Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, and Chromium Residues in Camel Meat and Offal
Get PDFIn several nations of the Middle East, camel meat is a significant source of animal-derived protein, vitamins, and minerals. In the Arab and African continents, camels are extremely significant. The study was conducted to determine the residual levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium). Camel meat plays a significant role in these regions as a source of protein, but it may also contain many toxic substances as residues contamination with heavy metals, which are considered serious threats not only due to their toxicity but also because of bioaccumulation in the food chain. The average lead levels in the analyzed samples of muscles, kidneys, and livers were 0.11±0.03, 0.47±1.18, and 0.7±0.13 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of cadmium in muscles, livers, and kidneys, however, were 0.13±0.04, 0.43±0.12, and 0.85±0.34 mg/kg, respectively. While the residual chromium levels in the muscles, livers, and kidneys were, respectively, 0.1±0.45, 0.21±0.11, and 0.25±0.07 mg/kg. The residual level of all the metals in different tissues were found to be substantially different, with a p-value <0.05, whereas nickel was 0.13, 0.16, and 0.23 mg/kg. In conclusion, liver and kidneys has higher concentrations of the tested metals compared with muscles. However, the recorded concentrations of the tested metals lies within the acceptable limits set by the regulatory authorities
Uses of Diagnostic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Some Digestive Disorders in Cattle and Buffalo
Get PDFThe bovine sector represents an important part of the animal resources in Egypt, as it plays important role in supplying humans with a considerable part of their daily needs of animal-derived proteins via their milk and meat. However, such animal species can be exposed during their life to a wide range of digestive disorders, which affect animal performance and productivity. Ultrasonography plays an essential role in the accurate and rapid diagnosis of several diseases affecting cattle and buffaloes. In this review, we will highlight the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of digestive disorders in cattle and buffaloes.
 
Predominance and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella and E. coli From Meat and Meat products
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and E. coli isolates recovered from 200 meat and meat products samples (fresh beef, imported frozen meat, imported frozen beef liver, minced beef, beef burger, Egyptian luncheon, kofta and fresh beef sausage), collected randomly from supermarkets and grocery stores at El Fayoum governorate, between September 2019 to July 2020. E. coli was detected in 3% (n= 6/200) and Salmonella in 1.5% (n=3/200) of the total samples, respectively. Salmonella isolates were serotyped as S. Infantis from frozen Brazilian meat, S. Typhimurium from fresh beef sausage and S. Tsevie from fresh minced beef. Serotyping of E. coli showed that E. coli O26:H11, E. coli O91:H21, E. coli O128:H2, and E. coli O124 were isolated from fresh minced beef, frozen beef liver, kofta and beef sausage, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance phenotyping revealed that the isolated Salmonella and E. coli strains were resistant to 60-86.66% and 66.66- 93.33% of the total tested antibiotics, respectively. E. coli strains were positive for blaCTX-M, aadB, Sul1, dfrA, tetA(A), blaSHV, and qnrA, while BlaTEM, BlaCTX-M, qnrA and aadB virulence genes were detected in Salmonella. The antimicrobial resistance genotypic and phenotypic data evaluated in this study would be helpful to estimate the transmission of multilinked antimicrobial resistance genes to human pathogens and the likelihood of consumer exposure to resistant strains.
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Effect of Cryopreservation on Arabian Stallion Semen After Adding INRA96 and DMF Based Extenders
Get PDFCryopreservation is very important technique in AI centers of stallions, it preserves sperms for long period and spread the superior genetic merits between different animal’s breeds. However, using of cryopreserved sperms lead to decreasing the fertility between animals, due to lethal damage of sperms during preservation process; so, this study aimed to use the two different freezing media with decreasing post thawing sperm damage. A total of 54 ejaculates were collected from nine pure fertile Egyptian Stallions (6 ejaculates per stallion), individually housed at a Veterinary Clinic in Giza Government. Semen sample was collected by Missouri AV on a regular basis (two collections ℠week) during the 2021 breeding season in presence of teaser mare. The collected ejaculates were sent to the laboratory immediately for evaluation by CASA (total concentration, progressive motility, static motility, and sperm abnormalities). Ejaculates were filtrated for removal gel fraction; filtrated ejaculates were diluted by EDTA-glucose media for centrifugation and the resulting sperm pellets were split into 2 equal aliquots and then extended in freezing media. INRA96 Milk-based Extender with glycerol and Egg yolk- based Extender with DMF (dimethylformamide) were used in this study as freezing extenders. Diluted semen was packaged into 0.5 ml straw then cooling at 4 ◦C and freezing by vapor of liquid nitrogen and after that preserved by freezing in liquid nitrogen container at -196ⰠC. After keeping the frozen straws in liquid nitrogen for one week, at least 2 straws were taken for thawing and evaluating post thawing-freezing motility. Finally thawed-frozen semen was inseminated inside fertile mares for calculation the conception rate after one month. Post thawing motility were evaluated in extended semen by two different extenders. The obtained results showed a change in the motility by decreasing in INRA-diluted semen compared to DMF-diluted semen. Conception rate was recorded after insemination and showed a high significant in DMF-diluted semen than INRA diluted semen. We concluded that the frozen semen with DMF based diluent did not decrease the motility of sperms after thawing and achieved high conception rate when compared with INRA based glycerol diluent.
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Prevalence and Antibiogram of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Among Nile Tilapia and Smoked Herring, with an Emphasis on their Antibiotic Resistance Genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA-1 and ampC) and Virulence Determinant (oprL and toxA)
Get PDFBacterial diseases are one of the most challenging issues facing aquaculture sector. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) has been regarded as one of the most significant threats to the fishing industry, which also affects public health. We aimed to elucidate the occurrence and antibiogram profile of P. aeruginosa recovered from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and smoked herring (Clupea harengus) with emphasis on their antibiotic resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA-1 and ampC) and virulence determinant genes (oprL and toxA). A total of 150 fish samples (110 diseased Nile tilapia, and 40 smoked herring) were collected randomly from retails of Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The retrieved isolates were phenotypically characterized using standard methods of culturing and biochemical tests. Then, verified using molecular assay, 16S rRNA gene was detected in 100% of the tested isolates. The overall incidence of P. aeruginosa was 33.3%, out of which 45% from smoked herring and 29% from Nile Tilapia. The occurrence of P. aeruginosa in various infected organs of O. niloticus showed that the gills were the most obviously infected organ followed by kidney, liver, and spleen, respectively. A significant difference (P< 0.05) was noticed in the distribution of P. aeruginosa among O. niloticus internal organs. The phenotypic susceptibility to nine commonly used antimicrobial agents was detected using disc diffusion assay. The tested strains were extremely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and imipenem, whereas exhibited remarkable resistance to oxacillin, cefpodoxime, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and nalidixic acid. Interestingly, 100% of P. aeruginosa isolates were multiple antimicrobial resistant (MAR). Three resistance phenotypes profiles were identified with MAR index ranged from 0.4-0.5. Screening for antibiotic resistance genes revealed a diversity of β-lactamases in P. aeruginosa isolates, with blaTEM being the most dominant gene (100%), followed by blaSHV, blaOXA-1 and ampC with a total prevalence of 66.6% to all of them. The identified antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes were found to be significantly correlated. Subsequently, the distribution of virulence determinants in these strains was identified. These isolates had 100% prevalence of oprL and toxA virulence genes. In conclusion, the emergence of MDR P. aeruginosa in fish particularly ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases producers could pose a potential health hazard to consumers. Thus, antimicrobial susceptibility must be continuously monitored to assess potential risks to human health. Ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and imipenem were the most efficient antibiotics for treatment of the identified P. aeruginosa, ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases producers
Role of Damsisa and Synbiotics in Treatment of Unthriftiness in Buffalo Calves in Sharkia Governorate
Get PDFUnthriftiness is the major problems affect health and body performance of calves and induce many losses even with treatment. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate some adverse effects of unthriftiness on hematobiochemical parameters and some antioxidant enzymes as well as using Ambrosia maritime or synbiotics each alone with mineral mixture in treatment unthrifty calves. A total of 20 buffalo calves of 4-6 month old (5 healthy calves and their body weight 200-250 kg, in addition to 15 unthrifty calves and their body weight 120-150 kg) belonged to a private farm in Abo Hamad City - Sharkia Province. All calves were injected with one dose of Ivomec super to ensure that all calves were free from internal and external parasite. At day 30 post Ivomec injection, calves were divided into 4 equal groups (5/each). All calves were received 3 kg concentrates contain 2 kg mineral mixture/ton and 5 kg berseem all over the experimental period. The1st group healthy buffalo calves (-ve control), the 2nd group unthrifty calves not treated (+ve control), the 3rd group unthrifty calves received 0.5 ml synbiotics /I liter drinking water for 60 successive days, the 4th group unthrifty calves received 1 % dried leaves of damsisa for 60 days. All caves were weighted at start of the experiment and at 1st day post treatment for determination weight gain and FCR. At1st day post treatment blood samples were taken from all calves for estimation some hematobiochemical parameters. Unthrifty calves show significant decrease in serum copper, iron, selenium, zinc, body weight gain, RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs, serum total protein albumin, globulin, A/G ratio cholesterol, CAT and SOD beside insignificant decrease in Ca, Ph, Na, FCR, total lipid, triglycerides and MDA associated with non-significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP. Findings revealed that unthrifty calves received synbiotics  or damsisa for 60 successive days displayed significant increases in weight gain, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, beside insignificant increases in copper, iron, selenium, zinc, Ca, Ph, Na, RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs, AST, ALT, ALP, Total lipid, triglyceride, MDA coupled with non-significant decreases in RBCs, Hb, PCV and WBCs, serum cholesterol, CAT and SOD. It could be concluded that unthriftiness induce many adverse effects in health and body performance of calves but mineral mixture with synbiotics or with damsisa had better results in improvement the adverse effects in hematobiochemical parameter in unthrifty calves
Some Studies on the Effect of Annona muricata and Cisplatin on Rats Suffering from Liver Cancer
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbone tetrachloride (CCl4) on inducing liver cancer beside the effect of Cisplatin and Annona muricata on the treatment of liver cancer in rats and to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Annona muricata leaf. A total of 56 healthy male-albino rats (3-4 months old), weighing between 180-200 g 9Average body weight) were divided into two main groups. Group (1) contained 14 healthy rats left without any treatment (Negative control), then 42 healthy rats received IP injection with CCl4 at dose of 1 ml/ kg/ twice every week for 8 weeks to develop Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), after the onset of liver cancer, rats were separated into three equal groups (14 in each) as follow: Group (2) included 14 rats suffered from liver cancer and left without any treatment (Positive control). Group (3) involved 14 rats suffered from liver cancer and received IP injection of Cisplatin at dose of 6 mg/kg/week for 4 weeks. Group (4) included 14 rats that had liver and received Annona muricata orally at dose of 300 mg/kg every day for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment blood samples were taken from all rats in all groups to preserve the serum for estimation of serum liver enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB). Liver tissue was collected for gene expression determination of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels, and Immunohistochemistry studies carried out to measure Silver-stained Nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In the current work, it has been found that; rats with HCC showed significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, Nrf2, BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels in comparison with negative control rats. Rats with HCC treated with Cisplatin displayed non-significant decrease in serum AST, ALT, ALP and Nrf2 beside significant decrease in BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in comparison with positive control rats. Rats with HCC treated with Annona muricata displayed significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP, Nrf2, BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in comparison with positive control rats. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained rat liver of negative control group showing negative expression for AgNORs beside negative expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC showed positive severe expression for AgNORs beside moderate to severe positive expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC treated with Cisplatin showed positive mild to moderate expression neither for AgNORs beside mild to moderate positive expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC treated with Annona muricata showed positive mild expression for AgNORs beside negative to mild positive expression for α-SMA. In conclusion, the present study indicates that Annona muricata gives significant improvements in treatment of Albino rats with liver cancer, due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects beside improvements of hepatorenal cellular carcinoma
Characterization of Egyptian Beauveria bassiana Strain for Biocontrol of Musca domestica
Get PDFBeauveria spp., an entomopathogenic fungus, has recently been widely used as a biocontrol agent of house fly populations to evade the critical effects of chemical insecticides on humans, animals, and the natural ecosystem. In the presented study, different types of fungi were isolated from house flies collected from various locations in different Egyptian governorates between 2021 and 2022. The flies were caught in garbage dumps, dairy and meat production units on cattle farms and poultry farms. The entomopathogenic fungi were identified morphologically and genetically, showing that the isolate was molecularly identified as Beauveria bassiana. This efficacy of the isolated fungal strain against the house fly, M. domestica, was estimated using laboratory bioassay by the immersion method. The isolated fungal strain successfully induced fatal changes with a high mortality rate in the laboratory-reared house flies, which confirms the scientific world researches which has been carried out. The achieved result showed a direct correlation between fungal concentrations and the mortality rate, which reached up to 99.16 %. They also exhibited great destruction and a direct relationship between the increase in spore concentration and the degree of overall DNA genotoxic damage in the exposed fly's DNA to Beauveria bassiana. Beauveria bassiana MN960454.1 can be used as an efficient way for controlling house fly biologically reached up to 99.16 %. Thus, it is recommended to apply Beauveria spp. as a spray in house fly breeding areas
Dietary Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder on Growth Performance of Commercial Broiler
Get PDFThe study was conducted during summer (April-May) to investigate the growth performance of 120-day-old mixed-sex commercial broiler chicks (Cobb-400) by examining the dietary effects of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) powder supplementation. In a 28-day experiment, four distinct diets (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were utilized, each containing varying amounts of dried garlic powder (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The effectiveness of garlic powder on feeding was evaluated by measuring weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing yield, and survivability. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight gain among the treatment groups in the first seven days. However, significant differences were observed in broiler diets containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% garlic powder during the 8-14, 15-21, and 22-28 day periods, with the highest body weight gain observed in birds fed a diet containing 1% garlic powder. Furthermore, significant enhancements (P<0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed by increasing the inclusion of garlic powder compared to the control group during specific age periods (1-7, 15-21, and 22-28 days), with the treatment group fed with 1% garlic powder exhibiting the most favorable FCR at the trial’s conclusion. Regarding feed intake and survivability, the study showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in broilers with different dietary treatments. The inclusion of garlic powder in broiler feed led to a notable decrease in fat content and an increase in dressing yield, with the highest yield achieved at a 1% supplementation level. Therefore, the study suggests that 1% garlic powder could be a potential feed additive to enhance the overall performance of the broiler
Antifungal Effect of Some Natural Substances on Fluconazole-resistant Candida species Recovered from Mastitis
Get PDFA wide range of essential plant oils and extracts have been shown to be fungal inhibitors and could provide attempting alternative for treating animal infections. The current study screened the in-vitro antifungal properties of propolis in addition to Eucalyptus and Moringa essential oils on some fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates recovered from cases of bovine and ovine mycotic mastitis through determination of their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). Propolis recorded MIC and MFC ranged from 44 mg/mL to 175 mg/mL and the isolates of C. albicans were the most sensitive. Eucalyptus was the most effective essential oil with MIC and MFC ranged from 2 mg/mL to 16 mg/mL and was mostly effective against C. tropicalis, C. albicans and C. kefyr. Regarding Moringa essential oil, the recorded MIC and MFC ranged from 31.25 mg/mL to 125 mg/mL and the most sensitive isolates were C. tropicalis and C. kefyr. The molecular characterization of azole-resistance genes revealed that all tested isolates harbored CDR gene 100%, while MDR1 and ERG11 genes were represented as 80% and 40%, respectively. Therefore, the antifungal effect of propolis and essential oils of Eucalyptus and Moringa against fluconazole-resistant Candida species were highlighted in the current study and can be employed as useful alternatives for the treatment of bovine and ovine mycotic mastitis