Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Avibacterium paragallinarum in Suspected Cases of Poultry
Get PDFInfectious Coryza (IC) is an infectious upper respiratory disease of chickens and birds, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (Av. Paragallinarum). It is characterized by facial swelling and nasal discharge. Here, the study aimed to identify the causative agent of infectious coryza from diseased cases using conventional and molecular methods, forty-one different samples (swollen heads and nasal discharges) from layers and broiler chickens were examined bacteriologically for isolation of Av. Paragallinarum. Â The total isolation percentage was 9.75%, and the percentage was 66.7% from total layer samples. The samples underwent examination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using HPG-2. Three samples were confirmed by PCR with a percentage of 7.3% (3/41). Multiplex PCR was used for typing the tested strains using HMTp210 gene thus, all strains were of type B. sequence analysis showed a maximum identity percentage (100%) between the tested strains of Av. paragallinarum. In conclusion, typical signs for IC diseases were appeared and identified bacteriologically as Av. paragallinarum also three strains were only confirmed by PCR and identified type B strains. PCR technique is a reliable and sensitive test for confirmation
Effects of Kisspeptin-10 on the Steroidogenic Capacity and Metabolic Aspects of Bovine Granulosa Cells in vitro
Get PDFKisspeptin (Kp) potently stimulates the reproductive hormone secretion, modulates the cellular metabolic machinery, and induces the antioxidant defense mechanism in vivo. However, the data regarding steroidogenic, metabolic and antioxidant effects of Kp on granulosa cells on the level of in vitro studies are quite rare leaving a wide gap in literature and giving a strong driving force for the present study. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the effects of human kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) on these biological features in small and large bovine granulosa cells (BGCs). Upon preparation of the monolayer-BGCs, they were allocated to eight groups; two untreated-control groups, and six Kp10-treated groups according to the follicular size; three groups for each follicle size, supplemented with Kp10 at three different doses; 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6 M [KP(I-III)S and KP(I-III)L, respectively]. Spent media and BGCs were pooled after 24 hours from addition of Kp10. Kisspeptin stimulated the glucose consumption in media by BGCs obtained from the small sized follicles for production of estradiol 17-β and progesterone. In the small-sized follicles, the TC levels were significantly decreased in response to KP(I, II)S, but not the KP(III)S compared to their control (CS). On the other hand, the KP(I-III)L significantly increased the TC levels compared to their control (CL). When Kp10 was used at the highest two doses, less glucose was consumed by BGCs collected from large sized follicles leading to low production of P4 and preservation of cellular TC content. Improvement in the metabolic efficacy of BGCs in response to Kp10-treatment was evidenced by increased glucose utilization and decreased lactate production. Increased total antioxidant capacity versus decreased lipid peroxides in Kp10-treated groups could indicate that Kp10 induces cryoprotection by restoring the favorable redox status in BGCs. Those findings suggest that Kp10 causes a size- and dose- dependent physiological changes in the BGCs
Bacteriological Profile and Safety of Chicken Broiler Meat Cuts
Get PDF Fifty samples each of fresh chicken fillet, shiesh, drum, shawarma, and wings were collected from a poultry processing plant, in Ismailia city, Egypt. The values of the mean total bacterial counts were 2x104±7x102, 2x104±102, 1x104 ±3x102, 7x104±5x102, and 6x103±2x102 respectively, for total coliform counts were 2x10-2±4x10-1, 1x10-2±3x10-1, 5x10-2±2x10-1, 8x10-2±4x10-1, and3x10-2±1x10-1, respectively. The mean value of Staphylococcus aureus count in fillet was 2x10-2±2x10-1, in drum 1x10-2±3x10-1, shiesh 2x10-2±5x10-1, shawerma 2x10-2±10-1, and wings 4x10-1±10-1. For E. coli count in fillet was 9x10-1±0.4x10-1, in drum 2x10-1±0.2x10-1, in shiesh 2x10-1±0.6x10-1, in shawerma 1x10-1±0.2x10-1, and in wings was 1x10-1±0.1x10-1. The prevalence of Salmonella spp.in the examined chicken fillet, drum, shiesh, shawarma, and wings were 6%, 8%, 6%, 6%, and 4%, respectively. The results showed that E. coli could be detected in all samples and laid within the accepted limits for fillet, drum, shiesh, shawerma, and wings. The Standard limits (SE) recommended by The Egyptian Organization for standardization (EOS) for Salmonella revealed that chicken broiler cut exceeded the accepted limits with 3(6%) for fillet, 4(8%) for drum, 3(6%) for shiesh, 3(6%) for shawerma, and 2(4%) for wings. For total aerobic plate count, the samples which exceed the SE limits were 4(8%) for fillet, 5(10%) for drum, 6(12%) for Shiesh,7(14%) for shawerma, and 4(8%) for Wings. The results showed that the processing techniques applied, type of packing, poultry abattoirs, and the farm environment need an effective procedure to produce safe chicken broiler meat cuts
Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy (FHO) for Treatment of Different Hip Joint Disorders in Dogs
Get PDFIn this research, surgical treatment of hip dysplasia, hip luxation, femoral neck fracture, and degenerative hip joint disease were performed using femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO). Twelve different breeds of male dogs weighing 14-52 kg suffering from different hip joint disorders were admitted to the Vet. Surgery clinic, Faculty of Vet. Med. Zagazig University and from some different private pet animal clinics. The admitted cases were diagnosed by clinical signs (visual pain assessment and lameness scoring), clinical crepitus exam, and plain radiography. The FHO technique applied in the affected cases revealed successful results with the absence of painful lameness noticed after 3 weeks postoperatively but nonpainful lameness was observed then decreased gradually till disappearance when muscles become stronger to compensate for the absence of the head of the femur with minimal complications. FHO is a very good salvage economic satisfactory technique with minimal complications. Using an oscillating saw and sharp osteotome is better than using of Gigli saw
Effect of Calving Season and Parity on Productivity, Post-partum Reproductive Parameters and Disorders, and Economic Indices in Holstein Cows Kept Under Subtropical Conditions in Egypt
Get PDFThis research aimed to study the effect of calving season and parity on productivity, post-partum reproductive performance, disorders, and economic impact in Holstein cows kept under subtropical Egyptian conditions. Lactation and health records of high-yielding cows (500 records) in a commercial dairy herd covering the period between 2020 and 2021 were obtained. The studied productive parameters were average daily milk yield (DMY), dry matter intake (DMI), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and the reproductive measures were the number of heats, number of services per conception (NSC), days to first heat (DFH), days to first service (DFS), and days open (DO). Summer calvings were associated significantly (P<0.05) with a decline in DMY and DMI (31.8 kg and 22.7 kg, respectively) compared to winter calvings. Cows that calved in summer had significantly higher (P<0.05) NSC and longer DO (3.44, and 199.3 d, respectively) and also had a higher incidence of endometritis than winter calvings. First parity cows had significantly (P<0.05) lower (DMY and DMI) and higher (NSC and DO) than those in higher parities. Parity has no significant effect on the incidence of post-partum ovarian disorders. The economic losses from disease treatments recorded the highest value in summer calving (13280 LE/100 head) and primiparous cows (8218.01 LE/100 head). Revenue and profit/cost ratio were higher in winter calvings and pluriparous cows. In conclusion, good management, suitable nutrition during different parity and seasons also intensive cooling systems during the summer season should be applied for improving the productivity, fertility, and the economic impact on Holstein farms
Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Milk and Some Dairy Products with Reduction Trials by Some Natural Preservatives
Get PDFContamination of milk and dairy products with spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms is a common problem worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted on 200 samples (milk, Kareish cheese, Damietta cheese, and plain yoghurt, 50 of each) collected from Zagazig City, Sharkia, Egypt to be examined bacteriologically to isolate and identify the multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as some reduction trials on cold stored soft cheese using some natural compounds including the essential oil (EO) of Clove (0.01%, 0.1%) and Nigella Sativa (NS 0.5%, 1%), in addition to Nisin (10 ppm 12.5 ppm). The obtained results revealed the pseudomonas aeruginosa prevalence in the examined milk and dairy product samples was 45(22.5%); 24(48%) from raw milk samples, 8(16%) from yoghurt, 9(18%) from soft cheese and 4(8%) from kareish cheese. The isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbored some antibiotic-resistant genes including blaTEM, blaSHV, ermB, and Mcr1 genes, while blaOXA-1 failed to be detected, so it was resistant to different types of antimicrobial agents. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) of the isolated strains was 0.500. Clove (0.01%, 0.1%) and Nigella Sativa (NS 0.5%, 1%), in addition to Nisin (10 ppm, 12.5 ppm) had an antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with control samples and acted as good preservatives that extended the storage period and shelf life of soft cheese up to thirty days
Impact of Using Emulsifier with Different Calcium and Soybean Oil Levels on Broilers Performance and Minerals Deposition
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of emulsifiers with different calcium and soybean oil levels on Ross 308 broiler performance, digestibility, carcass quality traits, and deposition of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese on the body and tibia of broilers. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 24 treatment groups: three calcium to phosphorus ratios were used, 2:1, 1.8:1, and 1.6:1, and each ratio was divided into two positive control treatments with an emulsifier (Lipidol) and a negative control without an emulsifier; moreover, each treatment used four levels of soybean oil: 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The results showed that emulsifier supplementation, low calcium levels (1.8:1 and 1.6:1), and high oil levels (2% and 2.5%) significantly elevated (P < 0.05) body weight and body weight gain and reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio in all stages, except for body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the finisher period, which showed a nonsignificant difference. Moreover, broilers fed the diet with emulsifier had higher dressing and abdominal fat percentage (P < 0.0001) and those fed low Ca level (1.6:1) significantly (P < 0.0001) showed the highest abdominal fat percentage. It can be concluded that an emulsifier with a low oil level could improve fat digestibility in broiler chickens. Furthermore, decreasing the level of calcium at a rate of 1.6:1 can improve fat digestibility and elevate (P < 0.0001) the level of cholesterol on day 10; however, on days 23 and 42, cholesterol level was elevated by high calcium level (2:1). Emulsifier also elevates the cholesterol level at days 10 and 42. Broilers fed emulsifier, low oil level (1%), and high calcium levels at rates of 1.8:1 and 2:1 significantly (P < 0.05) had elevating levels of calcium and phosphorus and decreased manganese levels on the broiler body and tibia
Effect of in ovo Injection of L-Threonine on Hatchability Followed by post-hatch Extra Level of Dietary Threonine on the Performance of Broilers
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of in ovo injection of L-threonine (L-Thr) on hatchability, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, carcass traits, immune organs weight, and intestinal histomorphology of Ross 308 broilers chicks. On day 18 of incubation, 258 fertile eggs were randomly allotted into 3 sets: non-injected group (NC group), saline injected group (sham control SC group), and (Thr group) L-Thr injected group. After hatch, each set was allocated into 2 groups (3 replicates of 10 birds/ replicate) and were fed on a basal diet (calculated Thr content, 0.87 %) supplemented with 0 (CON group), and 3 g/kg L-Thr, respectively. The groups were divided as follows: G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 where G1 is non injected group and fed basal diet, G2 saline injected and fed basal diet, G3 threonine injected and fed basal diet, G4 non injected and fed threonine supplemented diet, G5 saline injected and fed threonine supplemented diet and G6 threonine injected and fed threonine supplemented diet. Growth performance parameters were measured during different periods of the trial. At the end of rearing period serum antioxidative parameters (SOD and MDA) were measured, carcass traits and relative immune organs weight were calculated, in addition to intestinal histomorphology. Addition of Thr positively affected the FCR, and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to sham and control (p < 0.05) groups. Dietary Thr supplementation increased relative weight of spleen and thymus compared to the control non supplemented group and improved intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, in ovo injection and dietary supplementation of L-Thr can improve growth performance, immunity of broiler chickens that may be mediated by the development of immune organs and improving the intestinal morphology of broilers as demonstrated by higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth
Molecular Characterization of the Newcastle Disease Virus Currently Circulating Among Broiler Chicken Flocks During 2021 in Sharkia Province, Egypt
Get PDFÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks have been occurred in the Egyptian poultry causing high mortalities with severe economic losses. NDV infection of genotype VII has been reported to cause outbreaks in several commercial poultry farms in Egypt. In the present study, NDV was isolated from 6 broiler chicken flocks in Sharkia province suffering from respiratory and/or neurological signs into the allantoic sac of 11-day-old commercial embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) as well as these isolates were subjected to reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Six isolates (one NDV isolate/each flock) were sequenced to characterize their whole fusion (F) protein gene of NDV. The sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the six isolates revealed that they were velogenic, belonging to the class II subgenotype NDV VIId with the characteristic amino acid sequences of the F0 protein proteolytic cleavage site motifs (112-RRQKRF-117). As well as the nucleotide blast analysis showed 97.4% - 98.6% nucleotide identity to virulent NDV isolated in Egypt and neighboring countries. On the other hand, the nucleotide blast analysis showed 82.3% - 83% nucleotide identity to reference commercially available vaccine strains. This genetic variation between the commercially available vaccine strains and six studied NDV strains during 2021 may clarify the failure of the currently used vaccines to protect chicken against vNDV subgenotype VIId. Further studies are needed to monitor the protection of the currently used vaccines against recently isolated vNDV strains
Investigation of Antibacterial Efficiency of Various Lytic Bacteriophages Isolated from Chickens Against Characterized Multidrug-resistant Pathogenic Bacterial Strains
Get PDFThis study targeted isolation and characterization of potential bacteriophages (phages) infecting MDR pathogenic bacteria recovered from chickens and analyzed their efficacy as bio-control agents. A total of 45 different bacterial isolates (18 E. coli, 16 Salmonellae spp., 5 Staphylococcus spp., 2 Pseudomonas spp., 1 Proteus mirbalis, 1 Citrobacter spp., 1 Enterobacter aerogenes and 1 Klebsiella pneumonia) were obtained from chickens in the current study and previous studies. The identified isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence genes and MDR using PCR and disc diffusion method, respectively. Nine purified phages classified morphologically into 3 families (Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podoviridae) using Transmission Electron Microscope were recovered from chicken intestinal contents and showed viability at wide pH range, resistance to organic solvents and thermostability at high temperatures (up to 80ºC). The potential phages exhibited various bacterial host ranges using the spot test and the efficiency of plating (EOP) assay. The results revealed the prevalent of pathogenic E. coli and salmonella serovars among the recovered isolates with different virulence and genotypic patterns. The lytic phages were highly stable and have the capacity to infect different pathogenic MDR bacterial strains. This study demonstrated that these promising phages of avian origin could be used to control the pathogenic MDR E. coli and Salmonella serovars which possess public concerns on human health and poultry industry