Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Antimicrobial Activity of Starch-based Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films Incorporated with Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Multiple Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Food Isolates
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of starch-based biodegradable antimicrobial films incorporated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus food isolates. Herein, the in-vitro antimicrobial activities of Origanum marjorana (OM) leaf extract, OM essential oil, OM nano-emulsion, chemically synthesized Ag-NPs (chem-Ag-NPs), and OM-based biosynthesized Ag-NPs (bio-Ag-NPs) using OM extracts were determined against a cocktail of three pathogenic Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains isolated from meat products, using the agar well diffusion assay (AWDA). Afterward, homemade starch-based biodegradable antimicrobial films (SBAF) were incorporated with the suitable antimicrobials, based on AWDA and preliminary experiments, and investigated for their antimicrobial properties against S. aureus cocktail through the disc diffusion assay (DDA). The obtained results showed that in WDA, bio-Ag-NPs (1mM) had a significantly higher antimicrobial activity than chem-Ag-NPs (1mM), with inhibition zones accounting for 23 and 19mm, respectively. Whereas both types of nanoparticles were significantly more potent in their antimicrobial properties than different concentrations of OM extract, essential oil, and nano-emulsion (p<0.05). In concern to SBAF incorporated with antimicrobials, SBAF incorporated with chem-Ag-NPs (SBAF/chem-Ag-NPs) showed a significantly stronger antimicrobial effect than SBAF incorporated with bio-Ag-NPs (SBAF/bio-Ag-NPs) in the DDA, while both types of films produced significantly larger zones of inhibition than other antimicrobials (p<0.05). These homemade biodegradable films incorporated with bio-Ag-NPs could be a good alternative to petroleum-based packaging (plastic) in food packaging applications and meanwhile improve food safety and quality. Further studies investigating the effectiveness of these films on bacterial isolates inoculated in real food samples are suggested
Utilizing Haemagglutination Property of Rabies Virus for Detecting the Pathogen and Checking its Destabilization
Get PDFThe haemagglutination property of viruses is useful for titration and condensation of virions of their own, as well as for titration specific antibodies to them, but detection of the pathogens in clinical samples. However, on the base of the haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titration techniques a derivative technique was recently contrived for detection of haemagglutinating viruses in animals called the method of Assay of Shifting of Standardized Direct Haemagglutination Inhibition, or SSDHI. We herein report on the application of these HA-based techniques in cases of rabies virus. With pictorial evidences in detecting the microbe in saliva fluids of furious and healthy dogs in Central Vietnam for disease diagnosis and epidemiological investigation, some results on detection of rabies virus in clinical samples, criteria of discrimination of “coinfections†with other haemagglutinating viruses and possible “contaminations†with specific antibodies or their analogues in clinical samples were discussed. The techniques did also help prove that air-dried virions of rabies virus from clinical samples can sustain their integrity at room temperature at least for two days which implies possibility of the pathogen’s transmission through aerosols. 
Genes Contributed on Biofilm Forming Bacteria Incriminated in Various Disease Conditions in Cattle
Get PDFBiofilm production is a complex process that occurs as a series of molecular and physiological events; bacteria employ biofilms as a physical barrier to shield themselves from antimicrobial agents. In this study, biofilm-forming bacteria were isolated from the lung, heart, spleen, and liver of diseased cattle after slaughter.  Out of 210 examined samples, 82 samples were positive for biofilm forming ability either by Cong red binding assay or by tube method. The 82 isolates were identified as 27 E. coli strains belonging to O146:H21, O26:H11, O55:H7, O111:H2, O127:H6, O124:H2, O153:H1, and O111:H4, 23 isolates were identified as S. aureus, 15 as K. pneumoniae belonging to K1(HVKP), K2 (HVKP), K1 (CKP), and K2 (CKP) and 3 strains as K. oxytoca. Besides, 14 strains were identified as P. aeruginosa belonging to O6 (G), O11 (E), and O2 (B). Results showed that E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates were positive for all tested biofilm-related genes whereas mkrA and spaA genes were the most commonly detected genes among K. pneumoniae and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Isolates showed a high level of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to most tested antimicrobial agents. Macroscopical examination of the affected organs showed that the lung lost its spongy texture; the spleen was darkened and enlarged in addition to congestion of the liver and heart. Microscopical findings showed that the liver and heart were congested with leucocytic cells infiltrations while the lung showed peribronchial hypercellularity, excessive interstitial and alveolar cellular infiltration with severe congestion and degeneration of alveolar epithelial cells, destruction of alveoli with lymphocytic cells infiltration and collapsed alveoli with fibrous tissue proliferation while spleen exhibited marked congestion with aggregation of bacterial colonies either focal or diffuse, necrosis was also detected.
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Morphological and Molecular Studies of Ecto- and Endoparasites Infested Chicken in Ismailia Province, Egypt
Get PDFThe native breed of chicken is one of the most income-producing species in the poultry sector in the Egyptian governorate of Ismailia. Thus, the objective of the current study was to identify the collected parasites using a light microscope and estimate the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of the collected helminths using the newly introduced molecular biology methods. 120 chickens out of 170 recorded (70.59%) prevalence of helminth infestation during the period from September 2021 until the end of August 2022. Four nematodes with a prevalence of 44.12 %, which were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Subulura brumpti, Trichostrongylus tenuis, and four cestodes with 26.47 %, which were Raillietina tetragona, R. echinobothrida, Hymenolepis carioca, and Choanotaenia infundibulum. Eimeria spp. infestation (11.18%), which were E. tenella, E. maxima, E. mitis, and E. burnetti. Ectoparasites (15.88%) were Echidnophaga gallinacea, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae, Columbicola columbae, and Dermanyssus gallinae. The identities of the certainly recovered nematode and cestode species were confirmed by the blast test using DNA sequence data. Thus, it is advised to use the molecular approach as the primary methodology for the accurate identification of helminths, particularly in closely related species.
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Some Anatomical and Histological Features of the Brain in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Get PDF  The purpose of the present study is to investigate the catfish brain morphology by gross anatomy, morphometric analysis in addition to light microscopy. A total of twenty African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), 30-80 cm long, with body mass 300-900gm, were used in this study. Anatomically, the brain of catfish is divided into five parts: telencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, myelencephalon  and metencephalon. The most prominent parts of catfish brain are optic tectum, telencephalon, and cerebellum. The morphometric analysis of the brain of catfish revealed a large optic tectum in the mesencephalon, whilst telencephalon and the cerebellum are of medium size. The brain occupies the caudal part of the cranial cavity. The brain is slightly elongated and narrow, slightly wider in the middle portion near the mesencephalon (optic tectum), eminentia granularis and the diencephalon. The telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) single layer formed from various neuirons which are supported by neuroglia. The optic tectum consisted of five layers stratum marginale; stratum opticum; stratum album centrale; stratum griseum centrale and stratum periventriculare. The cerebellum histologically, formed from three different layers molecular, purkinje cell and inner granular layers. The optic nerve in catfish appeared large and thick.
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Supplementation with a Combination of Vitamin A, E, C and Essential Volatile Oils Improves Growth Performance and Ameliorates Antioxidant Status in Holstein Calves
Get PDFThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamin E, A and C and essential volatile oils (Super Immune®) on growth performance and antioxidant parameters in calves. For this purpose, twenty-five Holstein calves were randomly allocated into five equal sized groups (five each). The first group received a daily dose of 10 ml of Super Immune® which was given orally. The second group was supplemented with 100,000 IU Vit A and given intramuscularly. The third group was supplemented with Vit. E, at a dose rate of 6.66 IU/kg BW and given subcutaneously. Meanwhile, the fourth group was supplemented with Vit. C at a dose rate of 30 mg/kg and given intravenously. The former formula was given orally for five consecutive days, while the later supplements were given twice with 72 hours apart. Calves of the fifth group received a sterile saline solution (0.9 % NaCl) and served as control group. Calves received a combination of vitamins and volatile oils showed significant increase of the body weight compared with control group at 6 weeks post-treatment (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p< 0.01), Glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.05) in calves received combination compared with other groups. However, there was a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.01). On the other hand, other parameters showed non-significant changes. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamin A, E and C and volatile oils (Super Immune®) may have better effect on body weight gain and antioxidant status in suckling calves than supplementation with single vitamin.  
Assessment of the Degree of Dehydration in Dogs Based on Biochemical Parameters Using Ordinal Logistic Regression
Get PDFÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â This experimental study was carried out in the faculty of veterinary medicine, at Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. A total of 40 dogs were categorized based on the severity of dehydration into three categories (mild, moderate, and severe) and a fourth group for dogs without dehydration. Many biochemical parameters were utilized to evaluate dehydration, including blood electrolytes (Na, K, CL, Ca, Mg, and Ph), liver enzymes (ALT and AST), kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), and lactate. The most prevalent clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis in dogs were vomiting, followed by profuse watery yellowish to bloody diarrhea, anorexia, and mild, moderate, and severe degrees of dehydration manifested by STT retardation. Four OLR models ranging from univariable to multivariable logistic regression were developed. Lactate, AST, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were recorded as positive predictors for the severity of dehydration; however, only lactate, AST, and uric acid were recorded as positive significant (p<0.05) predictors for the degree of dehydration. Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, Ph, and ALT were all negative predictors of dehydration level. Na and K were significant (P0.05) negative predictors of the degree of dehydration, whereas the remaining variables were not substantially related to the degree of dehydration. It was observed that biochemical markers are good indicators of dehydration; including these factors in the OLR model will help in differentiating between different degrees of dehydration.
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Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in the Milk of Naturally Grazed and on-farm-fed Camels
Get PDFAflatoxins (AFs) are mycotoxins produced by numerous species of Aspergillus. AFs contaminate agricultural commodities and thus feed and food including milk. So, this study aimed to assess the effect of the feeding type on the occurrence of AFM1 in camel milk. A total of 45 camel milk samples were obtained from the natural grazing herd in Shalatin (n= 20) and small scales farm breeding in Daraw (n= 25) in the period between September to December 2021. AFM1 levels were determined in these samples using the Vicam method. A significant difference was found between AFM1 levels in milk samples from herds of camels kept in a traditional environment (Natural grazing) and that in samples from camels in semi-intensive management systems (On-farm). Of note, all milk samples obtained from the nomadic area were free from AFM1, whereas, in the camel milk samples collected from a semi-intensive farm, AFM1 was reported in eight samples (32%) with 2 (8%) samples exceeding the EU Limits of 0.05 µg/ kg and 6 (24%) samples below such EU Limits. In conclusion, there was high contamination of milk samples obtained from camels reared on-farm with AFM1, while milk samples of camels naturally grazed were negative for AFM1. Therefore, milk hygiene from the farm, chilling, and distribution should be evaluated to reduce AFM1 levels in milk.
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Effect of Garlic and Coriander Essential Oils on Quality Parameters of Oreochromis niloticus Fillets
Get PDFThe study was assumed to verify the effect of garlic and coriander essential oils on quality parameters of fish. Deteriorative changes of fish could be occurred directly after catching, thus Seventy-five Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) (150 fillet samples) were divided into five groups, with the control group being dipped in sterile distilled water, the second and third groups being dipped in garlic essential oil (GEO) 1% (w/v) and 2%, and the fourth and fifth groups being dipped in coriander essential oil (CEO) 1% (w/v) and 2%, respectively. On the sixth day of storage, the sensory analysis revealed that all treated groups were considerably (P <0.05) greater than the control. The initial pH value for all group were 6.02 ± 0.01 while on the 6th day of chilling was 6.48 ± 0.02, 6.24 ± 0.04, 6.13 ± 0.03, 6.31 ± 0.01, and 6.19 ± 0.04 in control, GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively. The Trimethylamine (TMA-N) mean values on the 6th day were 10.16± 0.21 , 6.11 ± 0.14, 3.91 ± 0.10, 7.12 ± 0.12, and 4.26 ± 0.14 mg N/100 g in control GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively. On the third and sixth days of storage, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in the control group was substantially greater than in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The initial counts of Staphylococcus were 5.24 ± 0.32 log10 CFU/g in the control and were reduced to 4.02 ± 0.18, 3.22 ± 0.13, 4.13 ± 0.16 and 3.35 ± 0.18 log10 CFU/g in GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively on the 6th day of chilling. The pseudomonas counts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on the 3rd and 6th day of chilling in all treated groups in comparison with the control group. Therefore, Garlic and coriander essential oils have the ability to enhance sensory, delay spoilage parameters, reduce bacterial load in cold stored O. niloticus fillet in addition to prolong the shelf life.
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Role of thyme and celery mixture in improvement of behavior, performance, and immunity of lactating Ossimi ewes at two climate diverse housings
Get PDFImprovement of sheep health and productivity has become a global goal. An effective house must provide adequate space, shelter, and protection from climatic changes and stress. Some plants such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and celery (Apium graveolens) could alleviate stressors. Hence, this investigation was conducted to determine the role of thyme and celery seed mixture (TCM) in improving the behavior and performance of lactating Ossimi ewes at diverse housings during autumn and winter. Forty lactating ewes (2 years old and 48 ± 1.5 kg average body weight) were randomly equally distributed into two semi-shaded buildings (SSB) (20 ewes each). These were roofed with a concrete slab 40 cm thick and 5 m high which was covered with three rows of rice straw bales as thermal insulation. It had natural dirt areas to the north and south. Ten ewes were fed a basal diet, and the others received a basal diet containing TCM (10 gm thyme and 10 gm celery/head/day). Similarly, 20 ewes were treated in a fully-shaded building (FSB) which was roofed with a layer of tin 5 m high and had natural flooring to the west and east. These ewes were fed a basal diet + TCM for 1 month pre-lambing and 2 months post-lambing. Both behavior and weight were recorded bi-weekly. Blood samples were collected monthly to measure oxidative stress indicator reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, total protein, glucose, gene expression of nuclear factor 2 linked to erythroid 2 (Nrf2), and interleukin 2. Cumulative feed intake was calculated, and milk samples were collected for 2 months after lambing until weaning to measure moisture, ash, total protein, lactose, non-solid fat (NSF), total solids, fat, and antioxidant capacity of milk (free radical and inhibition factor). The findings revealed that sheep exhibited better feeding behavior in the FSB and the oxidative stress indicator was lower than in the SSB. TCM enhanced feeding behavior and decreased the oxidative stress indicator (reduced GSH) in the SSB. Additionally, it increased total protein and dam body weight (at the 6th week) in the FSB and improved feed intake in both buildings. Thyme and celery have antioxidant capacities in milk. Hence, the present data suggest that adding TCM to the basal diet could reduce the stress of climatic changes on lactating ewes and improve animal behavior and immunity leading to enhanced production.
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