Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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First Report of Pigeon Maggot, Musca domestica in a Pigeon Squab in Egypt
Get PDFIn this study, we retrieved 42 live third-stage larvae from the crop of an infected squab. This condition is known as myiasis, which occurs due to the infestation of fly larvae belonging to the order Diptera in the tissues. The larvae may affect the storage and digestive functions of the crop in squabs. Here, we report the first case of crop myiasis in a pigeon squab, caused by Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), identified using morphological keys
Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase‑negative Staphylococci from Bovine Mastitis Milk with Detection of Interleukins in Milk and Serum of Infected Cows
Get PDFStaphylococci are the most typical bacteria found in cattle with mastitis, either Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS). The study’s goal was to determine the prevalence of Staphylococci in bovine mastitis, the antimicrobial profile, and evaluate the concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) related to the inflammatory response in clinical mastitis by ELISA. S. aureus (54%) and CNS (19%) were detected in 400 samples of milk from both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The S. aureus isolates revealed higher resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (98.1%), cefotaxime (88.9%), erythromycin (63.2%), cefuroxime (63%), and tetracycline (61.1%). Furthermore, the CNS isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by ampicillin (94.7%), cefotaxime (89.5%), erythromycin (79.6%), cefuroxime (89.5%), and tetracycline (73.7%). However, the high susceptibility of S. aureus and CNS was observed to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, Cows with clinical mastitis reported high levels of IL-6 in both their serum and their milk. While they have much lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 than normal ones (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it is recommended that laboratory results be carefully interpreted to avoid antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococci that is not clinically relevant and to ensure the advisable use of antimicrobials. Also, further study on the application of interleukins as therapeutic agents against bovine mastitis should be considered.
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Evaluation of Anti-helminthic Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Calotropis procera and Morinda lucida on Adult Fasciola gigantica
Get PDFMainstay anti-fascioliasis drugs are faced with the threat of drug resistance, hence, the need for new alternative chemotherapy for the management of the disease. The present study was conducted to determine the anthelminthic efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera and Morinda lucida against the adults of Fasciola gigantica. The ethanolic extract of air-dried pulverized leaves of C. procera and M. lucida was tested on matured flukes at different concentrations; 10, 20, 40, 50 and 100 mg/ml. The anti-Fasciola efficacy of M. lucida and C. procera extract was both time and concentration dependent (p < 0.05). The lowest death time (i.e. highest flukicidal activity) 26.67±5.77 min and 40±0.00 min was recorded at 100 mg/ml extract concentration in C. procera and M. lucida respectively. Generally, the adult flukes’ death time decreased with increase in the concentration of the plants extracts. The LC50 and LC90 of C. procera and M. lucida within 110 min exposure time were 4.61 and 10.87 mg/ml, and 24 and 46.8 mg/ml respectively. The study showed that C. procera and M. lucida have anti-Fasciola activities. The activity of C. procera however, was superior to that of M. lucida
Effect of Moringa olifera Aqueous Extract on Food Poisoning Pathogens Isolated from Dairy Products
Get PDFThe high nutritional value of milk and dairy products renders them susceptible for bacterial contamination easily under the absence of hygienic practices and regulations. Therefore, a total of 100 random samples of milk and milk products (25 of each: raw milk, kareish cheese, processed cheese and ice cream) were collected from both Sharkia and Dakahlia Provinces, Egypt, for microbiological examinations. Staphylococcus. aureus and Pseudomonas. aeroginosa counts were performed using HiCrome™ Staph Selective Agar (Himedia, Mumbai) and Pseudomonas Agar Base (Himedia, Mumbai) with glycerol and CetriNix Supplement (Himedia, Mumbai) as a selective media. The obtained results revealed that the mean S. aureus counts in the examined raw milk, kariesh cheese, processed cheese and ice cream were 3.08x105±1.73x105, 3.20x105±2.80x105, 5.78x104±4.24x104 and 6.60x105±2.93x105 CFU/g, respectively; the mean Pseudomonas. aeruginosa counts in the examined raw milk, kariesh cheese, processed cheese and ice cream were 2.02x106±1.24x106, 1.85x104±8.80x104, 2.26x105±1.43x105 and 7.68x105±4.22x105 CFU/g, respectively According to the Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality (EOS) all samples examined in this study exceeded the permissible limits of S. aureus counts reported in Egyptian Standards. The examined samples were not accepted for S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa count. In conclusion, the examined products revealed unsatisfactory hygienic measures. Therefore, strict hygienic practices should be adopted during processing of dairy products to improve the bacteriological quality of such products. Moringa olifera 0.05% aqueous extract showed antibacterial effect against S. aureus by 56.7% and 83.3% reduction percentage in examined yogurt at day one and day three, respectively, but no effect against Pseudomonas. aeruginosa.
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Impact of Oral Administration of Chitosan–nanoparticles on Oxidative Stress Index and Gut Microbiota of Heat Stressed Broilers
Get PDFThe study investigated the effect of the administration of chitosan–nanoparticles (ChNP) on body performance, gut microbiota, some immunological parameters, expression of digestibility, and antioxidant-related genes in broilers. A total of 80 one-day-old Ross mixed-sex chicks were divided into two groups (40 birds each) in open door system: Chicks in group 1 were fed a basal diet as control, whereas chicks in group 2, were fed a basal diet, and drinking water supplemented with 50-mg ChNP/L. The experimental period lasted three weeks with a daily observation of body performance. Serum and tissue samples were collected for immunological evaluation, microbiota counts, and estimation of mRNA expression levels. ChNPs supplementation significantly increased beneficial microbiota and diminished coliforms, improved growth performance, kidney functions, total antioxidant capacity, and gene expressions of Glut, CAT1, CAT, SOD, and GPX1 in broilers. In conclusion, supplementation of ChNP led to an upregulation of body performance and antioxidant activity of broiler chicks phenotypically and genotypically
Effect of Dietary Selenium Nanoparticles Supplementation on Hematological, Serum Biochemical, Oxidant-Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Broilers Challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium
Get PDFThe current study evaluated the efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and immunological responses induced by S. Typhimurium in broiler chickens. Chicks (N=120) were divided into six groups. Group 1: received no treatment and set as a control group. Group 2: fed Se-NPs enriched diet (0.5 mg/kg diet). Group 3: subjected to oral challenge with 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 4: administrated Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) then on day 21 was subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 5: vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml subcutaneous (s/c) injection on day 3 then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. Group 6: treated from day 1 with Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) till the end of the experiment and vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml (s/c) on day 3 and then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. The results showed that S. Typhimurium significantly decreased erythrogram, lymphocytes count, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum iron, and TIBC, GPX, SOD, TAC, and IL-10 expression compared to the control. Meanwhile, S. Typhimurium significantly increased TLC, heterophils, monocytes, serum ferritin, liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal products (creatinine, uric acid), MDA, IL6 expression. Conversely, the dietary Se-NPs supplementation and/or Salmonella vaccine to the infected broiler induced, to various degrees, improvement in hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and proinflammatory responses compared to challenged group. In conclusion, dietary Se-NPs supplementation offered a direct protection against S. Typhimurium infection for sustaining poultry production and correspondingly protecting human health
Immunolocalization of Androgen Receptor and PCNA in Male Reproductive Tract of Dromedary Camel during the Rutting Season
Get PDFThe male reproductive tissues including the testis, epididymis, and prostate gland undergo dramatic changes in seasonal breeders from the breeding to non-breeding seasons. Classically, sex steroid hormones play important roles in the epididymis, and prostate gland morphology and functions. To clarify the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) expression and seasonal changes in the male dromedary camel, the immunolocalizations of AR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were investigated in the testis, epididymis, ductus deference and prostate gland of the dromedary male camel in the breeding season (October to April) using immunohistochemistry, morphometrical measurements, and blood analysis. The testis showed a positive immunostaining of AR and PCNA. The reactions were observed in spermatogonia of the seminiferous epithelium. In the interstitial compartment, weak reaction was found in Leydig cells. Moreover, the epididymal epithelial cells displayed positive AR and PCNA reaction that was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of principal, basal, and dark cells. The most extensive immunostaining of AR was also present in the body segment. However, the staining signals of AR decreased in the in the head and tail. Furthermore, the ampullary glands epithelium and its duct epithelium were positive for AR and PCNA. Comparatively, the epithelial cells lining the ductus deferens in (DI) and (DM) displayed negative staining than those of other cell types. Finally, the immunostaining for AR and PCNA was detected in tubuloalveolar glands epithelium of both proximal part and distal part. However, in the fibromuscular layer, showed negative staining of both proximal and distal part. Strong immunostaining was detected in in the urothelial cells of prostatic urethra
Bacillus Cereus Characteristics, Virulence Factors Profiles and Toxin Production
Get PDFBacillus cereus is a Gram positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium characterized by large rod- shaped cells and an ability to form heat-resistant endospores. Because this bacterium is so widely distributed throughout nature and is frequently found in soil, it is naturally present in a wide variety of food products of both animal and plant origin. The presence of B. cereus and its virulence factors   in dairy products may result in food poisoning and other illnesses. B. cereus causes two types of intestinal illness: emetic (vomiting) and diarrheal. Furthermore, the bacterium causes a variety of systemic and local infections in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent persons. Different toxins and pathogenic factors like nonhemolytic enterotoxin Nhe, hemolytic enterotoxin Hbl, enterotoxin FM and cytotoxin K are accountable for diarrheal syndrome, meanwhile the depsipeptide cereulide toxin causes emetic syndrome. Because of its genetic similarity to Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis, the ability to detect this pathogen in food is frequently difficult. We reviewed characters, virulent attributes, toxins profiles of this particular bacterium. Current control methods are limited so future control strategies must be developed
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Fish and Fish Products: A review on the Incidence, Public Health Significance, Virulence Factors, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Biofilm Formation
Get PDFPseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a psychotropic pathogenic bacterium that is considered one of the most common spoilage microorganisms related to seafood’s consumption. P. aeruginosa is widely distributed in nature and isolated from soil, plants, animals, and water. Because of its high resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, P. aeruginosa is more dangerous than other spoilage bacteria. It possesses a diverse set of virulence factors capable of causing severe and aggressive infections in humans and animals. Antibiotic resistance genes are easily transmitted to humans via contaminated seafood, resulting in a serious antibiotic resistance. The ability of P. aeruginosa to form a biofilm maintains its environmental survival and allows its quick adaptation to harsh environments. Therefore, for the benefit of customers and public health globally, the safety and bacteriological quality of commercially processed fish and its products are crucial
Assessment of the Impact of Bacillus Probiotics, Coconut Oil and Nigella sativa Oil on Productive Performance, Economic Indicators and Carcass Characteristics of cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
Get PDFThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of probiotic mixture (B. subtilis and B. lieniformis), Coconut oil (CO) and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) or Black cumin oil (BCO) on productive performance, economic efficiency indicators and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. For this purpose, 140 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb500) were weighed individually and assigned randomly into four treatments (T) 35 chicks in each, divided into five replicates of 7 chicks in each. (T1) control fed a basal diet, (T2) fed a basal diet + Coconut oil (10 ml/kg feed); (T3) fed a basal diet + Nigella sativa oil (1ml/kg feed) and (T4) fed a basal diet + bacillus probiotics (1g/kg of diet). Results clarified that CO, NSO and probiotic mixture groups improved significantly (P>0.05) the productive parameters (final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) compared to control group. CO-based diet group recorded the highest BW and BWG, while probiotics mixture group was superior in feed intake value. The lowest FCR value was recorded in CO and NSO-based diet groups. The best economic efficiency measures were scored in CO followed by NSO then bacillus probiotics. Also, there are significant differences (P<0.05) among dietary treatments on relative weight of carcass, inner organs and immune organs. Diet containing NSO acquired the highest dressing percent (73.50%), while the highest relative weight of (heart, proventriculus, thymus, spleen %) was registered in broilers fed probiotics mixture diet. In conclusion CO, NSO, probiotics mixture-based diet has a beneficial influence on productive performance and economic indicators, thus highly recommended utilizing those supplements as natural feed additives