Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Molecular Typing of Rotaviruses in Diarrheic Neonatal Calves
Get PDFRotavirus ribonucleic acid was extracted from 16 fecal samples of the serologically positive diarrheic calves using Latex agglutination test (LAT) and Immunochrmatographic assay (ICA). The extracted RNA was submitted to Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect VP7 and VP4 genes and the positive samples were 100% (16/16) and 81.25% (13/16), respectively. The amplified products were subjected to G and P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex PCR using of G6, G8 and G10 genotyping and P1, P5 and P11 genotyping primers, respectively. G6 was detected in 10 (62.50%) of 16 samples and G10 was diagnosed in 5 (31.25%) of 16 samples and one (6.25%) sample did not react with any G primer used. P5 was detected in 9 (56.25%) of 16 samples, P11 was diagnosed in 3 (18.75%) of 16 samples, mixed infection with P5+P11 was observed in 1 (6.25%) of 16 samples and 3 (18.75%) samples did not react with any P primer used. G and P genotypes combination revealed that G6P5 was in 50% (8/16), G10P11 in 12.50% (2/16), G10P5 in 6.25% (1/16), G6P11 in 6.25% (1/16), G10 (P5+P11) in 6.25% (1/16), G6P? in 6.25% (1/16), G10P? in 6.25% (1/16), and G?P? in 6.25% (1/16). These results suggest that the detected genotypes can used as dominant strains for the formulation of an appropriate vaccine against BRV in Assiut Governorate. In conclusion, RT-PCR and Semi-nested multiplex PCR can used as rapid and confirmatory test for detection of nucleic acid and genotypes of Rotavirus, G and P genotypes combination in the present study revealed that G6P5, G6P11, G10P5 and G10P11 were circulating genotypes in bovine population in Assiut governorate. G6P5 strain was the most common of all strain diagnosed in other fecal samples. The presence of various combinations of G and P genotypes among field isolates of BRV suggests that genetic reassortment frequently occurred between viral strains with genes encoding different G and P genotypes. Finally, presence of different genotypes of Rotaviruses emphasizes their simultaneous monitoring in animals for the development and optimization of Rotavirus vaccines
Genetic Assessment of Shiga Toxin and Antibiotic Resistance of E. coli Isolated from Milk of Cows infected with Sub-clinical Mastitis
Get PDFBovine subclinical mastitis was one of the most important health problems facing dairy industry, its impact exceeded the economic aspects and extended to potential negative effects on human health. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli as an important mastitic pathogen and identify some of its most important virulence gene as well as their antimicrobial resistance profile. In the present study E. coli was isolated and biochemically identified whereas out of 100 subclinically mastitic milk samples was nine samples were positive for E. coli with 9% prevalence rate. Serotyping of these isolates declared that 3 isolates were serotype O26:H11, 2 isolates in serotype O91:H21 and 1 isolate in each of serotypes O55:H7, O128:H2, O146:H21 and O124. Antimicrobial resistance profile of the obtained isolates showing that all the isolates were 100% resistant to both erythromycin and streptomycin, while 88.9% (8/9) were sensitive to gentamicin. The presence of 3 important virulence factors including shiga toxin1(stx1), shiga toxin 2 (stx2) and intimin (eae) genes, among the obtained isolates was reported using PCR. Molecular investigation revealing that 2 isolates contain all studied virulence genes (stx1, stx2 and eae), 3 isolates contain (stx1 and stx2), while stx1 was detected solely in 2 isolates, also 1 isolate contain only stx2 and lastly 1 isolate was negative for any of the studied virulence factors. In a conclusion, there was a 9% prevalence rate of E. coli in subclinically mastitic milk samples in the current study, indicating its importance as a mastitic pathogen. The shiga toxin genes (stx1 & stx2) are widely distributed among E. coli isolates, while the intimin (eae) gene is less prevalent in comparison to shiga toxin genes. Also the recorded high multidrug resistance rate among the isolates posing threat to human health though entrance of these strains into the human being food chain whereas the isolated E. coli strains had the highest resistance to erythromycin and Streptomycin (100%), followed by Clindamycin (77.8%), Nalidixic acid (66.7%), and Gentamicin (11.1%) was the lowest
The Occurrence of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9 Viruses in Broiler Farms Within Ismailia Province, Egypt
Get PDFThe Egyptian broiler farms are easy prey for the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9 viruses that cause great economic losses despite their weak nature. This study focused on the occurrence and molecular characterization of the LPAI H9 viruses circulating in commercial broiler farms in different villages of Ismailia Province during 2020-2021. Tracheal, cloacal swabs, and tissue pools were collected from 34 broiler farms suffering from respiratory signs. In this study, LPAI H9 was detected in 41.17% of farms (14/34) using real-time PCR. The positive samples were propagated in 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and three isolates were selected for partial hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequencing. Sequence analysis results showed an obvious genetic evolution in comparison with the original virus (A/quail /Egypt/113413v /2011) that shared 94-94.3% and 96.7-97.1% homology at the level of nucleotides and amino acids respectively. The identity percent of the isolates with five selected commercial vaccine seed viruses revealed a higher identity with the local vaccines than the imported ones. The molecular analysis revealed 14-15 mutations in the amino acid residues with genetic stability in the main sites in comparison with the reference Egyptian strain. Phylogenetically, the H9 isolates were grouped in the G1 lineage similar to the Middle East circulating viruses with close phylogeny to Israeli viruses. The continuous genetic evolution of H9 viruses detected in this study necessitates regular virus monitoring for better control
Heavy Metal Content in Chicken Meat Products: A Health Risk Assessment Study
Get PDFThere is an increasing demand for chicken meat products due to their high nutritive value, specific aroma and flavor, and cheap price compared to red meat. However, there is a clear lack of information on the residual content of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and trace elements such as zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in such products. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the residual contents of Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu in five chicken meat products including chicken burger, chicken fillet, chicken luncheon, chicken nuggets, and chicken panne. Moreover, estimated daily intakes (EDI), and the potential health risks of heavy metals due to consumption of such meat products were calculated for Egyptian adults and children. The achieved results indicated no detection of Hg in any sample. However, the other measured elements were detected in all examined chicken meat product samples at variable concentrations. The chicken burger had the highest metal concentrations. Several samples had higher Pb and Cd levels than the set maximum permissible limits. However, the calculated EDI, hazard ratio, and hazard index revealed no potential risks associated with the consumption of such chicken meat products among Egyptian adults and children
Assessment of Microbial Safety and Quality of Market Raw Milk and Pasteurized Milk Sold in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFIn this study, assessing the microbial quality and safety of the market raw milk and pasteurized milk is the basal objective of this study. One hundred and twenty (120) milk samples (60 of each) were collected randomly from different supermarkets and retailer shops in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Samples were analyzed for Total bacterial count (TBC), total coliforms (TCC), Total Staphylococcus count (TSC), and Total yeast and mould count. All market milk samples, and pasteurized milk were found to be contaminated and judged poor. Listeria spp. were isolated on Oxford agar and then subjected to biochemical and molecular identification. The overall isolation rate of Listeria spp. from the market raw milk was 28.33%. The prevalence rates of Listeria monocytogenes were 13.33% in raw market milk. The prevalence of Listeria innocula and other Listeria species were 3.33% and 11.67%, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the virulence genes (16SrRNA, hylA, and prfA) of 8 biochemically identified L. monocytogenes strains recovered from raw market milk using specific primers. 16SrRNA, hylA, and prfA genes are considered the best indicator for virulence determination of L. monocytogenes isolated from market raw milk. A high microbial load of market milk and pasteurized milk may present a public health hazard to the consumers and emphasizes the need for improved hygienic standards
Expression Profile of Angiogenic and RANTES Genes and Serum Biochemical Changes in Holstein Dairy Cows with Retained Fetal Membranes in Egypt
Get PDFThe changes in the expression profile of the angiogenic genes and serum biomarkers were investigated in the cows with the retained placenta after normal parturition. Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is considered one of the main reproductive disorders in dairy cattle. A total of 16 cows were allocated into two groups: group 1 (n = 8) the cows that have a normal loosed placenta, and group 2 (n = 8). The cows that have retained fetal membranes for more than 24 h after parturition. Blood with EDTA was collected from the tail vein for studying the expression of angiogenic proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor1 (VEGFR1), and RANTES genes. Serum was collected at a one-week interval before/after parturition for the study of biochemical changes. The VEGF expression decreased ten folds in cows with retained than normally dropped placentae (p ˂ 0.0001). The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) showed a threefold increase in cows with normal loosed than retained placentae (p˂0.01). The RANTES was increased in cows with retained rather than normal placentae by about 7 folds (p˂0.01). Phosphorus and total proteins were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM cows one week after parturition. The serum albumin, TG, HDL, and cholesterol were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM before, at, and after parturition. CPK was significantly higher in RFM before, at, and after parturition (p˂0.05). Increased values of MDA and decreased values of CAT, SOD, and R-GSH were detected in the blood of cows suffering from RFM (p˂0.05). In conclusion, the translation of VEGF and its receptor and RANTES mRNA at the time of parturition in dairy cows could be proxy biomarkers for the prediction of retained fetal membranes (RFM). In the same line, the activity of total proteins, serum albumin, TG, HDL, cholesterol, and CPK would be useful in the prediction of the RFM in dairy cows
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance of Gram-negative Bacteria isolated From Pet Animal
Get PDFMost animal feeds are set from protein-rich raw materials. These protein constituents may possess various hazards, particularly highly drug-resistant pathogens, causing a bad impact not only on the pet's health, but also on their owners. In the current study, a total of 2100 pet food and 100 pets’ fecal swabs were collected and bacteriologically examined from 2017 to 2020. It was revealed that the percentage of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from pet food and fecal swabs was 49% and 56% respectively. E. coli, Proteus sp., and K. pneumoniae were the most isolated bacteria in percentages of 12.4%, 8.4%, and 4.9% respectively from Pet food and 25%, 7%, 12% respectively from pet fecal swabs. In addition, Enterobacter cloacae, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter sp., P. fluorecens, and Y. enterocolitica were isolated from pet food in order to 3.8%, 3.5%, 3.2%, 2.6%, 2.6% and 2.1% respectively. Salmonella sp. isolated from pet food was 0.6% while it was 5% from pet fecal swabs. The most predominant salmonella serotype isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs was S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, S. Virchow, S. Anatum, S. Kentucky, S. Kedougou and S. Infantis were isolated serotypes from Pet food in percentages of 15.7%, 23.1%, 15.4%, 7.7%, and 7.7% respectively. While S. Nitra, S. Ibargi, S. Enteritidis and S. Boecker were isolated from pet fecal swabs at a percentage of 20% for each. On the other hand, O158 was the most predominant E. coli serogroup isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 30.4% and 30.8% respectively followed by O157 in percentages of 21.7% and 26.9% respectively. O26 was isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 13% and 7.7% for each. O119 was isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 4.3% and 3.8% respectively. O86, O27, O44, O55, and O78 were isolated from pet food in the percentage of 4.3%, 8.7%, 4.3%, 4.3%, and 8.7%respectively. While O114, O111, and O125 were isolated serotypes from pet fecal swabs in percentages of 15.4%, 3.8%, and 11.5% respectively. This study revealed that the antimicrobial sensitivity test of 80% of Salmonellae were resistant to Cefotaxime and Colistin sulphate while 50%, 30, and 20% of isolates were resistant to Gentamicin, Tetracycline, and Cefepime respectively, while 40% of Salmonellae were resistant to Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, and Amoxicillin-clavulanate. Also 60% of Salmonellae showed resistance to Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and Ciprofloxacin. Detection of Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) in Pets using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in all tested isolates in 12 samples out of 12 (100%) and has shown that the ratio of blaCTX-M is 5 out of 12samples (41.6 %)
Forecasting Inflation in Egypt (2019-2022) by using AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Models
Get PDF            The ARIMA model was employed to investigate annual inflation rates in Egypt from 2018 to 2022. The study planned to forecast inflation in Egypt for the upcoming period from August till December of 2022, and the best fitting model was carefully selected based on the minimum AIC value. ARIMA model was applied using EViews10. It is made up of three processes: the Autoregressive process (AR), the differencing process (d), and the Moving Average Process (MA). The Box–Jenkins methodology for analyzing and modeling time series is characterized by four steps: model identification, parameter estimation, diagnostic checking and forecasting. This study used Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to estimate and forecast the inflation rates for the year 2018-2022 using the univariate historical data of inflation rate. The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model is stable and most suitable model to forecast inflation in Egypt for the next five months. The percent value of the inflation in August is (11.4± 4.20); September (10.6±4.13); October (10.0±4.03); November (9.5± 4.23) and December (9.2± 4.11). In order to reduce inflation and increase macroeconomic stability in Egypt, policymakers should continue to implement sound economic policies
Quality Assessment and Impact of Gamma Irradiation on Histamine Content in Some Fish Consumed in Sharkia Province, Egypt
Get PDFThe current study was conducted to investigate the quality assessment of some fish (Tilapia, Mullet, Mackerel, and Sardine) consumed in Sharkia province, Egypt using chemical parameters (pH, TMA, TBA, and TVN), bacteriological analyses (S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella), and sensory attributes. The histamine content of analyzed fish was also investigated, along with the effect of gamma irradiation (Dose 0, 1, 3, 5 KGy) on its level. The results indicate that the overall grades of organoleptic evaluations were acceptable and all examined fish samples were within the histamine permissible limit. All of the fish samples tested were found to be below the allowable Egyptian Standards for pH, TMA, TBA, and TVN. Furthermore, the obtained results revealed that the maximum viable count of S. aureus isolates was detected in sardines. Tilapia and mullet were the most contaminated fish with E. coli (73%). Mullet was the most abundant fish contaminated with Salmonella spp (53%), while sardine was the least frequent (20%). On the other hand, the histamine level was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) and progressively in a dose-dependent manner as the gamma irradiation dosage increased in fish fillet artificially inoculated with histamine. The treated fish fillet with a dose of 5 KGy gamma radiation had the lowest mean value (5.27 ± 0.78). In conclusion, application of gamma irradiation can considerably minimize the danger of histamine poisoning related with fish and fish products deterioration
Comparative Analysis Between the in vitro Performances of the Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia against Staphylococcus aureus
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens in humans and several animals. Some strains can form a biofilm, which is related to chronic diseases. Green Propolis are used frequently in alternative medicine. Several studies have demonstrated the chemical similarities between Green Propolis and its botanical source Baccharis dracunculifolia. This study evaluated the antibacterial profile of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia against S. aureus. The antibiofilm effect of the extracts was also evaluated against a reference strain of S. aureus. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for each isolate were assessed. MIC and MBC values for both extracts were similar against all bacterial strains. The extracts demonstrated good performance against the biofilm of the S. aureus ATCC 25923. Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia extract antibiofilm activities were mainly on biofilm’s newly formed and consolidated moments. Â