Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Immunological, Biochemical and Growth Performance Studies on Nile Tilapia Supplemented with Probiotic, Green Tea and Clove Oil
Get PDFThe goal of this study was to determine how probiotic "probax®," green tea, and clove oil supplementation affected Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune state. In a randomized full block design, 120 Nile tilapia in total, average body weights of (25.57 ± 0.3g) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 3 replicates (10 per replicate). Dietary treatments included either a base diet without any supplements (group 1) as the control group or a base diet supplemented with probax (group 2), green tea (group 3), or clove oil (group 4). The results showed that the groups treated with green tea and probax experienced significantly greater weight gains than the groups treated with clove oil. While specific immunological measures like IgM and CRP show a large increase in groups treated with green tea, rather than clove oil, nonspecific immune data showed that the overall leukocytic count of the groups did not differ from one another. lysozymes were higher in the probiotics-treated group, although in comparison to other treated groups, the control group had higher levels of IgG. However, globulin levels were noticeably greater in the individuals receiving probax treatment compared to other groups, whereas albumin was noticeably greater in the groups that received treatment with green tea and clove oil. As a result, the groups treated with probax and clove oil had considerably greater albumin to globulin ratios than the green tea-treated group. As a result of this study, it is possible to recommend adding probax, green tea, and clove oil to the diets of Nile tilapia as growth promoters and immunostimulants. According to this research study, green tea is the most potent of the group before being exposed to Aeromonas hydrophilia, and it gets even stronger thereafter
Preservative Effect of Edible Chitosan Coated Liposomes Loaded with Natural Antimicrobial Agents in White Soft Cheese
Get PDFPlainly treated foods are highly recommended in the recent world, so edible packaging using encapsulated essential oils in biopolymers have afforded a premium and nontoxic food preservation technique. In this work, chitosan-based emulsions made of liposomes loaded with thyme essential oil were explored to lengthen the shelf-life of white soft cheese. Chitosan-based emulsions with TEO/liposomes, prepared by 2% wt/v chitosan solutions (CL-TEO), are active for 60 days. Antimicrobial activities were assessed via determination of total viable counts of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) over 4 weeks at refrigerated storage at 5 ºC. Cheese samples coated with CL-TEO 2% v/v and samples coated with CL-TEO 1% v/v plus nisin kept its satisfactory appearance, as well acceptable bacterial counts for 1 month at 5ºC. The results suggested that the formulated liposomal chitosan emulsions encapsulated TEO 2% v/v and liposomal chitosan emulsion encapsulated TEO 1% v/v plus nisin might be promising natural formulas to extend the shelf life in addition to preserving the flavour of white soft cheese
Comparative Protective Efficiency of Different Stabilizers for Live Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Production
Get PDFLive attenuated lyophilized vaccines are widely used to control the infectious diseases. Lyophilization process may lead to loss of virus titer after vaccine reconstitution consequently decreasing efficacy of vaccine. So, to protect the infectivity titer of the virus from freeze drying stress, good stabilizers must be added. Therefore, in present study three different stabilizers [dried skimmed milk (DSM), lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)] were used to prepare three types of live freeze-dried vaccines of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain. The prepared vaccines were subjected to quality control tests and proved to be sterile and safe. On titration of the prepared vaccines after lyophilization it was found that LS stabilizer was the most protective to the live NDV LaSota reducing its infectivity by 0.27 log10 EID50 only, while losses detected of EID50 of DSM and PVP stabilizers was 0.66 and 1.16 log10 respectively. HI antibody titer in the vaccinated chicks were detected starting form 1st week post vaccination (WPV) and all vaccines induced significant higher antibody response than control unvaccinated. All vaccinated chicks could resist the challenge with virulent strain of NDV at the 3rd WPV. Protection rate induced by the prepared vaccines ranged from 90% in DSM and PVP to 100% in LS group. Histopathological lesions were detected in organs from birds that died post challenge either in unvaccinated or vaccinated challenged confirming the virulence of subgenotype VIId NDV and indicating the high immune response induced by the vaccines. In this study: LS was found to be the most protective stabilizers for virus among DSM and PVP in live NDV vaccine formulation
Evaluation of Recent Techniques in Diagnosis of Induced Caprine Pneumonia
Get PDFThe goal of the current study was to assess the new techniques for diagnosing of ammonia-induced pneumonia in goats, primarily using radiography and CT examinations coupled with some selective biochemical parameters. The experimental induction of pneumonia using ammonia vapor inhalation (33%), was performed on five female goats weighing 20 to 30 kg and ranging in age from 10 months to one year. A thorough clinical examination was performed on all goats. Goats' jugular veins were used to collect blood samples in order to monitor changes in the pulmonary function test and some selective biochemical parameters. A clinical examination of goats showed that exposure resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) rise in mean rectal temperature at day 14, as well as heart and respiration rates at day 7. On the 7th day, dullness, coughing, dyspnea, bilateral mucopurulent or mucoid/purulent nasal discharge, and abnormal lung auscultation were recorded. On 14th day, the severity increased. When compared to zero-day results (auto-control group), serum biochemical examination showed significant (P< 0.05) increases in Hp, SAA at 7 days, and MDA levels at 14 days, but there was a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in TAC at 14 days after inhalation. When ammonia was inhaled, pCO2, tCO2, pO2, and HCO3 changed significantly (P< 0.05) at day 7 and pH decreased significantly at day 14. Upon ultrasonography, pneumonic consolidation displays an echotexture resembling the liver with the presence of hypoechoic patches and loss of reverberation artefacts. The chest x-ray showed increased opacity (more gray or white) with a cotton-wool-like look. On the 7th day, a lung CT revealed focused areas of ground-glass opacity that later became diffuse. An edematous, hyperemic lung with consolidation was observed during the postmortem examination. Lung histopathology revealed serofibrinous pneumonia. Therefore, in order to diagnose ammonia-induced pneumonia in goats, ultrasonographic, radiographic, and CT examinations, coupled with selective biochemical parameters and pulmonary function tests, are useful
Antibacterial Activities of Selenium Nanoparticles Against Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Mastitic Milk
Get PDFBovine mastitis is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy cows and subsequently milk production. There are several causes leading to the onset of mastitis in dairy cows, bacterial diseases are among the most important etiological agents. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles against two major organisms causing mastitis in cows. Bacteriological examination of milk samples in the present study revealed that 25(40.32%) and, 27(43.54%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), respectively. Among the examined samples 15(24.19%) had mixed E. coli and S. aureus infection. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns showed that most isolates of S. aureus and E. coli were multidrug resistant, on the other hand they were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. Broth microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of selenium nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli isolates. The MIC values against S. aureus isolates ranged from 15.62 to 31.25µg/ml, but in E. coli isolates ranged between 31.25 and 62.5 µg/ml. This in vitro result clearly indicates that the selenium nanoparticle have a good antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria causing mastitis
Microbiological Quality of Rabbit Meat in Egypt and Worldwide: A Review
Get PDFRabbit meat and offal are considered as valuable sources of high biological value animal protein. Rabbit meat is rich in essential amino acids, low in cholesterol and contains considerable amounts of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. However, rabbit meat is also implicated in the transmission of foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas spp. Few reports had reviewed the microbiological quality of rabbit meat either worldwide or in Egypt. In this review, we will summarize the available literature about the microbiological status of rabbit meat and offal. Moreover, the potential human health risks associated with the occurrence of such foodborne pathogens in rabbit meat, and their effect on the shelf life of meat will be discussed. In addition, suggestions on how to improve the microbiological quality of rabbit meat and to extend its shelf life will also be introduced
Schmallenberg Virus (SBV) Infection Among Small Ruminants in Selected States of Peninsular Malaysia
Get PDFSchmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging arthropod-borne pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants responsible for devasting economic losses in European countries with a potential for spreading across boundaries. Three hundred sixty-two (362) serum samples were randomly collected from 7 selected sheep and goat farms from January to October 2019 to investigate the seroprevalence of SBV among small ruminants in Negeri Sembilan and Terengganu states. Seroprevalence of SBV was determined using commercial ID vet® SBV multispecies cELISA test. The farmers completed a structured questionnaire to furnish farm management data to evaluate the risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of SBV among individual animals. A Chi-square test was performed to determine the association between seroprevalence of SBV and putative risk factors of individual animals. Based on the ELISA test, a total of 78 individual animals were seropositive with an overall prevalence of 21.5% and the true prevalence of 22.1% (95% CI:18.06-26.71). Multivariable logistic regression analysis further revealed that Negeri Sembilan state (p<0.001; OR=14.290; 95% CI=5.384-37.930), Breed: Malin sheep (p<0.001; OR=20.453; 95% CI=4.807-87.022), Barbados Black Belly sheep (p<0.01; OR=69.947; 95% CI=16.819-290.901), Boer goat (p<0.001; OR=9.108; 95% CI=3.191-25.997) and crossbred goat (p=0.001; OR=4.964; 95% CI=1.905-12.934) are risk factors of SBV among individual animals. This study highlights the prevalence of a new transboundary disease among small ruminants in Malaysia. The result obtained here provides preliminary data that could guide livestock producers and policy makers in designing suitable prevention and control measures
A Case of Giant Myxoid Liposarcoma in a Cow
Get PDFIn this case, it was aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations along with surgical intervention results of a myxoid liposarcoma in a ten-year-old, female hybrid cattle. During clinical examination, an elastic mass, approximately 35x30x30 cm in size, was detected in the right fossa paralumbal region. As a treatment, total extirpation of the mass under sedation and local infiltration anesthesia was performed. The sections were prepared from the extirpated mass tissues and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. In addition they were labeled with S-100 antibody for immunohistochemical examination. Histopathologically, atypical stellate spindle-shaped tumour cells were seen in the stroma of hypocellular region and inlarge lipoid cells locally and also, around the numerous vessels with thin Wall character. In addition, it was determined that these cells reacted positively with S-100 antibody immunohistochemically. After the removal of the mass surgically, no recurrence was observed during 2 year follow up and it was learned that the general condition of the cattle was good. As a result, due to the rarity of the disease, it was concluded that reporting myxoid liposarcoma cases may contribute to future studies
Models to Describe Growth Curve of Egyptian Damascus Goat Kids
Get PDFThis study was conducted to describe the growth curves of Damascus kids reared in Egypt, using some linear and nonlinear models to provide a specific shape of the growth curve for that breed. A total of 855 records belonging to 47 kids’ progeny of 30 Damascus does between parities 1 and 5 kept in the Experimental Station of Alexandria University, Egypt, were used in this study. Kids were weighed immediately after birth and weekly thereafter till weaning at four months of age. All weights, except birth`s, were recorded early in the morning after 12 h fasting period. The effects of parity and type of birth on birth and weaning weights and on averages daily weight gains were evaluated. Also, the associations between age and weight within parities and types of birth were described using linear, quadratic and four modified nonlinear growth functions. Parity had no significant effects on birth and weaning weights. However, kids born in fourth parity had the greatest daily gain, while the second and fifth parities born kids had the lowest. Type of birth affected all studied traits. Single born kid had the highest birth and weaning weight and the highest daily weight gain compared to twice or triple born kids. Single kids born from does in third parity had the highest weights at birth and weaning and had the highest daily weight gain. Quadratic model exhibited the best goodness of fit for all kids
First Report of Oral Candidiasis by Candida lusitanea in a Red Kite (Milvus milvus, Lineu 1758)
Get PDFA free-living red kite (Milvus milvus, Lineu 1758) adult male was admitted to the CERAS - Centro de Estudos e Recuperação de Animais Selvagens (Castelo Branco, Portugal) debilitated and with injuries caused by lead projectiles. During the physical exam small lesions, not larger than 7 mm, were observed in the distal portion of the soft palate, laterally to the choanae, compatible with oral candidiasis. Candida lusitanea was the agent isolated from the exudate that was removed from the lesions. This is the first reported case of C. lusitanea associated to oral candidiasis and the first time this bird species was associated with this agent