Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Effect of Nictitans Gland and Third Eyelid Excisions on Ocular Surface Integrity, pH, and Tear Production in Dogs
Get PDFProlapsed nictitans gland is a common affection in dogs. Several treatment options have been suggested such as removal of the prolapsed nictitans gland, excision of the third eyelid, or repositioning of the gland. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was reported to occur after excision of the prolapsed gland or the third eyelid, while recurrence is commonly associated with repositioning surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of excisions of the nictitans gland or third eyelid on ocular surface integrity, pH, and tear production. Nictitans gland or third eyelid were excised surgically from healthy eyes in dogs. Corneal integrity, pH, and tear amount were examined for 7 months. Histological examination was performed after 7 months of surgery. Fluorescein staining was negative at the different time points in both groups. No significant change was observed in pH after excision of the third eyelid. In contrast, pH was significantly decreased after 2 weeks of removal of the nictitans gland. Tear amount was significantly declined 2 and 3 weeks after excision of the third eyelid and 3 weeks after excision of nictitans gland. The histological examination of different regions including, eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva in both groups compared to control revealed that all parts were completely normal. However, closer to the site of the third eyelid operation severe desquamation of epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. In conclusion, neither excisions of the third eyelid nor the nictitans gland induce the development of KCS or affect the ocular surface integrity
Detection of Virulence Genes in Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Poultry Meat Using PCR Technique
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to investigate the presence of Aeromonas species especiallyA. hydrophila and to detect the presence of the aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (hly) genes in its isolates derived from a total of 80 poultry meat samples including 20 of each of breasts, drumsticks,thighs and wings. The samples were randomly purchased from some local retail shops in Assiut city, Egypt. Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 48(60%) of the samples analyzed, including 11(55%) of chicken breast, 12 (60%) of chicken drumsticks, 10 (50%) of chicken thigh and 15 (75%) of chicken wing. A total of 48 strains were isolated belonging to six species: A. hydrophila 14 (17.5%), A. caviae 5 (6.25%), A. jandaei 7(8.75%), A. trota 1 (1.25%), A. schubertii 6 (7.5%) and A. allosacharophila 15 (18.75%). All the recovered A. hydrophila organisms were confirmed by PCR assay for the presence of 16S rRNA gene and 9 strains of the tested isolates harboured this gene. Whereas the aerA and hly virulence genes were present in eight and five of A. hydrophila strains out of nine isolates tested, respectively. Strict hygiene measure should be taken to minimize the contamination of poultry meat with Aeromonas spp
Serum Concentration of Some Inflammatory Cytokines, Chemokines and Proteins in Holstein Dairy Cows Affected with FMDV
Get PDFFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases affecting cloven hoofed livestock. In order to evaluate serum concentration of some inflammatory mediators which may contribute in FMD pathogenesis, total number of thirty Holstein dairy cows was selected during FMD outbreak in Egypt (summer, 2022) to carry out this study. Fifteen of them were affected with FMD and the remaining was healthy. Serum samples were obtained and analyzed to detect the level of some biomarkers which included tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-gamma (IFN- γ), in addition to serum level of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), mannose binding lectin (MBL),  lactoferrin and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1). All the previously listed mediators were significantly elevated in serum of FMD-affected cows, as compared to healthy cows, except the serum level of IL-4 and IL-10; their concentration was significantly decreased in the affected cows. In conclusion, these cytokines, chemokines and proteins are involved and play a key role in pathogenesis of FMD
Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Biomedical Applications, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities, and their Hemato-Biochemical Impacts: A Review
Get PDFNanobiotechnology has grown rapidly as an essential branch of modern research, which deals with synthesis, design and manipulation of particles with at least one dimension <100nm. As well as they have an important role in diagnosis and treatment of modern diseases. AgNPs are mostly used NPs in a variety of applications because of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics with low toxicity and biocompatibility. Also, their great chemical stability, catalytic activity, conductivity and antimicrobial potential leads to its high commercial use. AgNPs produced by the action of reducing reagents, such as, physical, chemical and biological techniques. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are most attractive nanomaterial of interest among several metallic nanoparticles, which characterized by its hazard free and eco-friendly cost-effective, biological and therapeutic properties. The natural resources for biosynthesis of nanoparticles include plants, bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi and viruses. The AgNPs has great importance in several fields of the science and some technology as electronics, therapeutics, environmental protection, textile industry, cosmetics, biomedical, photonics and agriculture. Also they act as an effective antimicrobial, anticancer and diagnostic agents through the distinctive characteristics of Ag nanostructures, like its exceptional SERS/SPR, the properties and charge of its surface, variety of the shape, rate of dissolution, as well as its ability to organized Ag+ release for mediating both antimicrobial toxicity and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. This review provided an overview of synthesis of AgNPs along with their anti- microbial and anti- cancer activities. In addition to an overview on how AgNPs affect hemato-biochemical parameters
Investigation of the Pathological and Biochemical Characterizations in Naturally Infected Calves with Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Get PDFAll cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) which is highly contagious viral illness. FMD is answerable for serious economic losses in Egypt. Despite the primary control approach being annual mass vaccination campaigns using polyvalent inactivated vaccinations, failure of vaccination has been according in several cases. The study was conducted on fifty native breed calves up to one year of age from both sexes, thirty calves suspected to be infected with FMD, and twenty clinically healthy calves were considered as controls. A total of fifty samples from organs (heart- epithelial tissue) were gathered from calves suspected to be FMD infected obtained from September 2021 to March 2022 in Sharkia and Menofeia governorates / Egypt. The current study was designed for the isolation of FMDV using BHK-21 cells. Molecular identification, through the extraction of Viral RNA, and RT-PCR were used to test samples for the FMDV virus. Diseased animals have changes in body temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate compared to controls. Moreover, murmur sounds were observed during auscultation of the heart. A hematological study revealed significant reductions in the RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV% with leukopenia and lymphopenia in the diseased group. The serum cardiac troponin, lipase, non-esterified fatty acid, beta hydroxyl butyric acid, glucose, AST, ALT activities, and blood urea nitrogen were considerably enhanced in diseased animals. But serum insulin and amylase were significantly reduced in diseased calves. Histopathological examination of calves revealed extensive lymph histiocytic myocarditis and necrotic lesions in the pancreas, liver, and kidney. In conclusion, the early stages of FMD in calves is characterized by myocardial cell injury, elevation of blood cardiac troponin, and necrotic pancreatitis represented by atrophy of pancreatic glands and islets of Langerhans
Immunological Studies on Cattle Naturally Infected with FMD Compared with the Vaccinated Cattle in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease. Despite annual mass vaccination programs in Egypt, the incidence and economic losses are high. The Samples were collected after clinical examination of animals in 2022 and divided into three groups; Group 1(G1): Fifteen samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle (control group). Twenty-five samples were collected from cattle with suspected symptoms of FMD and divided into 2 groups 15 non-vaccinated Group 2(G2) and 10 vaccinated cattle Group 3(G3). Isolation of FMDV using BHK-21 cells was done. Molecular identification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of new FMDV serotypes A and O circulating variants from G2 and G3 regarding targeting the VP1 gene. Results demonstrated that genotype O was related to East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype. Identification of FMDV using PCR for field isolates, revealed that genotype A was related to genotype IV of the African topotype. The isolated virus on BHK-21 showed characteristic cytopathic effects (CPE). Hematological analysis showed a significant decrease in most hematological parameters with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical constituents revealed a significant increase in AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and cortisol, while a significant decrease in the total protein, albumin, and globulins in (G2). The vaccinated group showed a significant increase in serum AST and cortisol. The highest values of IL10, CRP, Troponin 1, Haptoglobin, and Complement 3 in the infected group (G2). Pathological examination revealed ulcerative dermatitis on the tongues and the coronary bands of the hoof. The heart revealed severe lymphocytic myocarditis with depletion of lymph nodes and spleen. While vaccinated (G3) revealed a significant decrease in RBC count and Hb concentration also lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and leukocytosis were founded. while the lowest values of IL10, and Haptoglobin were reported in the vaccinated one (G3). The recorded level of IgG showed a severe decrease in G2 and a high increase in G3. The pathological lesions recorded in G3 were milder than in G2. It could be concluded that the isolates in this study from both groups non-vaccinated and vaccinated were matching each other while not matching with the local vaccinal strain. The vaccinated cattle in 2022 had mild to moderate immunity against the disease
Assessment of Drinking Water and Wastewater Quality in Selected Dairy Cattle Farms from Malaysia
Get PDFThere is a paucity of published research information on the quality of water used in the Malaysian ruminant livestock production system. Also, there are growing concerns about the sanitation standards of ruminant farms as it affects the management of wastewater in Malaysia. This study was designed to compile preliminary data on the drinking water and wastewater quality in designated dairy cattle farms in the Klang Valley. Seven dairy farms were randomly selected and visited to collect samples of drinking and wastewater for laboratory analysis. The water samples were analyzed to determine dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate, phosphates, total coliform count, iron, and magnesium content. The means of various parameters were compared with the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) to determine the appropriate classification. We further streamlined the rating of water quality into three broad categories, namely, good (Class I and II), moderate (Class III) and unsatisfactory (Class IV and V). Analysis of drinking water revealed 1(14.29%), 2 (28.57%), 2 (28.57%) and 2 (28.57%) farms were categorized as Class II, III, IV and V, respectively. Meanwhile, all the wastewater samples analyzed in this study were classified as Class V. This study provides preliminary data on the quality of drinking and wastewater in select dairy cattle farms in Malaysia. The obtained findings indicate that the quality of drinking water in most of the cattle farms is below the National Water Quality Standards
Rapid One-Step Test for detection of Feline and Canine Parvoviruses in Cats
Get PDFFeline parvovirus infection (FPV) is one of the serious diseases in Kittens that causes substantial morbidity and death. For the treatment of affected cats and the prevention of disease spread, early diagnosis of FPV infection is critical. To our knowledge, there have been no reports about the disease’s situation in Egypt’s Assiut province. As a result, the goal of this study was to find out how common FPV infection is among ill cats in this province. A total of 30 cats suspected of being infected with FPV were screened using an antigen rapid test to determine whether they were clinically suspicious. To determine the prevalence of FPV, each investigated cat’s age, sex, breed, season, lifestyle (whether kept indoors or outdoors), and immunization were all documented. Overall, 26.7% of examined cats were affected. FPV infection was more common in young, unvaccinated cats who lived outdoor. Epizootiological monitoring of the prevalence rate based on cat breeds and sex revealed no statistically significant differences. In terms of season, spring had the highest infection rate (57.1%), followed by winter (33.3%), and autumn (7.69%). The rapid one-step test is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting FPV, which was found in the research area’s cats
Current Trend and Future Perspectives of Paratuberculosis in Tanzania
Get PDFParatuberculosis prevalence, economic and public health significance in animal populations is well documented in most of the developed countries. In African countries however, information on paratuberculosis is sparse mainly due to lack of surveillance and research on the disease. In Tanzania, the disease was first reported in Kilimanjaro in year 1960 and up until year 2014, different cases have been reported in almost all agro ecological zones of the country, but there is no epidemiological information to link the cases. This creates an impression that the disease is absent in Tanzania. However, it is recently realized that in any African country that has done some surveillance, the disease has been confirmed to be present. The aim of the present review is to revisit the trend of paratuberculosis in Tanzania from 1960 when the disease was first reported to the current situation in year 2022. Attempt is made to highlight the possible link between the cases and suggest future strategies to enable the country grips with the disease. It is anticipated that this review is going to raise awareness on paratuberculosis in Tanzania and catalyze the institution of paratuberculosis surveillance and control programs in Tanzania
Morphometric Study on the Developing Kidneys of the Prenatal Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)
Get PDFA morphometric study was carried out on the developing kidneys of forty (40) apparently normal fetal dromedary, one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) sampled at the Metropolitan abattoir, Maiduguri, Nigeria. The fetuses were obtained from the four prenatal developmental phases of the dromedary: 2 – 4 months, 4 – 7 months, 7 – 10 months and 10 – 13 months. The renal length and diameter showed significant progressive increase in sizes (p<0.005 to 0.001), so were the renal cortical and medullary lengths (p<0.001).  The absolute mean weights of the prenatal kidneys showed significant increase across the growth periods (p<0.001). These progressive increases in absolute mean renal weights were without corresponding increases in the relative mean renal weights known with organ system establishment in mammals. Thus, the dromedary was concluded to have a unique pattern of kidney development