Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Current Review on Mycolic Acid Immunogen of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Get PDFCaseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Members of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus are the CMNR group of bacteria, which are so-called because they possess an outer cell membrane containing mycolic acids (MAs). This outer membrane presumably acts as a permeability barrier that imparts high drug resistance levels to some members of this group. The distinguishing feature of C. pseudotuberculosis is that MAs and phospholipase D (PLD) encoded by a β-corynephage in its genome are putative carriers of the toxins. Almost all members of the CMNR group possess a mycolic acid layer or mycomembrane around the cell wall, which is the main virulence determinant and plays a vital role in bacterial survival. Both PLD and MAss are virulence factors that play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis. Phospholipases are glycophospholipid-hydrolyzing enzymes that facilitate bacterial dissemination in the host and assist the bacteria to evade phagocytosis by depletion of complement and impaired chemotaxis of neutrophils. MAs are waxy coat that protects the bacterium from hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes and enables bacteria to skip phagocytosis and survive within the host cell. This review presents current research information on the mycolic acids of C. pseudotuberculosis and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease which includes host cell responses of acute-phase proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reproductive hormones changes and cellular tissue changes
Ultrasonography as a Differential Diagnostic Tool of Bovine Respiratory Tract Disorders with Reference to Serum Haptoglobin and Lipid Profiles Changes
Get PDFRespiratory diseases of cattle represented the most important health and economic problems of cattle rearing. It was possible to diagnose ultrasonographically bronchopneumonia, consolidation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion and pleuritis. The study aimed to correlate between the changes in clinical findings and laboratory assays mainly haematological pictures and serum acute phase proteins (APPs) i.e. haptoglobin, and the characteristic ultrasonographic findings in bovine respiratory diseases and their importance in differentiation between upper respiratory diseases and lower respiratory diseases in cattle. A total number of 84 cattle were included in the study and divided into 3 groups: healthy control group (n=15), upper respiratory diseased group [URG] (n=29) and lower respiratory diseased group [LRG] (n=40). The animals were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Assiut University-Egypt with a history of anorexia, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, cough and/or abnormal lung sounds. These animals were undergoing clinical and ultrasonographic examinations as well as laboratory analyses. Regarding to the ultrasonographic findings, the diseased cases were classified into URG and LRG. Ultrasonography differentiated many of the affections such as bronchopneumonia (n=16), Lung consolidation (n=12), pulmonary emphysema (n=8), and pleuritis and pleural effusion (n=4). Neutrophilic leukocytosis was reported in URG and LRG. The biochemical assays revealed significant elevation in serum levels of haptoglobin, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein in URG and LRG. Serum albumins were remarkably (P<0.05) decreased in URG. The study concluded that thoracic ultrasonography considered a diagnostic tool in cows with respiratory diseases because it determined the location and extent of the lung lesions as well as the severity of the affection. APPs and lipid profile used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory diseases
Genetic Characterization and Antibiogram Profiles of Listeria Species Isolated from Poultry and Poultry Handlers
Get PDFUp to now, there has been limited information regarding the circulation of pathogenic Listeria species in poultry and their contact handlers. The present study was, therefore, planned to evaluate the potential existence of Listeria spp. in different poultry species and their products as well as their contact workers at Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt and to address the antimicrobial profile of Listeria isolates using classical microbiological techniques and multiplex PCR targeting three virulence-associated genes (iap, hlyA, and actA). The study included cloacal swabs from different poultry species (n =200), poultry carcasses (n = 25), poultry products (25 samples each of chicken luncheon and frozen chicken breast fillets), chicken eggs (n = 50) and stool specimens from the contact workers (n = 25). Findings showed that 60 samples out of 350 (17.14%) were found to be positive to Listeria spp., which were identified as follow: L. innocua (28.3%), L. ivanovii (28.3%), L. monocytogenes (15%) and L. grayi (15%), L. seeligeri (10%) and L. welshimeri (3.3%). L. monocytogenes showed high resistance to nalidixic acid (100%) followed by neomycin (85.1%), streptomycin (80%), cefotaxime (65%) and penicillin g (58.3%). Results could likely suggest that poultry and poultry products had a significant role in dissemination and transmission of virulent and multidrug resistant L. monocytogenes which represent a potential risk particularly in the absence of strict hygienic practices and preventive measures. A constant monitoring of pathogenic L. monocytogenes is thus urgently needed to avoid the dissemination of such pathogenic strains in food production chains
Parrot Mouth and Oronasal Fistula with a Presumed Teratoma Hanging from the Soft Palate in a Cattle Calf
Get PDFTwo days old native breed male cattle calf was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, with facial and oral anomalies and consequent respiratory snoring and suckling difficulty. The condition was diagnosed as brachygnathism with oronasal fistula and a presumed teratoma hanging from the soft palate. The tumor was surgically excised, and the fistula was repaired using the sliding flap technique. Another surgery was determined for correction of the brachygnathism later
Pre-natal Morphology of Male Reproductive Organs of Camelus dromedarius
Get PDFThe reproductive system is a key to survival of specie. The male reproductive system plays a vital role in the production, formation, maturation, and transportation of spermatozoa to the female specie. Little attention has been given to the male fetal reproductive system in Camelus dromedarius. The study was aimed to document the normal gross morphology of the male fetal one-humped dromedary. Forty-five (45) male fetal reproductive organs were used. The fetus age was determined classified into 3 trimesters. The foetuses were dissected from the xiphoid region through the abdominal wall to the preputial orifice to expose and examine the reproductive organs. Morphologically, the testicles were oblong, pale in color and located in the abdominal cavity at the first trimester, moved caudally with a condensing gubernaculum at the 2nd trimester. But did not descend into the scrotum at the third trimester. Ultimately, the testis did not descend before birth. The epididymis was close in contact with the testis throughout its fetal life. Vas deference coursed from the cauda epididymis to the prostate at the base of the bladder. The penis presented a cylindrical form at the first trimester. It was distinct into base, body and glans at the second trimester with a slight arc mid-way of its body. The sigmoid flexure was noted to be curlier at the third trimester. The reproductive organs of the male fetal Camelus dromedarius have some considerable differences from other domesticated animals especially the ruminant
Ameliorative Effects of Selenium and Chlorella vulgaris Against Polystyrene Nanoplastics-induced Hepatotoxicity in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Get PDFPolystyrene nanoplastics pollution is a global issue that has grabbed the attention of scientists and drew widespread attention owing to the possible health risks it poses. The objective of this research was to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the histopathological, biochemical, and ultrastructural profiles. Six groups of fish were used (n= 24/group): the first group kept as control, the second group exposed to 5mg/L NPs, the third group exposed to NPs+selenium (1mg/kg diet), the fourth group exposed to NPs+Chlorella (25g/kg diet), the fifth group received only Chlorella and the sixth group received only selenium. The exposure was for 30 days. The biochemical tests showed a rise in ALT and AST activities after exposure to NPs compared to control group. Groups exposed to NPs and supplemented with chlorella and selenium showed a significant decrease in the serum activities of these enzymes compared to NPs-intoxicated group. Results of histopathological examination demonstrated the hepatotoxic effects of NPs in NPs-intoxicated group that consisted of micro and macrovesciular steatosis, coagulative necrosis, pericentral fibrosis, periportal fibrosis, glycogen depletion and toxic changes in cellular ultrastructure. Chlorella and selenium supplementation alleviated the hepatotoxic effects of NPs and restored the histological and ultrastructural appearances of the liver tissue. Therefore, nanoplastics toxicity has well-defined hepatotoxic effects and these cytotoxic changes were mitigated by dietary supplementation of Chlorella and selenium
Influences of the Dietary Supplementation of Broiler Chickens with Copper Nanoparticles on Some Biometric Measurements and Transcription of Copper-allied Genes
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources and levels of dietary copper supplementation on broiler chickens. A 37-day feeding trial was accomplished using 192 one-day-old unsexed Arbor Acres broiler chicks which were randomly allocated into four groups with different strategies of copper supplementation. The first group was the negative control and fed on diets containing copper-free mineral-vitamin broiler premix. Diets of the second group were supplemented with copper sulfate (Cu2SO4) at the level of 7.5 mg/kg. The third and fourth groups were fed on diets supplemented with copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) at the levels of 7.5 mg/kg and 3.75 mg/kg, respectively. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, copper concentrations, serum antioxidant bio-markers and mRNA of metallothionein and ceruloplasmin were evaluated. Results of growth performance showed that Cu-NPs significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased body weight gain and feed utilization compared to an equal quantity of Cu2SO4. No adverse effect on growth performance occurred when Cu-NPs were supplemented at half of the level of Cu2SO4. Dressing and thigh yields were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in birds in the fourth group. Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde level and transcription of ceruloplasmin were not significantly affected by the tested copper sources or levels. The superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and transcription of metallothionein were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the replacement of Cu2SO4 with the same quantity of Cu-NPs. Our findings suggested that Cu-NPs could be a superior dietary supplement of copper in broiler chickens’ diets over Cu2SO4, with possibility of quantity reduction
Prevalence and Characterization of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Fermented Milk Products and Mish Cheese in Dakahalia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFBacterial contamination of fermented dairy products has serious implications for both safeties of the final products, and the transmission of foodborne pathogens to the consumers. In this regard, 175 samples of fermented dairy products including 50 each of plain yoghurt, fruit yoghurt, laban rayeb, and 25 from mish cheese were randomly collected from different supermarkets and retail shops in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Samples were examined bacteriologically for the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), particularly, E. coli O157. The recovered isolates were examined for the detection of toxin, and virulence-associated genes using PCR. The obtained results showed that the average counts (CFU/g) of total bacterial, psychrotrophic, coliform, and S. aureus were 1.72x105, 9.9 x103, 5.08x102, and 3.07 x102 for the plain yoghurt, 7.1 x 104, 2.3 x 103, 9.5 x10, and 3.3 x10 for fruit yoghurt, 6.07x104, 6.1 x 103, 9.8 x10, and 1.35x102 for laban rayeb,  and 1.2 x 106, 2.5 x104, 8.3 x10, and 7.2 x103 for Mish cheese, respectively. E. coli and E. coli O157 were detected in 13 out of 175 (7.43%) and 4 out of 175 (2.3%) samples, respectively. Using PCR for 9 selected E. coli isolates showed that 7 out of 9 E. coli isolates were positive for the stx1 gene, 5 out of 9 were positive for stx2, and 3 out of 9 were positive for eaeA, and 4 out of 9 were positive for hylA. S. aureus showed that 55.6% of the recovered isolates were coagulase positive. Ten randomly selected S. aureus isolates tested positive for nuc (thermonuclease genes), while mecA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus “MRSAâ€) gene was detected in 20% of the examined isolates. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be adopted during all steps of the manufacture of such dairy products
Caseous Abscess in a Shingleback Lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) with Klebsiella sp. Infection
Get PDFAn adult male shingleback lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), weighing 700 grams, was presented with a swelling growth on the left lobe of the head. Â Clinical examination indicated a mass growth, and the lizard was diagnosed with caseous abscess accumulation. Surgical intervention was performed to remove the caseous abscess. Post-surgery treatment consists of enrofloxacin, meloxicam, tramadol, multivitamin, and topical antibiotic cream. Laboratory bacterial culture from the removed caseous abscess revealed Klebsiella sp. infection. Six months after the surgery, the shingleback lizard was presented with no swelling reoccurrence in a clinical healthy condition.
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Relationship Between Testicular Morphometry, Vascular Waveform Pattern, Semen Picture, and Specific Serum Testosterone Levels in Baladi bucks Approaching Puberty
Get PDF This study aimed to determine testicular blood flow with semen imaging and describe accompanying variations in mediastinal thickness (MT), serum testosterone, and semen characteristics in Baladi bucks approaching puberty and sexual maturity. From 5–10 months of age, Baladi bucks (n = 5) underwent B-mode imaging, Doppler scanning, and blood sampling for testosterone assaying once a month. From 7 months, semen was collected and evaluated. The first semen was collected at a mean age of 7.2 months, while the first spermatozoa appeared at 8.3 months, and the mean age of sexual maturity was 9.4 months. The highest semen volume (1.02 ± 0.09 mL), motility (mass score = 5 and individual = 78.00 ± 1.58%), morphology (94.74 ± 1.99%), alive% (85.21 ± 1.32), and semen concentrations (5.24 ± 0.32 109/mL) were noted in buck 4 (9.5 months; 25.0 kg) followed by others. Testicular width (TW) and MT were positively correlated (r = 0.71; P = 0.03) and increased from 8–10 months (P < 0.05). The spectral graph of young bucks revealed an absent end velocity point. Testicular flow expressed by colored area/pixels was positively correlated with age (r = 0.855), accompanied by increased testosterone levels. Semen characteristics and Doppler parameters were not significantly correlated, except Doppler indices negatively correlated with progressive motility percentage. In conclusion, only the testicular Doppler indices are useful for evaluating testicular function and selecting bucks for breeding since these were the only variables negatively correlated with progressive motility percentage. The spectral Doppler velocities are not useful in estimating the full picture of semen quality in sexually mature bucks. These values should be assessed cautiously since many alterations could lead to the elevation or decline of testicular Doppler parameters.
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