Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Organochlorine Pesticides in Poultry Meat: A Review
Get PDFPoultry meat including chicken ducks, geese, and quails are important sources of animal-derived protein, essential amino acids, and trace elements. However, poultry can be exposed to a wide array of environmental chemicals such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Organochlorine insecticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), have long been employed in agricultural and disease management. According to reports, DDT exposure may cause a multitude of negative impacts in humans. Such adverse health effects include teratogenic effects on fetus, carcinogenic effects, and reproductive disorders. Although being banned since 1970s, still OCPs are detected in foods of animal origin. Therefore, this review threw the light on the recent reports about the occurrence of OCPs residues in poultry meats and their potential adverse health effects on humans
Comparative Appraisal of Relative Economic Efficiency of Spirulina, Cinnamon oil and Citric Acid Dietary Supplementations and Their Effect on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Broiler chicken
Get PDFThe aim of this research was to test the hypothesis of an improved growth, feed utilization efficiency, and economic efficiency (EE) of broiler chickens reared on different diets supplemented with spirulina (SPA), cinnamon oil (CO) and citric acid (CA). Total of 128 broiler chicken were divided randomly in to 4 group 32 chicks for each, with 4 replicants (8 bird/replicant). Â Group1 (control) fed diet without any additives. Group2 fed control diet + spirulina (2g /kg feed). Group3 fed control diet + cinnamon oil (1ml /kg feed). Group4 fed control diet + citric acid (5g /kg feed). The result indicated that SPA, CO, and CA has a significant effect at (p<0.05) on growth performance parameters (feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)). SPA recorded the highest FI while CA recorded the lowest value. It was noticed that SPA and CA do better than CO in live weight and weight gain. The best FCR was in CA group (1.61). SPA and CA has considerable effect at (P<0.05) on dressing percent while, CO had no significant effect. CO and CA had a significant impact at (P<0.05) on thymus relative weight. From The Economic point of view CA and SPA in the select doses had improved economic measures and relative economic efficiency (REE) indicating high return and net profit, benefit cost ratio, profitability percent, net profit margin. In contrast CO had no distinct effect on these parameters in the selected dose. Bearing in mind that citric acid had a preference in improving economic efficiency over spirulina. SPA, CO and CA may be used as feed additives for broiler chicken to enhance growth performance, Economically CA and SPA in the selected doses is better to increase return and profitability. Citric acid has the advantage in terms of its presence in the market and its low price compared to spirulina
Impact of Dietary Oregano Plant Extract Supplementation on Carcass Traits, Physical and Chemical Meat Quality of Broilers
Get PDFThe aim of this experiment was to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of extracted oregano essential oils on the physical, chemical properties of meat and the carcass properties of broilers, 180 one day old chicks (Ross 308) arranged into3 dietary groups with 3 replicates (20 birds for each replicate). The experimental groups as follows: Group 1 (G1) control (basal diet), Group 2 (G2) included basal diet + 300 μl of oregano plant extract per kg of diet,  Group 3 (G3) contained basal diet + 600 µl of oregano plant extract for kg of diet. The period of experiment was 35 days. Results revealed that the % of dressed weight as well as % weight of breast was significantly (P ˂0.05) increased in groups which feeding with essential oil of oregano compared to a control diet. In contrast, there were no significant (P ˃ 0.05) influences of essential oils of oregano on (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, gizzard) relative weights and intestinal length. However, supplemented groups with oregano essential oils showed a significant decrease in % of pH, TVN and TBA, as well as a significant (P ˂ 0.05) reductions in % of cooking loss, % of drip loss and shear force of the pectoral muscles when compared to the group feeding control diet. A higher significant increase in WHC was found in the group supplemented with 600 μl of OEO compared to the 300µl OEO and control group. OEO had non-significant influence on breast meat color (a, b, l) compared to the group feeding control diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of essential oils of oregano plant extract can improve carcass quality, physical and chemical meat quality of broiler chickens
Retrospective Investigation of The Association Between the Length of Dry Period and Lactation Milk Production and Lifetime Traits During the Subsequent Lactations
Get PDFA total of 5844 normal lactation records on 1483 Holstein-Friesian cows were collected from El-Alamiah dairy farm in Egypt through the period from 1996 to 2018 to study the effect of the length of dry period on the subsequent lactation performance by evaluating the performance of milk production traits, lifetime traits and some welfare factors of Holstein-Friesian cows, raised in Egypt, to determine the best length of dry period. The milk production traits studied were total milk yield (TMY, kg), 305 days milk yield (305-d MY, kg) and lactation length (LL, day). The lifetime performance traits under study were complete lactation number (CLN, no.), productive life length (PL, month), longevity length (Lon, month), lifetime total milk yield (LTY, kg) and lifetime daily milk yield (LDY, kg). Welfare factors studied were mastitis and lameness scores. Â TMY, 305 d-MY and LL tended to increase with increasing DP length up to 90 d then decreased thereafter. While the lowest TMY and 305 d-MY (6470.76 and 5435.25 kg, respectively) and the shortest LL (305.81 d) were obtained when DP was below 31. Cows had DP category of 61 to 75d produced the largest amount of milk (34506.39 kg) in a longest Lon and PL (90.56 and 62.65 mo., respectively) and attained the biggest number of CLN (4.474 lactations). All lifetime traits tended to increase with increasing DP up to 61 to 75d then decreased thereafter. The 61 to 75 d DP had the largest mastitis number (0.3532), while DP category of 76 to 90d was associated with the highest lameness number (0.7976). However, no trends were observed in these traits with different DP length categories. The correlation coefficients between DP and all productive traits were significantly negative and ranged between -0.064 to -0.038. DP had no significant correlations with the health traits. Generally, the dry period of 61-75 days is the most optimum for Holstein Cows raised under subtropical warm climate. However, more studies to confirm these results under the Egyptian conditions are required
Study of Antimicrobial Activity of Abutilon pannosum Choline Chloride Based Extraction as Meat Preservatives
Get PDFMeat industry preservation methods to extend the shelf life and maintain the microbial safety of meat products. There is big shortage in research that conducting examination of the antimicrobial activity of Abutilon pannosum choline chloride based extracts (APCCBE). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of APCCBE in inhibiting the growth of common meat pathogens, investigated the potential impact of APCCBE treatment on the meat products shelf life. The polar fraction of Abutilon pannosum leaves fine powder was obtained via a solid-liquid extraction, GC-MS analysis, Antibacterial activity of fresh APCCBE was performed against four strains of microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis using Muller Hinton and six antibiotics discs (50 mg/mL) as follows; “Cefoxitin (FOX), Cephalothin (KF), Cotrimoxazole (TS), Gentamicin (GM), Augmentin (AUG) and Ampicillin (AP). Determination of the storage period of meatballs using packages containing APCCBE were each 100g of meatballs were wrapped by each package film concentration, stored in dark and cool conditions and compared with meatballs wrapped by uncoated PE film package. the study has declared that the APCCBE possess efficient antimicrobial effects against the test bacterial strains. These findings provide valuable knowledge in pathogenic bacteria treatment and food preservation, in addition to its ability in extension the shelf life of the chilled meatballs to about 2 weeks instead of 5 days only in case of control meatballs before and after cooking. Further research is needed to achieve the best application and usage of the extractions of APCCBE
Investigation on Fowl Adenovirus Outbreaks in some Broiler and Broiler Breeders’ Flocks in Egypt
Get PDFEgypt's poultry industry has been adversely impacted by multiple outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) in recent years, resulting in significant economic losses. So, this research aimed to identify and characterize IBH and HPS in broiler and broiler breeders’ flocks across the country for three years (2020-2022). Clinical cases of fowl adenovirus (FAdVs) infection in 835 flocks (10,000–20,000 birds in each flock) were investigated from 11 Egyptian provinces for identifying and genotyping FAdVs. The examined flocks showed variant symptoms of diarrhea, anemia, and general weakness. An enlarged, yellowish, and friable liver with necrotic foci was observed at necropsy, along with hydropericardium effusions, an enlarged, mottled spleen, enteritis, severe pancreatitis, and an inflamed bursa. DNA extracted from suspected isolates was analyzed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing targeting the loop L1 of the hexon gene. The sequences were analyzed using BLAST and compared to adenovirus available in the GenBank database NCBI. FAdVs were detected in 22.4% (146/650) of broiler flock samples and 32.9% (61/185) of broiler breeders’ flocks. Additionally, the hexon gene was subjected to phylogenetic analysis, which revealed that FAdVs can be classified into four genotypes. (FAdVs B-E) were detected from 34 represented samples (n= 34), 1 out of 34 FAdV-B, 3 out of 34 FAdV-C, 22 out of 34 FAdV-D, and 8 out of 34 FAdV-E (4 with 8a and 4 with 8b), FAdV-D was the most predominant. This investigation revealed the existence of infectious FADVs of various genotypes, and it is critical to design an effective vaccination program and comprehensive epidemic prevention in both broiler and broiler breeders’ flocks in Egypt
In vitro and in vivo appraisement of the potency of different antibiotics against experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infections as well as the effectiveness of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves extract against Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a natural antibiotic alternative
Get PDFMycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are two of the most serious infections in poultry, causing financial losses across the globe. Antibiotics treatment can lessen the clinical signs of MG and MS infection in birds and help restrict the spread of these infections. However, the rise of antibiotics multidrug resistance (MDR) among poultry diseases is still a problem for the world's health. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is crucial to resolving this issue since it helps ensure correct antibiotic use and fights the development of antibiotic resistance. This investigation aims to assess the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of several antibiotics (tilmicosin, tylosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, and doxycycline) against MG and MS field isolates, in addition to guava leaves extract (GLE) against MG. For in vivo study, 510, one day old chicks were randomly split into 17 groups the birds were experimentally infected at 3 days old and supplied with different treatments in drinking waters for 5 successive days at 18 days old. The results of in vitro study showed that tilmicosin was the most effective against MG isolates with MIC values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.0156 μg/ml and spiramycin considered effective against MS with MIC values ranging from 0.015625 to16μg/ml and MIC value of GLE was 0.25 μg/ml that was considered as moderate sensitive to MG infection. The in vivo study revealed that tilmicosin and spiramycin were able to significantly lower the clinical score, lesion score, and re-isolation rate of MG and MS, respectively in the treated birds at p-value < 0.05 in contrast with control positive infected untreated groups. Additionally, the treated groups with tilmicosin in MG infection and spiramycin in MS infection showed significantly higher mean body weights (MBW) compared to the infected untreated ones at p-value < 0.05. The current study demonstrates that MG and MS's sensitivity to many of the most popular drugs changed as in tylosin become low sensitive and erythromycin become resistant. GLE has moderate sensitivity antibacterial effect against MG isolates both in vivo and in vitro and can be used as a natural antibiotic alternative. Therefore, we recommend periodical monitoring of the sensitivity of the circulation MG and MS strains using MIC test to overcome MDR of avian mycoplasmas with further suggestion to evaluate GLE as nano-preparation against MG infection
Epidemiological and molecular study on bovine malignant catarrhal fever in Assiut Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFMany domestic and wild animals are susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which is a lymphoproliferative, multisystemic, and fatal disease. The present study was conducted on 50 animals of various species (47 cattle and 3 buffaloes). The clinical examination findings revealed a persistent high fever, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, corneal opacity, respiratory symptoms, oral lesions, and ulcerative skin lesions. Buffy coat samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay have been used. Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in the buffy coat of 21 cattle. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of OvHV-2 were performed in our study. The phylogenetic analysis of the PCR product of the Egyptian strain of OvHV-2 (Assiut) showed close similarity with OvHV-2 strains of different governorates (Beni-suef, Giza and Fayoum) of Egypt, India, Turkey, Iraq, Italy, Brazil andUnited Kingdom. There was no significant variation (P<0.05) between the percentages of MCF infection and the sex, age, and breed (native and mixed breed) of molecularly tested animals. According to the climatologic conditions of Assiut governorate, there is no discernible difference (P<0.05) between the MCF infection rate and the cold and hot months. To date, this is the first report of OvHV-2 in the Assiut, so it is advisable to separate susceptible animals from sheep, especially during lambing, and to euthanize any animals that are clinically infected with MCF
Combination of vitamin A, E, C and volatile oils improves somatic cell counts status and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows
Get PDFThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamins A, E, and C and volatile oils (Superimmune®) on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows. For this purpose, 30 lactating Holstein cows were used at an early stage of lactation. The cows were randomly allocated to five groups (six each). The first group was supplemented daily with 20 ml of Superimmune® (200,000 IU vit. A, 100mg vit E and 20mg vit. C, Eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, and peppermint oil). The second group was supplemented with 200,000 IU vit. A: third group with 100 mg vit. E), and the fourth group (20 mg vit. C. The fifth group was maintained without treatment (control). Milk production, somatic cell counts, and antioxidant parameters were measured before treatment and at one- and two-months post-treatment. Cows that received Superimmune® showed a significant decrease in somatic cell count compared with the other groups at one-month post-treatment (p<0.05) and onward. There was also a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p<0.01), glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01) in cows that received a combination compared to the other groups). However, there was a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.01). Milk production showed a non-significant increase in cows receiving a combination of vitamins compared to the other groups. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamins and volatile oils may have a better effect on somatic cell counts and milk antioxidant parameters in dairy cows than supplementation with a single vitamin.  
Indigenous Goat Genetic Resources In Indonesia: Current Status and Future Improvement
Get PDFGoats have made an important contribution to household income and food security, especially in rural areas. Goats have provided meat and milk as high-quality protein sources, and are an integral part of rural livelihoods and an insurance against future emergencies. Nearly 19.22 million heads of goats are distributed throughout the Islands of Indonesia, most of which belong to indigenous breeds, which possess phenotypic and genetic diversities that are indispansable for their conservation and genetic improvement programs. Despite their considerable diversities, not all the indigenous goats are fully characterized and harnessed. Unfortunately, some are classified as at risk of extinction. Since small-scale farmers with traditional production systems dominate in the country, goat productivity is relatively low. But the indigenous goats are still important genetic resources due to their adaptive traits that are relevant to climate change and low maintenance. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge, production system, and future improvement of the indigenous goat genetic resources in Indonesia