Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Causing Late Embryonic Death in Ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Egypt
Get PDFIn Egypt, ostrich farming has had a great increase during the last few years. The most common problems facing ostrich farmers are a high percentage of late embryonic mortality and low hatchability. This study was designed to survey the main causes of late in-shell ostrich embryonic death. A total of 100 freshly dead shell ostrich embryos, all of them were in the second half of the incubation period with different ages ranging from 25 to 39 days old, were received during the breeding seasons of the period from October 2018- October 2021, from different ostrich farms in Egypt, suffered from late-stage embryonic death during artificial incubation, respiratory signs and diarrhea in breeders, moreover, the surveyed ostrich farms were near to chicken farms suffered from Newcastle Disease outbreaks. Gross findings in all embryos were recorded as anasarca, severe general congestion, and hemorrhages. In this study, 66 dead shell ostrich embryos out of 100 (66%) were immunohistochemically positive for Newcastle Disease Virus. Four Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus strains (genotype VIIb) were molecularly characterized in 4 immune-positive ND embryos (from 4 different ostrich farms in 4 different Egyptian governorates) by RT-PCR and F gene sequencing. In addition, all embryos were negative for bacterial isolation except for one vNDV positive embryo (1%) (25 days old) that was superinfected by Citrobacter spp. The main histopathological lesions of vNDV-positive ostrich embryos were general edema, extensive congested blood vessels, hemorrhages, necrosis, syncytial cells formation in the upper respiratory tract, and leukocytic cells infiltrations. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of the Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus that immunohistochemically and molecularly characterized dead ostrich embryos in Egypt, therefore, Newcastle Disease Virus vaccination of ostrich breeders is strongly recommended
Occurrence and Control of Biogenic Amines in Fresh Fish and Products of Fish
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In this study, the detection of biogenic amines in fresh and products of fish is focused and biological trials have been used to reduce their levels. 120 random samples of fresh fish (Lates niloticus), sardine salted, herring smoked, and tuna canned (for every thirty samples) were collected from different markets in Shibine, Menoufia, Egypt. The biogenic amine residues have examined in all samples that were collected (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine). The average levels of biogenic amines in the samples under investigation of fresh fish, canned tuna, herring smoked, and sardine salted are 10.74 ± 0.54, 15.08 ± 0.76, 17.93 ± 0.81 and 26.12 ± 0.89 mg % for histamine, 7.61 ± 0.49, 11.13 ± 0.57, 14.35 ± 0.64 and 19.59 ± 0.81 mg% for putrescine, 5.96 ± 0.43, 10.22 ± 0.49, 12.41 ± 0.58 and 16.85 ± 0.62 mg% for cadaverine each, accordingly. Finally, the tyramine mean value was 2.05 ± 0.10 mg % in fresh fish, 6.37 ± 0.19 mg % in tuna canned, 7.9 ± 0.24mg % for herring smoked and10.44 ± 0.27 mg % for sardine salted. Fish fillets were experimentally inoculated with B. polymyxa culture (2x107), the effect was ideal, the level of histamine reduced to 31.4 mg/kg after eight hours, 19.5 mg/kg after 12 hrs and 12.8 mg/kg 24 hours later with reduction percentages of 37.2%, 61.0%, and 74.4%, respectively and cadaverine level reduced to 22.1 mg/kg after 8 hours, 15.4 mg/kg after 12 hrs and 9.7 mg/kg 24 hrs later with reductions percentages were 26.3%, 48.7%, and 67.7%, respectively
Virulence Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Egyptian Milk, Milk Powder, and Ice Cream
Get PDFOne of the most common food poisoning illnesses globally is caused by Bacillus cereus, which causes emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. Forty–two (42%) out of 100 samples from raw milk, powdered milk, ice cream, and pasteurized milk were positive for B. cereus, with a high prevalence in raw milk at 64%. Three virulence genes (nheA, cytK, and hblC genes) were characterized among 42 B. cereus isolates with variable frequencies. Detection of the nheA gene showed a high level of 90.4%, followed by the cytK gene in percentage at 50%, and the hblC gene at 47.6%. All examined strains were resistant to Penicillin, Oxacillin, then Cefixime and Ampicillin (85.7%), followed by Nalidixic acid (73.8%), Sulphamethoxazol-Trimethoprim(61.9%), and Oxytetracycline and Cephalotin (52.3%) whilst sensitive to Gentamicin (75%), followed by Enrofloxacin and Erythromycin (50%). Unfortunately, all examined strains are MDR and show 23 resistance patterns, this represents a real health malice for the people of Egypt. The obtained results demonstrated the rise of pathogenic B. cereus, a virulent organism that is multidrug-resistant, in Egypt's retail milk and milk products.
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Effect of Spirulina on Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality
Get PDFSubclinical mastitis is a major problem threating the cows' industry in Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SCC on the milk composition and evaluate the effect of spirulina supplementation on SCC and milk quality. Total of 270 milk samples were examined using CMT, BacSomatic and MilkoscanTMFT1 system. For evaluation of spirulina effect, ten cows were supplemented with spirulina powder (20 g per head for one month).The prevalence of SCM according to CMT and SCC was 32.2% and 54.4%, respectively.  SCC negatively correlated with Fat, protein, lactose, and casein% which had Means of 2.94±0.75, 3.48±0.37, 4.82±0.23, and 2.58±0.39, respectively at SCC (<200 ×103cell/ml) while, at SCC above 400 ×103cell/ml were 2.43±0.95, 3.24 ±0.33, 4.61±0.22, and 2.4±0.38, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the average of SCC from 6638.9±4675.9×103 to 361.1±321.4×103cell/ml after 3 weeks of spirulina supplementation. The Mean of Fat, protein, lactose, and casein% were increased from 2.84±0.29, 3.02±0.4, 4.49±0.4 and 2.34±0.28, respectively to reach 3.62±0.16, 3.65±0.43, 4.86±0.41 and 2.59±0.3, respectively and Milk yield increased from average of 21.7±3.23 kg/day to 24.2±2.39kg after 21 days of spirulina treatment. Therefore, milk quality and quantity can be improved by using Spirulina supplementation which reduces SCC.
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Highlight on Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Some Bacteria Isolated from Broiler with Regard to Effect of Moringa Oleifera Nanoemulsion on Multidrug Resistance
Get PDFPoultry bacterial pathogen is a major problem in poultry farms, with serious consequences for poultry and human. Two hundred samples of apparently health and freshly died broiler were collected from different commercial farms at Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Salmonella spp. detected in (29%) of examined specimens and serologically identified into S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Agama with percentages 9.5%, 6.5%, 5%, 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas spp. detected in (19%), the most prevalent serotype was P. aeruginosa O2, O5, O9, and O11. However, the antimicrobial-resistant strains of pathogens continuously emerge, with ineffective of medical treatments, thus, the isolates were examined for detection of multidrug resistant (MDR), doxycycline exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. (55.17%); and ceftriaxone and doxycycline against Pseudomonas spp. (52.63%). Uniplex PCR examination for ampC, stn, tetA(B), integrase genes on MGEs were detected in all Salmonella spp. isolates, and mexR, tetA (B), integrase genes in all examined MDR P. aeruginosa isolates, meanwhile, exoU detected in 80% on MGEs. A novel antibacterial strategy was achieved to minimize economic burdens and the health associated with antimicrobial resistance which obliterate pathogens without any adverse effects on poultry and human. Therefore, the application of a trial using M. Oleifera nanoemulsion in order to control the multidrug resistant genes expression. These findings demonstrated that M. oleifera nanoemulsion was a good choice to its potential as a drug that can be used against Salmonella and P. aeruginosa in poultry industry
Exploring Antimicrobial Potential of Cinnamon, Clove, Peppermint and Black Cumin Essential Oils against Fish Bacterial Pathogens with an Emphasis on the Dietary Supplementation Effects of Cinnamon Oil on Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)
Get PDFEmergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among fish bacterial pathogens is one of the major global public threats. Attempts are being made to develop novel alternatives as a promising approach to combat multidrug resistance disease-causing bacteria. Natural antimicrobials such as essential oils (EOs) are a potential unique strategy to treat bacterial infections with a reduced risk of resistance developing. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils (EOs) namely, cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Peppermint (Mentha piperita) , and black cumin (Nigella sativa) against some fish pathogens implicated with aquaculture disease outbreaks like Aeromonas hydrophilia, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus agalactiae using agar well diffusion assay. We found significant differences on the antibacterial activity depending on the type of essential oils and bacterial strain. Among all the tested EOs, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was shown to be the most effective with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.0156-0.125 ml/ml. As a result, it was selected for our in vivo investigations. We next aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CEO on growth performance, disease resistance and immune response of fish. A total of 150 striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were fed with different levels of CEO (0, 1.50, 2.0, 2.50, and 3.0 mL/kg diets) (assigned as control, Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4) for 60 days. Compared to control, fish fed with graded levels of dietary CEO showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in final body weight, weight gain %, and specific growth rate particularly at fish group fed diet 3. Of interest, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed conversion ratio and survival rates among control and CEO-supplemented groups. Moreover, we found significant (P < 0.05) increases in plasma lysozyme activity and total IgM levels in a dose dependent manner with dietary CEO supplementation. After feeding trials, we investigated their potential to defend striped catfish against A. hydrophila challenge. Fish fed control diet had the highest mortality rates; in contrast, fish fed diets supplemented with CEO had higher levels of resistance to the bacterial infection, with the lowest mortality rates in the fish group fed diet 3. Overall, these findings showed that EOs exhibit a great potential to be used as antimicrobial agents against fish pathogens. Moreover, dietary administration of CEO, particularly at 2.5 ml/kg feed, can be regarded as a promising component for improving growth, immunological responses and potential alternatives to conventional antimicrobials for control of microbial infections in fish
Microbial Quality of Sheep Meat and Offal: A Review
Get PDFSheep meat including mutton and lamb and its edible offal are regarded as important sources of high quality animal protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. However, unsanitary handling of such meat sources during the slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, or further processing might contribute to contamination of meat with a vast array of microorganisms including those with public health significance such as E. coli, and Salmonella spp. In this review, we would like to highlight the role of sheep meat and offal as potential sources of the spread of E. coli, and Salmonella spp. It was clear that adoption of strict hygienic measure during the entire steps of the carcass preparation and processing as well as efficient cooking of such meat and edible offal are among the suggested strategies to prevent the possible contamination of sheep meat with foodborne pathogens
Effect of Cranberry Essential Oil on Quality Parameters of Chilled Minced Meat
Get PDFMinced meat is a popular meat product found mainly in most types of meat meals as a source of animal-origin food. So, it has high economic worth due to its nutritive value. Owing to the high moisture content and richness in nitrogenous composites, it is an ideal medium for bacterial growth and contamination. Synthetic preservatives are used for extending the shelf life and enhancing quality properties of meat, but consumers are only recently considering them because of worries about potential health risks. Thus, using safe natural preservatives becomes an urgent necessity. The objective of the current study aimed to determine whether cranberry essential oil (CBEO) could improve the sensory, chemical, and microbial properties of raw minced beef while also extending its shelf life.60 minced beef samples were divided into 0.0 (control), 0. 5, 1, and 1.5% CBEO treated groups. The control and treated samples were kept at 3±1ºC in the refrigerator for 12 days. Minced beef samples’ sensory, chemical, and microbial properties were evaluated every three days. The results showed that CBEO addition significantly delayed the proliferation of aerobic plate counts, psychotrophic, Staphylococcal and Enterobacteriaceae bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the minced beef up to 12 days compared to the control group that was completely putrefied at the 6th day of storage. This study suggested that CBEO could be used as a natural preservative for chilled minced meat
Reproductive Performance of Barki Rams Fed on Different Omega-6: Omega-3 Ratios
Get PDFThe current experiment intended to investigate the impact of various dietary omega- 6/ omega -3 fatty acids ratios (FAs) on the reproductive performance and serum lipid profile  in male Barki sheep over two months' experimental period. Twelve males were randomly allotted into 4 equal groups receiving 4 different ratios of omega-6/ omega- 3 FAs including 5.40 (higher ratio, HR), 4.56 (medium ratio, MR), 3.13 (lower ratio, LR) and 1.76 (very low ratio, VLR):1.  Feeding rams on diets with HR or VLR did not exhibit substantial impact on the sperm motility, sperm viability and testosterone hormone, however these parameters were non-significantly improved in the MR and LR- fed rams. The semen volume was significantly increased (P < 0.05) with the MR in comparison with the remaining groups. Serum biochemical parameters, including total lipids, HDL concentrations did not exhibit significant differences (P> 0.05) among the different ratios. VLR- fed rams showed the higher serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL (P< 0.05), while the MR fed rams showed the highest CHO/HDL ratio (P< 0.05) in comparison with the other ratios. In summary, Barki rams fed different omega-6/ omega- 3 PUFA ratios (5.4, 4.56, 3.13 and 1.76:1) containing diets exhibited no significant difference in their reproductive performance parameters, however the medium (4.56:1) and low (3.13:1) ratios showed potential improving effect
Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Broiler and Layer Chickens in Some Egyptian Governorates
Get PDFMycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major avian pathogen revealing financial losses in poultry industry around the world. The current research aimed to study the bacteriological, molecular detection and sequencing of MG recovered from cases with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) from broiler and layer chicken farms in some Egyptian governorates. Therefore, a total of 125 samples were collected from (25) flock/governorate, representing (15) broiler chicken and (10) laying chicken farms from five Egyptian governorates (Giza, Al-Qalyubia, AL-Dakahlia, Al-Faiyum, AL-Sharqia) from March 2020 till January 2022. The isolates were characterized by using conventional methods and molecularly identified by using (16S rRNA), (mgc2) specific primers for MG. The bacteriological isolation showed that 80.8% (101/125) samples appeared as fried egg colonies on PPLO agar while the rest 24 samples were negative. Only 88 out of 101 (87.1%) bacteriologically positive samples were positive by conventional PCR. Gene target sequencing (GTS) was carried out on one MG isolate with positive PCR mgc2 specific gene. The incidence of MG increases in winter and autumn compared to summer and spring. The sequenced isolate of mgc2 gene is grouped with field strain isolated from Egyptian chickens with 100% identity. The obtained findings indicated that the mgc2 gene could discriminate between MG field type and vaccinal F-strain, MG remains a serious avian pathogen and the study recommend a periodical molecular monitoring of MG in poultry flock with sequence analysis of the circulating strains and further investigations should be applied to detect most suitable control and preventive measures to solve such problem