Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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A Review: Accumulation of Toxic Metals among Meat from Different Species
Get PDFMeat contamination is a problem that must be addressed since it can affect consumers' health. Standard acceptable limits for heavy metals in meat and organs have been established by many international organizations. Livestock including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats side by side with other poultry species are the most significant sources of meat for protein. Heavy metal contamination in animal products may be harmful to people's health. The earth's crust naturally contains heavy metals, but uncontrolled human activity has significantly changed their geochemical cycles and biological equilibrium. This causes a buildup of metals in animal tissue that contain secondary metabolites, which gives rise to a specific pharmacological action. Humans can have negative health effects from prolonged exposure to heavy metals as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury. This review showed that most of the studies conducted in different countries on heavy metals were mostly in red meat, and the research was few in the cases of domesticated birds and very rare in game birds, although it is considered a good example for investigating heavy metals in the environmen
A Review on the Microbial Surface Contaminants of the Animal Carcasses
Get PDFThe flesh of the slaughtered animals is believed to be sterile. However, after slaughter, meat of different animal species is exposed to a vast array of microorganisms during processing of the carcasses. Carcass processing includes slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, quartering, and further transportation, and distribution. Several sources of microbial contamination might contribute to the microbial status of the different carcasses including internal sources such as the ruminal content of the animal, blood, hide and skin, and external sources such as butchers hands, clothes, knives, cutting boards, and abattoir environment including walls, floors, washing water, etc. One major task of the food safety sector is to ensure the hygienic measures adopted during all steps of meat processing. Therefore, this study was undertaken to review the microbial surface contaminants of the animal carcasses. This review concluded that efficient hygienic measures should be adopted during all steps of handling of the meat in order to obtain a high keeping quality meat with low initial microbial load
Prevalence of Mould and Aflatoxin in Raw and Heat-Treated Meat Products
Get PDFFrom several stores and butchers in Mansoura city, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, 120 samples of sausage, beef burger, minced meat, luncheon, hot dog and canned meat were collected (20 each). The samples examined for detection of total mould count and identification if mould into genera and species in addition to quantification of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Mould detected in 100% of all examined raw meat products meanwhile, detected in 25%, 30% and 15% of examined luncheon, hotdog, and canned meat, respectively. Heat treated meat products significantly (P<0.05) contained lower mould count than raw meat products. Eight mould genera detected in all examined meat products with varying percentages in descending order Aspergillus > Penicillium > Cladosporium > Sporotricum > Alternaria > Mucor > Fusarium > Curvularia . The mean values of aflatoxin B1 were 0.78±0.21, 1.1±0. 55, 1.54±0.40, 0.052±0.032, 2.21±0.87 and 1.88±0.41 µg/kg in sausage, beef burger, minced meat, luncheon, hot dog and canned meat, respectively. Minced meat significantly lower than other examined meat products in level of aflatoxin B1(P< 0.05). Aflatoxin B2 and G2 not detected in all examined samples. The aflatoxin G1 detected in two samples of beef burger with a mean value 1.15±0.065 µg/kg and in one sample of canned meat 0.62 µg/kg. A food safety management system as hazard analysis and critical control points should be adopted by meat producers in order to protect human health
Bacillus cereus in Raw Milk and its Virulence Genes
Get PDFA frequent source of milk contamination is Bacillus cereus. The microorganism can contaminate raw milk at the time of milking since it is ubiquitous in the environment. In the current study, one hundred raw milk samples were obtained from farmers, supermarkets, street vendors and dairy shops in Egypt, collected samples were examined biochemically and by vietk 2 compact system to isolate Bacillus cereus. Prevalence values of B. cereus were 0, 20,8 and 12% respectively. The Mean ± SE of the pH values for milk samples were 6.54 ± 0.04, 6.48 ± 0.06, 6.44 ± 0.05 and 6.53 ± 0.06 respectively, on the other hand sorch’s test for milk samples was positive in a percentage of 12, 8, 40 and, 16, respectively. Molecular characterization of hlbA and ces showed positive reaction for 30 and 20% of samples. Growth, proteolytic and lipolytic activities of Bacillus cereus was 100, 100, 20 and 40, 40, 20 at 30◦C/48 h and 7°C/10 days, respectively. Outcomes of the in vitro testing for susceptibility indicated that the highest resistance to antibiotics was against macrolides and mono, B-lactamase, whereas moderate resistance was exhibited to gentamicin. The current study's findings exhibited evidence of B. cereus isolation from raw milk has a high potential for producing food poisoning, so it is necessary to employ the techniques to lessen bacterial contamination while processing dairy products
The Metabolic Impact of Vitamin B12 in The Context of Metabolic Syndrome
Get PDFMetabolic syndrome (Mets) refers to a group of symptoms that increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). One of the most difficult health issues facing the world today is diabetes mellitus (DM). In diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia can cause both immediate and delayed consequences. Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for proper neuronal and vascular function, normal hemopoiesis, and DNA synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of vitamin B12 in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In this study, 30 males’ rats were divided into three groups, for a period of 9 weeks, the rats were injected with vitamin B12. Serum lipid levels, some biochemical, molecular parameters and histopathology of liver and brain tissues were determined. Our results demonstrated that compared to rats in the diabetic groups, the vitamin B12 reduced glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, and Malondialdehyde (MDA), while vitamin B12 increased vitamin 12, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P < 0.05). An upregulation was found in the gene expression in the homogenate of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), leptin receptor (LEPR), and glucose transporter -2 (GLUT-2). On the other hand, there was a significant downregulation in the mRNA expression of Janus kinase3 (JAK3), signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3), Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPN1). In conclusion our findings suggested that vitamin B12 supplementation can mitigate the Impact of an STZ in diabetic rats. This new research provides further evidence that vitamin B12 may be useful as a treatment for diabetes
The Metabolic Impact of Vitamin D on the Context of Metabolic Syndrome
No full textVitamin D deficiency is one of the major affecting factors on metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. So we aimed in our study to show the anti-diabetic effects of vitamin D on type 2 diabetic rats. Therefore, 45 rats were divided into three groups (15 rats per each group). The first group served as a control and fed on a standard chow diet while the other two groups served as diabetic groups as they fed on high fructose, high fat, and high sucrose diet and for 12 weeks then they injected with intraperitoneal single dose (45 mg/kg b.wt) of STZ dissolved in cold 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. After one week of injection the third diabetic group was treated for 4 weeks with two intramuscular (20,000 IU/Kg) of vitamin D dissolved in sesame oil. The obtained results demonstrated that administration of vitamin D could improve serum glucose and insulin levels with an increase in serum calcitonin and calcium in correlation with the decrease in parathyroid hormone, phosphorus and lipids levels in the presence of significant upregulation of gene expression in liver (PPARα, GLP-1, and IGF-1) and in adipose tissue (Ptch, Smo, Gli-1, and hhip). In conclusion, vitamin D administration can improve insulin resistance by improving blood glucose and insulin levels
Hygienic Status of the Carcass Surfaces of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, and Camel Carcasses and their Contact Surfaces
Get PDFA main task for the food safety and animal hygiene sectors is to ensure safety and adoption of strict hygienic measures during the entire chain of the meat industry. To fulfill this task, continuous monitoring of the hygienic status of meat of different animal species and their contact surfaces is mandatory. In this study, the hygiene indicators including total bacterial counts (TBC), most probable number (MPN) of coliforms, total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold and yeast counts (TMYC) of the surfaces of cattle, buffaloes, camel, and sheep retailed in Sharkia governorate Egypt were tested. Besides, such parameters were also investigated for the carcass contact surfaces including, the batcher hands, knives, cutting boards, and walls of the butcher shops. The obtained results indicated microbial contamination of the meat of different animals and their contact surfaces at variable rates. In general, cattle carcasses followed by that of the buffaloes had the highest microbial contamination. While, walls and cutting boards showed the highest microbial contamination among the examined contact surfaces. In conclusion, adoption of strict hygienic measure during handling of the animal carcasses, sterilization of the carcass's contact surfaces is highly suggested to produce meat of high keeping quality
Interaction Effect of Methotrexate and Aspirin on MCF7 cell line Proliferation: In vitro Study
Get PDFMethotrexate, a folic acid molecular alternative inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is employed for the treatment of various types of tumors combined with aspirin; acetylsalicylic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The present study aimed to detect the combined effects of both medications on MCF7 cell line activity. The drug combinations of aspirin and methotrexate were tested for cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell line MCF7 using the MTT assay. The results showed that methotrexate, aspirin, and combination drugs have potent cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells. The mean IC50 of the methotrexate-treated group was 155.7 µg/ml (range, 77.89 to 311µg/ml. However, the IC50 of the aspirin-treated group was 465 µg/ml (range, 243.3 to 888.6 µg/ml). The IC50 of combination drugs used in the CompuSyn Isobologram on MCF7 cell lines, the cytotoxicity of medications methotrexate, aspirin, and combination demonstrated a synergistic action, and combination drugs have potent cytotoxicity against MCF7 cell lines. In conclusion, the combination of methotrexate and aspirin has a potent anticancer effect.
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Prevalence and virulence factor genes of Bacillus cereus isolated from milk and some dairy products
Get PDFTwo hundred and fifty samples (Marketable milk, Ras cheese, Domiati cheese and ice cream), were randomly obtained from various dairy shops, supermarkets and ice cream shops in Assiut City, Egypt, during the period of November 2022 to March 2023. These samples were examined for the detection and counting of Bacillus cereus. The positive B. cereus isolates were analyzed by PCR to detect 16s rRNA gene for B. cereus, cytotoxin K (cyt K) and emetic gene (ces). Out of the 250 examined samples, 14 (5.6%) were contaminated by B. cereus. The analyzed ice cream had the highest prevalence (11.53%), followed by Ras cheese samples. The prevalence of ces gene recorded in the examined isolates was 57.14%, while cyt K gene was found in all isolates. Moreover, proteolytic and lipolytic activity investigations revealed that nearly all strains released protease enzyme (92.85%), most of which (64.28%) could produce lipase enzyme
Detection of some Food Poisoning Bacteria from Milk Utensils and Dairy Products in Port-said Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to determine the possibility of transmission of some food poisoning bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Proteus spp.) from the surfaces of equipment and utensils used in small dairy shops for production of dairy products to the final dairy products through microbiological examination of 90 swabs which were collected from the surfaces of equipment and utensils in small dairy shops from different localities at Port-said governorate, Egypt, in addition to 45 of each commercial small scale yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples collected from the same small dairy shops. The results showed that the mean values for Staphylococcus aureus counts were 4.7×10âµÂ±1.0×10âµ cfu/g, 3.9×10âµÂ±8.8×10â´ cfu/g and 9.4×10âµÂ±2.3×10âµ cfu/g in swabs, yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples, respectively, and The mean values for Streptococcus spp. were 2.2×10â¶Â±2.6×10âµ cfu/g,1.4×10â¶Â±3.1×10âµcfu/g and 3.2×10â¶Â±5.6×10âµ cfu/g in swabs, yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples, respectively, While the mean values of Escherichia coli were 1.7×10²±2.6×10¹ cfu/g and 1.2×10²±3×10¹ cfu/g in swabs and yoghurt samples, respectively, with absence in examined rice with milk pudding samples. Proteus spp. couldn’t be detected in any examined samples. It could be concluded that the microorganisms which isolated from yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples have already found on equipment and utensils used in its manufacture, this may confirm cross-contamination from equipment and utensils surfaces to yoghurt and rice with milk pudding as a final dairy product of small dairy shops