs.