Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Control of Aflatoxin Residues in Broiler Chicken Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fortified Ration
Get PDFThe current research was designed to examine the protective effect of probiotic-fortified ration against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity and its residual level in broilers' edible tissues. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used for measuring the toxin. Ninety, one-day-old Cobb chicks were allocated into three equal groups (n=30) with three replicates per group. The first control group (G1) was fed a balanced basal diet only and the second group (G2) received AFB1 (2 mg/kg basal diet), while the third group (G3) received a combination of AFB1 (2 mg/kg basal diet) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC; 1.5 g/Kg basal diet). Experimental birds were monitored for 6 weeks, their growth performance was then compared. AFB1 residue was assessed in the meat and liver sample. AFB1 resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction of growth performance parameters such as body weight and carcass yield in comparison to the control and SC supplemented groups. Moreover, AFB1 residue significantly (P<0.05) diminished in SC fortified group when compared with the AFB1 group. In conclusion, probiotics such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be considered as a potential feed additive and a growth promoter. Besides, its role in controlling AFB1 residue in the edible tissues of boiler chicken
Organoleptic Quality and Nutrition of Rice Straw Silage Utilizing Local Microorganisms (MOL) of Cattle Rumen Fluid at Different Inoculum Levels
Get PDFFeed quality very depends on changes in the weather where in short rainy conditions the feed is abundant, mean while, long dry conditions cause feed availability to be limited. One of the abundant feeds is rice straw, but the use of rice straw needs to be considered for its nutritional content, thus its utilization requires to be processed first. This study aimed to utilize local microorganisms (MOL) of Bali cattle rumen fluid at different inoculum levels on the quality of fermented rice straw silage to over come feed shortages in dryland. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely R0: Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% (Without MOL of cattle rumen fluid/control); R1 : Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle rumen fluid 5%; R2 : Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle rumen fluid 10%; R3: Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle rumen fluid 15%. The percentage of molasses and cattle rumen fluid was adjusted to the weight of chopped rice straw. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova). The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the organoleptic quality (color, texture, smell, presence of fungi and pH) and organic matter, crude protein, extract eter, crude fiber, carbohydrate, nitrogen free extract and gross energy (nutritional content) of rice straw silage, dry matter and gross energy had no significant effect (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the higher MOL of cattle rumen fluid level use, the greater organoleptic quality and nutritional content of rice straw silage obtaine
Effect of Autologous Serum Derived from Advanced Platelet-rich Fibrin on the Healing of Experimentally-induced Corneal Ulcer in Donkeys (Equus asinus)
Get PDFThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of serum derived from advanced platelet-rich fibrin on the healing of experimentally-induced corneal ulceration in donkeys. Nine adult apparently healthy donkeys of both sexes were used after being proofed normal after ophthalmological examination. A 6-mm-diameter centric corneal ulceration was induced chemically by using 1N sodium hydroxide solution. The donkeys were then randomly allocated into two main groups; control group (A), in which the corneal ulcer left for the period of the study without application of medicaments, and group (B), in which serum derived from advanced platelet-rich fibrin (s-PRF-drops) was applied to the eye three times/day for 35 days. Evaluation criteria included; clinical and external ophthalmic examinations, fluorescein staining, ulcer healing by analyzing serial digital photographs and histopathology. Results revealed no significant changes in the evaluation criteria between treatment and control groups. Corneal ulcer healing was associated with corneal opacity, vascularization, melanosis, and other complications that likely negate any potential benefit of administration of s-PRF as a treatment for corneal ulcer in donkeys. Histological results of the s-PRF-drops group were similar to the other group in the degree of re-epithelialization and regularity of the collagen bundles, type and maturity of the collagen. However, treatment by s-PRF drops resulted in no epithelial keratinization and slightly less sub-epithelial stromal inflammatory reaction
An Updated Review on the Role of Ginseng and Thyme Vulgaris in the Prevention and Control of Avian Viral Diseases with a Special Reference to Newcastle Disease Virus
Get PDFBecause of the growing dangers of viral infections, the use of herbal plant oils is gaining popularity among medical practitioners and large-scale livestock producers. Several studies have shown that herbal extracts could be used as an antiviral agent in animal feed or as a prophylaxis and remedy. Herbs, in addition to being a less expensive and safer alternative, may reduce the incidence of drug resistance and may modulate the immune system in the prevention of viral-related diseases. The main topic of this review is to focus on the antiviral and immunomodulatory potentials of thyme vulgaris and Ginseng, as well as their bioactive chemical components. The beneficial roles of the two herbaceous plant and their extracts upon avian viruses proofed in many earlier reports. Hence, the two herbs could have immune stimulant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits as well as adjuvant effects with poultry vaccines
Effects of Bleomycin, Selenium, and Vitamin E on Male Fertility: A Review
Get PDFBleomycin (BL) is a glycopeptide antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus that is commonly used in the treatment of human cancer. However, BL has been linked to several cases of male infertility in humans and animals. Vitamin E requires vascular transport to the liver after absorption, which is primarily facilitated by tocopheroltransfer protein. Vitamin E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger as an antioxidant, preventing free radical propagation in tissues by reacting with them to form a tocopheryl radical, which is reduced by a hydrogen donor and returns to its reduced state. Because of its solubility, it is incorporated into cell membranes, protecting them from oxidative damage. Vitamin E plays critical roles in improving reproductive efficiency and mitigating the negative effects of several reproductive toxicants. Selenium is a trace element found in soil, water, and certain foods. It is thought to be an essential component that actively participates in a variety of metabolic pathways and plays a variety of important roles in the body. Among these functions are participation in various enzyme systems and anti-oxidative cellular processes. Selenium is required for the detoxification of harmful metals from the human body, foetal breathing, energy transfer reactions, and sperm cell formation. It is thought that a lack of selenium contributes to male infertility because it causes degradation in the testicular tissues, which leads to impaired active sperm motility as the first sign of impending infertility. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings related to BL-adverse effects of male fertility and the beneficial effects of selenium and vitamin E on the reproduction and male fertility
Beak, Oropharyngeal and Nasal cavities of Broad Breasted White Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Gross anatomical and Morphometrical Study
Get PDFThe anatomical description of the beak, oropharyngeal and nasal cavities of broad-breasted white turkey (BBWT) is unavailable in comparison with other birds. This study was conducted on five adult healthy birds (16.63 ± 5.54 Kg bwt). Beak was boat-shaped with pointed apex and was hard and rigid horny structure.  The oral roof (palate) was formed of one median, two rostral, and two caudal palatine ridges. Shallow wide groove was observed between the rostral palatine ridges and lateral edges of the upper beak. The choanal slit was occupied 47.5% of the palate. There were two types of mechanical papillae distributed around the choanal slit. This slit was separated from the infundibular slit by a shallow groove. The tongue was triangular-shaped with pointed apex accompanied by V-shaped row of caudally directed lingual papillae between the body and the root. The lingual root was triangular-shaped, marked by shallow crescentic-shaped groove. The laryngeal mound was elongated pyramidal-shaped, contained glottis continued caudally by shallow longitudinal groove termed laryngeal sulcus. The nasal cavity was divided by a cartilaginous nasal septum into two symmetrical haves and opened externally by an elliptical-shaped nostril. The nostril was covered with a cartilaginous operculum which appeared as dome-shaped. Three nasal conchae were noticed within the nasal cavity: rostral, middle, and caudal nasal conchae. The middle nasal concha was the largest one, scrolled into 11/2 turns rostrally and scrolled 2 turns caudally. In conclusion, this study provides sufficient data on the anatomic and morphometric investigations of the nasal and oropharyngeal cavities of broad breast white turkey which may beneficial for manipulation of head during treatment of diseases.Â
Ultrasonographic Characterization of Ocular Structures in Mules (Equus mulus)
Get PDFHealthy eyes with good vision were important to any animal, to safely exist in their environments, for quality of life, and to successfully compete for food. The aim of present study was to set normal values for biometric intraocular dimensions in healthy mules for the right and left eyes in males and females. The study was conducted on clinically healthy mules (n=40) which were classified into two groups; male (n=20) and female mules (n=20). Complete clinical examination and ultrasonographic characterization of ocular structures were carried out for all clinically healthy mules. Biometric intraocular dimensions of the right eye and the left eye included anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial globe length (AGL), central lens thickness (CLT), lens pole diameter (LPD) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD), were described using ocular ultrasonography. It also showed normal intraocular structures of the right eye and the left eye that included, anterior chamber (AC), cornea (C), iris (I), lens (L), optic disk (OD), optic nerve (ON), retinochoroid unit (RCU), retrobulbar fat (RF), retrobulbar muscles (RM) and vitreous body (VB). Ocular ultrasonography reported no significant variations for biometric intraocular dimensions of the eye between male and female mules as well as between right and left eyes either in male mules or in female mules. The study reported normal values for ultrasonographic biometric intraocular dimensions of the right and left eyes in clinically healthy male and female mules
Molecular and Immunohistochemical Validation of Panax Ginseng Ameliorating Effects on The Pancreatic β-cell Activity and Its Implication on Some Metabolic Aspects in Alloxan- Induced Type 2 Diabetic Male Rats
Get PDFThe modulatory effects of Panax ginseng on the pancreatic β-cell activity, glucose metabolism and its hepatoprotective action in alloxan induced - type 2 diabetic male rats were studied for 2 months. We divided the rats randomly into six equal groups; control; diabetic (T2DM); ginseng, ginseng post T2DM induction; ginseng pre T2DM induction and ginseng pre and post T2DM induction. The serum level of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL),  triglycerides (TG), total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin- globulin ratio (A/G), total bilirubin, both direct and indirect bilirubins,  gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and the activity of hepatic glucose -6- phosphatase (G6Pase) and also, the activity of the antioxidant markers [glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), in addition; the level of lipid peroxidation product; malondialdehyde (MDA)] in both the serum and the liver were measured. The histological structure of both the pancreas and the liver and the expressions of both insulin receptors (IR), adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) and the percentage  of the positive area of insulin secretion in the islets of Langerhans using immunohistochemistry technique were also estimated.  The results revealed that the previously mentioned parameters were significantly improved after administration of Panax ginseng to diabetic rats. In conclusion panax ginseng administration could be ameliorate and protect the male rats against type 2 DM and could be able to decrease the intensity of damage caused in the pancreas after alloxan injection
Comparison Between Mediastinum Thickness, Hormonal Levels, Nitric Oxide, and Testicular Hemodynamics in Baladi Bucks at Prepubertal and Postpubertal stages
Get PDFThis study aimed to compare the testicular morphometry, mediastinum thickness, hormonal levels, hemodynamic, echogenicity, and heterogeneity in Baladi bucks at prepubertal and postpubertal stages. Five bucks (Capra hircus) were evaluated in two different stages of growth: prepubertal (age 4.5± 0.6 months; 15.0 ± 3.0 kg) and post-pubertal stages (age 13.0 ± 1.3 months; 33.0 ± 2.5 kg). Scrotal circumference, testicular dimensions, mediastinum thickness, echogenicity, heterogeneity, Doppler parameters, semen collection, testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormones (LH), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOMs) were measured. There was an (P<0.05) elevation of the testicular length, width, and scrotal circumference. Mediastinum thickness and colored areas toward and away from probe were increased (P<0.05) in post-pubertal age (2.18±0.01, 6556±32.58, and 7845±65.44) compared to pre-pubertal one (1.27±0.96, 4290±42.12, and 5144±54.24). The spectral graph was characterized by low resistance (RI), moderate pulsatility (PI) with high peak velocity, and low endpoints in the post-pubertal stage while the endpoint was equal to zero in young bucks. The post-pubertal age was associated with a marked decline (P<0.05) in echogenicity, heterogeneity, and RI, while estradiol, testosterone, and NOMs levels were increased (P<0.05). It could be concluded that the post-pubertal stage in Baladi bucks is associated with changes in testicular width, length, mediastinum thickness, RI, scrotal circumference, echogenicity, pixel heterogeneity, testicular colored area away and toward the probe, end-diastolic point, testosterone, nitric oxide, and estradiol levels, as all those variables are considered an accurate markers for the onset of sexual maturity in Baladi bucks.Â
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Enhancing Performance of Growing Rabbits Rearing Under Salinity Water by Adding Different Levels of Vitex Extracts
Get PDFFor improving the performance of growing rabbits given salinity water and two levels of aqueous and ethanolic vitex extract, 75 New Zealand White growing rabbits of five weeks old and body weight of 553.00±0.091g were divided equally into 5 treatments. Control treatment was fed control diet. 5 and 7.5g/kg diet of the vitex leaves aqueous extract were supplemented to treatments two and three and 5.0 and 7.5g / kg diet of the vitex leaves ethanolic extract were supplemented to groups four and five for 15 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for the clinical analysis. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Carcass characteristics and gut microbiome were determined. Rabbits given saline water and supplemented aqueous and alcoholic vitex extracts had higher (P<0.0001) final body weight. The ethanolic extract reduced (P<0.0001) feed intake and feed conversion. The control had the lowest digestibility coefficient of all nutrient’s digestion coefficients compared to treated groups. Carcass weight (P<0.022), carcass percent (P<0.017), and protein in the meat increased in all supplemented groups with no difference in the internal organs weight, dressing percent, and edible giblets. Vitex extracts (P≤ 0.05) increased total protein (P<0.003), triglycerides (P<0.001), and LDL (P<0.042) but declined ALT (P<0.028). Control group had the lowest cecum pH (P<0.011) and total volatile fatty acids ((P<0.017), high ammonia (P<0.009) and cecum microbial counts (P<0.001). Rabbits supplemented Vitex ethanolic extracts consumed the lowest feed intake and cost associated increased body weight gain with increasing the concentration. In conclusion, growing rabbits bred for meat production can be supplemented either the aqueous or the ethanolic extracts for longer intervals for improving their health, meat composition and reduce the costs