Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Eco-friendly Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Improved Frozen-thawed Semen Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Rams
Get PDFZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have antimicrobial, antioxidants, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to improve the post-thawing semen characteristics of rams using three concentrations of ZnO-NPs. ZnO-NPs in 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/ml tris-based diluents were used to extend semen collected from five Awassi rams twice weekly for two months. Post-thaw semen evaluation and measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), ascorbic acid (AA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total cholesterol (CHO), low density lipoproteins (LDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), zinc, and copper (Cu). With increasing ZnO-NPs concentrations, the post-thaw sperm total motility (STM %), progressive motility (SPM) %, viability (SV%), functional membrane integrity (FMI %), acrosome integrity (AI %), NO, LDH, ALP, Cu, and zinc ascended linearly (P≤0.0001) but the abnormal sperm (AS%) and SOD decreased (P≤0.0001). The addition of 1.0 mg/ml ZnO-NPs increased (P≤0.0001) GPx but decreased (P≤0.0001) CHO and LDL. All concentrations of ZnO-NPs preserved (P≤0.0001) high AA compared to 0.0mg/ml and did not influence MDA. The addition of 0.5 mg/ml ZnO-NPs reduced (P≤0.059) Cu concentrations. All semen characteristics had strong positive correlations with zinc, LDH, and ALP and negative correlations with SOD. AS % had negative correlations with zinc, ALP, and LDH and positive correlation with SOD. All the three added concentrations of ZnO-NPs improved the post-thaw semen motility, viability, fertilizing capacity, and antioxidant capacity but 1.5mg/ml semen diluents proved the best concentration for semen preservation
Trehalose as an Alternative of Egg Yolk in Ram Semen Extender
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of replacing egg yolk with trehalose in Tris-citric-yolk extender on post-thawing of Barki and Rahmani ram spermatozoa parameters namely, progressive motility, viability, abnormalities, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. Fifteen ejaculates from 3 rams presenting each breed were collected by using the artificial vagina. Accepted semen samples were pooled and kept under 37°C then were immediately distributed on extenders with replaced egg yolk levels of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1and 0 % by respective levels 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mM of trehalose. After an equilibration period, cooled semen was aspirated into 0.5mL straws and were frozen and stored in the liquid nitrogen. After 24 h, straws were thawed in a 37°C water bath for the 60s. Results revealed no significant differences between the two studied breeds of ram for all post-thawing spermatozoa parameters. The extender containing 50 mM trehalose and 3% egg yolk gave the highest post-thawing sperm motility and membrane integrity (41.43% and 44.47 %), while the lowest values (34.29 % and 37.40 %) were obtained from the extender containing 125 mM trehalose and 0% EY and was highly significant in total sperm abnormalities. Post-thawing sperm viability and acrosome integrity were not significantly affected by substituting different levels of trehalose for egg yolk. In conclusion, reducing egg yolk dawn to 1 % versus using high concentrations of trehalose (up to 100 mM) did not affect sperm characteristics, but complete elimination of egg yolk from the extender reduced post-thawing characteristics
Cathepsin L is Required for Completion of Oocyte Meiotic Maturation in Mammals
Get PDFInfertility is a major concern affecting a huge population worldwide. Aneuploidy is one of the leading causes of the infertility, usually originated from errors that happens in meiosis I as chromosomal misalignment and abnormal chromosomal segregation. Recent research showed that cathepsins family play an important role in affecting the oocytes developmental competence in many species. Cathepsin B inhibition improved bovine developmental competence of the oocytes, especially in the low-quality oocytes. Here, we are the first to introduce the significance of another member of this family, cathepsin L (CTSL) in the process of oocyte maturation using mouse oocyte model. In this study we evaluated the expression of CTSL during oocyte meiotic maturation and the effect of CTSL inhibition using specific inhibitor “SCP110†on the subsequent maturation process. We found, CTSL is expressed in all stages of Meiosis I. In addition, inhibition of CTSL resulted in delaying the maturation time by elongation the time required for extrusion of the polar body (PBE). Moreover, CTSL inhibition reduced the maturation rate compared to the control group as we found a significant decrease in PBE percent. Trying to understand the reason of the lower maturation rates, we stained the chromosomes and spindles at metaphase I stage, we found a significant increase in chromosomal misalignment at metaphase plate. Finally, we evaluated matured oocytes quality after CTSL inhibition, importantly, aneuploidy incidence was increased significantly after CTSL inhibition. In summary, CTSL is required for normal meiosis completion in oocytes and production of healthy euploid egg
Current Genomic Characterization of Circulating Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in Backyard and Commercial Chicken Flocks in Ismailia and Sharkia Provinces, Egypt
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, molecular characterization, partial sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) circulating in chicken flocks in Ismailia and Sharkia Provinces, Egypt. Tissue pool samples (liver, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) were collected from commercial and backyard flocks with anemia, uneven growth, and vaccinal failure history. The occurrence of CIAV was 51% (51/100) using specific primers through the polymerase chain reaction test, which was higher in the backyard (26/50) 52% than that in commercial flocks (25/50) 50%. The highest rate of CIAV detection was 77% (13/17) and 75% (9/12) in Saso and Arbor Acer breeds respectively, followed by the Baladi 52% (26/50) and Cobb 27 % (4/15). The histopathological study reflected severe lymphocytic depletions in lymphoid organs with the presence of apoptotic cells and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Partial sequence analysis of six selected field circulating CIAVs showed changes in VP1 at position H 22 Q, VP2 at position A 153 V, T 180 S and VP3 at position R 118 C indicating low affinity of the obtained viruses to grow in the cell line. Some obtained viruses showed mutations in the epitopic site which may develop escape mutation virus from the currently used vaccines. Phylogenetically, the six selected fields CIAVs were classified into two distinct groups. The continuous surveillance activities and epidemiological mapping for CIAV among Egyptian governorates using updating primers are essential to facilitate control program strategies
Molecular Studies on Some Emerging Pathogens in Dairy Products Retailed in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFIn this study, one hundred and ten samples (25 raw buffalo milk, 25 kareish cheese, 25 small-scale yoghurt, and 35 small-scale ice cream) were collected randomly from local markets, dairy shops, and supermarkets from different localities in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt during October 2019 to March 2020. The prevalence rates of foodborne pathogens including E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) were examined. Molecular confirmation and detection of toxin-producing and drug-resistance-related genes were carried out using PCR. E. coli was isolated from the examined raw milk, ice cream, Kareish cheese, and yoghurt at 72%, 25.71%, 40%, and 44%, respectively, while Salmonella spp. was isolated at 36%, 4%, and 24% from the examined raw milk, Kareish cheese, and yoghurt samples, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated at 36% from the examined raw milk samples, 8% from Kareish cheese samples, and 76% from the examined yoghurt samples. Twelve out of 98 E. coli isolates, 18 out of 30 Salmonella isolates, and 24 out of 50 A. hydrophila were multidrug-resistant, respectively. The most resistant antibiotics were ceftriaxone and tetracycline. All examined E. coli, Salmonella spp., and A. hydrophila isolates contained blaTEM and TetA(A) resistance genes. 66.7% of the examined E. coli isolates harbored stx1, while stx2 was absent in all examined E. coli isolates. All examined Salmonella spp. isolates contained both stn and avrA virulence genes. All examined A. hydrophila contained the Aerolysin, but just 40% contained the hemolysin virulence genes. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the excessive usage of antibiotics in dairy farms and to apply strict hygienic measures to inhibit microbial contamination of dairy products intended for human consumption
Effect of Replacing Sodium Nitrite with Celery on Sensory and Chemical Quality of Popular Dry Sausage
Get PDFThe global economic crisis led to the tendency of consumers to search for cheap food sources of animal origin, including dry sausage, regardless of the quality or safety factor. Nitrite is an important meat additive responsible for the distinctive color and flavor of meat products, inhibits the development of microbial spores, and delays lipid oxidation. At the same time, it has adverse health risks for meat consumers. Celery, Apium graveolens, as a plant rich in nitrate was used in this study for replacing the synesthetic chemical nitrite used in sausage manufacture. Dry sausage samples were divided into three equal groups, the first group without adding sodium nitrite and kept as a control group. The second group was treated with 100 mg/kg of sodium nitrite while the third group was treated with 0.3% celery powder. All groups were periodically examined for sensory and chemical quality parameters. Generally, there are no significant differences (P>0.05) found between sausage groups attributes to appearance. The results of color, flavor, smell, nitrite content, TVN, and TBA of control sausage samples were statistically lower (P<0.05) than those of treated sausage groups. No differences (P>0.05) were found for the attribute color, flavor, smell, nitrite content, TVN, and TBA between those treated with 100 ppm sodium nitrite and 0.3% celery sausages groups. The obtained results concluded that safe dry sausage could be produced with high quality without the addition of synthetic sodium nitrite, by replacing it with 0.3% celery powder. Celery offers a high potential nitrite as natural substitutes improve both the sensory and chemical quality of the dry sausage. However, further research is needed to irrefutably determine all potential benefits content of the celery
Molluscicidal Potency of Croton Crude Extracts on the Histological Changes of Terrestrial Snail, Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer, 1842)
Get PDFThe present work performed to study the toxic effects of the crude plant extracts of Croton tiglium seeds on some histological changes of the terrestrial snail species M. obstructa. The molluscicidal efficacy of ethanol and acetone extracts of Croton tiglium seeds were tested against the adult snails of Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer) (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) at four concentrations using contact technique under laboratory conditions for seven days. Also, the impact of crude seed extracts was studied on some histological changes of the land snail, M. obstructa. The results revealed that the hexane and ethanolic extracts of croton exhibited molluscicidal activities against M. obstructa land snails. The ethanolic extract displayed the highest potency where LC50 was (0.08 %) while the LC50 of hexane extracts was (0.12 %). Histological inspections of the digestive gland and foot of snails exposed to LC50 croton extract showed that the digestive tubules showed various destruction, shrinkage in different types of cells lining the digestive tubules, marked increase in the width of most of the digestive tubules lumen and filled with secretory materials, rupture of basement membrane and the intertubular loose connective tissue between the digestive tubules showed necrosis. The histological alterations in the foot included rupture of the epithelial covering with necrosis, destruction of muscular tissue and necrosis of connective tissue with presence of dark brown pigment. Thus, these results indicated that croton seed crude extracts possessed molluscicidal potential for controlling the land snail with more future studies to develop and ensure its wider applicability as a molluscicide
Composition of Chemical Elements in Edible Offal and Muscle of Semi- extensively Reared Indigenous Doom Pig Breed of Northeast India and its Correlation with Feed and Environment
Get PDFWith the increase in anthropogenic activities and other long-range transport of pollutants, there is a high probability of accumulation of heavy metals in foods consumed by pigs which in turn may amass in edible offals. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate sixteen chemical (heavy and non-heavy) elements in edible offal and longissimus dorsi muscle of indigenous Doom pig breed of India. Additionally, the values for highly toxic elements were compared with maximum residue limits (MRLs) stated by the regulatory authorities. The elements namely- Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) were determined in the tissues as well as in feed, drinking water and soil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry. Among the elements determined, the non-heavy metals (K, Na, Mg and Ca) were found to be the highest both in tissues (edible offal and muscle) and feed, drinking water and soil followed by Fe, Zn and Mn which are essential heavy metals. Ni was found to exceed the European Food Safety Agency allowed limits. Spearman correlation test shows significantly (p<0.0001) positive relationships between the element of tissues and feed, drinking water and soil. The work underscores the elemental analysis on hitherto understudied consumable edible offal for value addition to the food industry. Â Â Â Â Â
Prevalence and Risk factors of Newcastle Disease in Chickens of Live Bird Markets, Commercial Poultry Farms and Backyard in Selected Areas of Bangladesh
Get PDFThe present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and potential risk factors of ND in poultry in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total of 77 pooled oropharyngeal swab samples were randomly collected from live bird markets (LBM), backyard chickens, and commercial poultry farms around Savar, Tangail, and Gazipur. The risk factor data were collected using farmer’s interviews and close observation. All swab samples were subjected to RNA extraction followed by qRT-PCR with reference primers and probe to detect NDV. Overall, 28.58% samples were detected NDV positive with highest in backyard chickens 40% (OR:2.16; 95%CI:0.65-7.15) and lowest (23.53%) in commercial farms chickens. NDV prevalence was found highest (41.67%) in Gazipur and minimum (20%) in Tangail. Chickens that consume hand-mixed feed were found more susceptible to develop NVD (OR:12.28; 95%CI:1.26-25.6; n=5) compared with commercial and scavenging types of chicken feed. Educationally qualified people were found more successful to prevent the breakout of ND and chickens reared on floor were significantly prone to NDV than chickens reared in the cage. The odd ratio of NDV infection was 3.27 in dead chickens thrown away vs buried and OR:4.75 when sold sick chickens vs eat and medication. These findings suggest that NDV infections are prevailing in the chickens and may appear as a potential threat to the poultry industry. Extensive surveillance and strict farm biosecurity practices along with proper vaccination are recommended to prevent NDV.Â
Relationship between Main Testicular Hemodynamics and Computer-assisted Analysis in Prepubertal Age for Breeding Selection in Baladi Bucks
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the relationship between testicular hemodynamics and assisted analysis in pre-pubertal bucks at age of 4-6.5 months. Baladi bucks (n=5) weighting (13-15 kg) and aging (4 months) were examined once a week from week 16 till week 26 of age. Buck’s body weight, scrotal circumference, testicular volume, mediastinum thickness, Doppler, and image analyses were evaluated. Both scrotal circumference and testicular volume were increased (P<0.05) especially in buck 4 followed by buck 2. Both testicular echogenicity (TE) and pixel heterogeneity (PH) showed an increase (P<0.05) in buck 4 then buck 2. Plexus colored area showed a pattern of an abruptly increase either toward or away from the probe (P<0.05) from week 23 of age without marked differences were shown between all buck testes. Both pulsatility (PI) and resistance indices (RI) showed a marked significant (P<0.05) decrease in buck 4 followed by buck 2 from week 23. In addition, testicular peak systolic velocity (PSV) showed a marked linear increase at week 23. There was a positive correlation between TE and PH and both indices. In conclusion, the assessment of testicular hemodynamics and assisted analysis has added a power to the pre-pubertal bucks’ reproductive performance as both tools could help in breeding selection