Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Metabolomic Analyses, Toxicity Biomarkers and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Nile Tilapia Exposed to Diazinon Toxicity
Get PDFThis study was undertaken to screen for some biomarkers of toxicity in the liver of Nile tilapia fish during subacute Diazinon toxicity (0.28 mgL-1 for 25 days) by using Targeted metabolomics analyses and quantitatively measure 17 amino acids, and also to monitor antioxidant status of liver (glutathione, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde). There were significant increases in branched chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine (p>0.01, p>0.05and p>0.01) respectively. There was a significant increase in phenylalanine (an aromatic amino acid) P>0.05, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde P>0.001), and significant decreases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-px) with p values (P>0.01, P>0.01, and P> 0.001) respectively. Histopathological examination showed diffuse hepatocellular necrosis with multifocal granuloma and massive hepatocellular vacuolation with congested sinusoids. It can be concluded that subacute toxicity of DZN in Nile tilapia is involved in proliferation and growth of tumor cells and negatively affects the antioxidant status of the liver
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Different Sources
Get PDFYersinia enterocolitica is an enteropathogen that widely distributed in nature with high public health relevance and transmitted mostly by contaminated food. This study aimed to study the prevalence; phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolated Y. enterocolitica strains from 175 random samples of cow milk; beef; chicken meat; diarrheic cow and sheep faeces(35 for each), collected from different shops; dairy herds and sheep flocks, at Kaliobia Governorate Egypt, beside, investigation of the possible relationships among the isolated Y. enterocolitica strains. The obtained results revealed that 18 Y. enterocolitica isolates were recovered; they were isolated from cow milk samples (6/17.1%); chicken meat (5/14.3%); beef (4/11.4%) and cow faeces (3/8.6%), but failed to be isolated from sheep faeces. Four biotype groups (four 1A; seven 1B, three biotype 3 and four biotype4) were recognized biochemically. Moreover, many phenotypic virulence factors detected in some isolates as hemlysin , lecithinase, lipase ,proteinase and biofilm formation  the isolated Y. enterocolitica were highly resistant for Penicillin G. ; ampicillin ; tetracycline ; amoxicillin and streptomycin ,but  they were highly sensitive to meropenem ; norfloxacin ; ciprofloxacin ; gentamycin and Florfenicol. PCR appeared that, the ail gene was amplified in five and yst gene in four out of eight studied Y. enterocolitica strains. ERIC PCR showed many bands from 214 to 1228 and divided the 8 isolate to three genotypes. In conclusion, Y. enterocolitica strains with multiple antimicrobial resistances were isolated from milk, beef, chicken meat, cow faeces and could represent a public health concern. So, strict hygienic measures should be applied to minimize Y. enterocolitica contamination in milk and meat, also the antimicrobial resistances of Y. enterocolitica isolates should be monitored continuously to avoid public health hazards
Acrylamide Mitigating Effect of Grapefruit Seed and Guava Seed Extracts, and their Combination, in Deep-fried or Air-fried Camel Rice-kofta (Ethnic Egyptian Food)
Get PDFThe goal of this research was to mitigate the quantity of acrylamide produced in camel Rice-kofta by including natural antioxidants derived from grapefruit (GFSE) and guava seed extract (GVSE), as well as to assess the mitigation impact of air-frying against deep-frying. Rice-kofta was prepared and divided into four different groups: control, 0.1% GFSE, 0.1% GVSE, and 0.1% mixed grapefruit and guava seed extracts (ME), the weight of each group was about 500 g. Then each one of the four groups divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup was processed using two different cooking methods: deep frying with sunflower oil and air fryer separately. Over the course of 9 days of chilling storage, the other raw subgroup (treated and control) was tested for antioxidant stability (MDA). The results revealed that air-frying reduced acrylamide generation in rice-kofta by 38.2% when compared to deep-oil frying. Addition of GFSE, GVSE, and their combination were able to suppress acrylamide formation in rice-kofta by 21.37%, 36.56%, and 40.70%, during deep-oil frying and 18.96%, 1.49%, and 41.19% in air frying cooking, respectively. The efficiency of GFSE and GVSE in attenuating acrylamide was influenced by the cooking method, with GFSE being more significant in deep-frying and the GVSE mitigation effect being more powerful in air-frying. Considerably, GVSE increased the oxidative stability of rice-kofta at chilling temperature, followed by the mixture extract (ME), as compared to the control. These features could explain why GVSE reduces acrylamide more effectively during air-frying than deep-frying, whereas GFSE has the opposite effect. In conclusion, fruit waste extracts investigated in the current study were able to reduce acrylamide production and improve oxidative stability in camel Rice-kofta
Screening of Particular Food-borne Pathogens in Raw Buffalos’ milk and some Popular Artisanal Egyptian Dairy Products
Get PDFAlthough their nutritive value and popularity, milk and dairy products frequently serve as a vehicle for the various pathogens of both human and animal origins. A wide variety of artisanal dairy products are produced in rural areas and villages of Egypt and due to lack of strict hygienic measures and lack of thermal treatment, these products usually harbor a variety of spoilage and possibly food-poisoning microorganisms. The current study aimed to investigate the contamination incidence of raw milk, Kariesh cheese and artisanal Yoghurt (Zabady) by staphylococci, E. coli and Bacillus cereus. Overall, 75 samples of raw milk (100.00%) were contaminated by staphylococci, 54 samples of karish cheese (72.00 %) contained E. coli, meanwhile, 45 samples of Zabady (60.00 %) yielded Bacillus cereus. Additionally, 29 out of 34 E. coli strains recovered from examined samples, were successfully serotyped with correspondence to 9 different serogroups, meanwhile 43 strains from different samples were untypable by available antisera. 80 out of all 162 E. coli isolates (49.38 %) carried haemolytic activity feature, which reflect a great threat towards consumers. Furthermore, the phenotypic AR of S. aureus and E. coli isolates was checked against eleven selected antibiotics. A remarkable variation in phenotypic AR was noticed among strains. Our results denote the high incidence of health hazards in raw milk and its products and the existence of AR S. aureus and E. coli strains isolated from milk and dairy products in rural areas, which could cause human illnesses that are difficult to be treated
Immunomodulatory Role of Dietary Thyme against Saprolegnia parasitica Infection in Cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Get PDFThe fish industry has grown considerably worldwide, and fungal infections represent a significant aspect that increases economic losses and challenges through high mortality rates. The Egyptian aquaculture industry is particularly vulnerable to Saprolegnia parasitica, a deadly fish pathogen. Using phytobiotics as immunomodulators, antioxidants, and health promoters in aquaculture have been proven recently as an alternative strategy for banned malachite green. This research aimed to examine the thyme effect (Thymus vulgaris) on the immune status of cultured Nile tilapia against Saprolegniasis. A total of 50 fish (Oreochromis niloticus) with skin lesions were gathered from a private fish farm in Alexandria, Egypt. Skin swabs, gill swabs, and muscle tissue were obtained from each fish. After the mycological examination, results revealed that 35 isolates out of 150 examined samples (23.33%) were positive for fungal growth, of which 15 (10%) isolates were identified as Saprolegnia species. In addition, other fungi were detected; 5 (3.33%), 8 (5.33%), 4 (2.67%), and 3 (2%) isolates were identified as Penicillium species, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria species, and Fusarium species, respectively. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of thyme, 300 healthy Nile tilapia fish with a mean weight of 30 ± 5 gm were brought to be experimentally designed; they were distributed into four groups (with three replicates) and were fed on an experimental diet including 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 thyme oil (gm/100gm diet) continuously for two months. Then fish were infected with S. parasitica zoospores, which were thoroughly mixed with their diet. According to results, after two months of feeding, catalase (CAT), serum lysozyme activity, and total protein dramatically increased according to the levels of thyme added; the acquisition was for the group fed on a 1.5 gm/100gm diet. Additionally, the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in liver tissues increased similarly. Hence, it is concluded that employing thyme would improve the well-being and yield of the farmed Nile tilapia
Detection of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J in Egyptian Ducks and Chicken Using Molecular and Histopathological Approach and Allocation of Genetic Mutations and Recombination Events in the Envelope Protein Gene gp85
Get PDFAvian leukosis virus (ALV) is an oncogenic contagious virus infecting different avian species. This study aims to molecularly detect the circulating strains of ALV in various chicken and duck farms at different Egyptian governorates. Freshly dead birds were exposed for postmortem examination (PM) then samples were processed for histopathological examination as well as molecular detection of ALV using qRT-PCR and sequence analysis of the envelope glycoprotein gene (gp85) surface protein antigen with detection of recombination events that might be found between the detected strains. PM revealed the existence of diffuse enlargement of most internal organs, and in some cases, nodular enlargement was observed. Histopathological investigation showed myeloid cells infiltration of eosinophilic granular cytoplasm in the examined tissues. Five molecularly positive samples were sequenced and submitted in the GenBank with accession numbers MZ614719, MZ614720, MZ614721, MZ614722, and MZ614723. The phylogenetic tree construction based on the sequenced gp85 gene revealed that all Egyptian isolates were nearly arranged in a single branch despite the year of collection and were phylogenetically distant from other sequences. In general, studies concerning the genetic diversity of gp85, and the recombination events concluded that the ALV-J virus is a wide host range involving both chicken and ducks. Because ALV causes serious financial problems to threaten poultry production and neither vaccines nor treatment tools are now available for ALV prevention and control, periodical molecular monitoring with whole genome sequence and analysis for the circulating strains with ethical eradication of the positive birds are recommended to overcome such a problem
Behavioral Patterns of the Isolated Bacillus cereus Strains from Milk and Some Milk Products in Yoghurt and Damietta Cheese
Get PDFThe Present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of B. cereus in milk and some milk Products and its survival in yoghurt and Damietta cheese. A total of 100 samples of raw milk, Pasteurized milk, Damietta cheese and yoghurt (25 for each) were collected from supermarkets in Assiut city and were examined for isolation of B. cereus. It was isolated from 24, 32, 68 and 20% of the tested samples, respectively. All the isolated strains were confirmed positive for B. cereus except one strain for each raw milk and Damietta cheese. 14.7%, 85.3, 50.0 and 76.5% of the confirmed strains were carried Ces, Nhe, Hbl and cytK genes. Concerning its survival in yoghurt, there was a significant difference between the effect of yoghurt and acidophilus yoghurt on B. cereus growth, where the organism remained viable to the 9th day in yoghurt and failed to be isolated at the 5th day in yoghurt with probiotics. In case of Damietta cheese, 2 and 5% salt were more favorable for the pathogen growth, while 10% salt was inconvenient for its growth. In addition, the inhibitory effect of thyme essential oil was more obvious than the effect of rosemary EO, where the bacterial population was decreased to a count of 2.05 and 2.46 log cfu/ g. at the 2nd week in case of addition of 1.65% thyme EO and could not be detected at the 4th week, whereas the organism could survive to the 6th week in case of rosemary. In conclusion, strict hygienic measures must be implemented during the manufacture of dairy products and addition of biopreservatives to control B. cereus growth is substantial.
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Overview of Some Selected Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Campylobacter coli Isolated from Broiler Chickens
Get PDFCampylobacter coli is the more common zoonotic pathogen and poultry are the foremost blamed source of contamination. Therefore, this study tested 50 chicken pooled samples from apparently healthy and diseased broilers suffered from diarrhea and mortality from various broiler farms in the governorate of Kafr El-Sheikh which revealed 11 Campylobacter coli isolates with a percentage of 22%. The antimicrobial resistance profile showed high resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin with a percentage of 100% followed by 90.9% for kanamycin and oxytetracycline then cefotaxime with a percentage of 72.7% while, susceptibility was observed for amikacin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin with the percentage of 100%, 72.7%, and 54.5%, respectively. Genotypically testing the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes; Virulence genes showed the highest percentage was 100% for ciaB, flaA, and cdtC followed by virB11 (n=10/11) 90.9% while, dnaJ and pldA were the lowest detection (9.1%) and (18.2%), respectively. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance genes; tetO and cmeB were harbored in all isolates. In conclusion, C. coli isolates present in the investigated poultry has a multi-drug resistance appearance in combination with a high prevalence of virulence genes which may cause public health problems.
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Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Molecular Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae Isolated From Fish
Get PDFThe current study was planned for the isolation and identification of Vibrio spp. from fish samples (tilapia, mugil, tuna, saurus, pagrus, and shrimp) retailed in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In addition to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. The PCR screening for virulence genes of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae was also determined. The results in the present study revealed that the most contaminated samples with Vibrio spp. were pagrus (56%), followed by tilapia (52 %), then mugil (44 %), saurus (40 %), tuna (36 %), and shrimp (36 %). The most prevalent Vibrio spp. were V. paraÂhaemolyticus (18.6%) followed by V. mimicus (11.3%), and V. alginolyticus (10%). V. cholerae was isolated in a percentage of 0.7%. Vibrio species in the current study were highly resistant to erythromycin (100%), ampicillin (75%), cephalothin (66.7%), sulphamethoxazole (66.7%), and amikacin (50%). PCR screening of virulence genes among various Vibrio spp. revealed that V. parahaemolyticus harbored tlh (100 %), tdh (80 %), and trh (80 %). While, V. cholerae was positive for rtxC, hylA, and ompU genes. As a result, the current data proves Vibrio spp. contamination of fish, which displayed various degrees of antibiotic resistance. In addition, the isolated Vibrio spp. had virulent genes that could be dangerous to the consumer's health.Â
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Lipid Profile and Obese Related Genes of Rats, Potential Therapeutic Effects of Peganum Harmala /Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Get PDFThe present study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of harmala nanoparticle (H/ZnONP) on the changes in serum lipid profiles, serum leptin levels and liver and kidney PPAR gene expression in high caloric diet (HCD) induced obese rats. After induction of obesity with HCD for one month to half numbers of rats. Non-obese group had three subgroups; G1: Control fed basal diets, G2: basal diets plus H/ZnONPs (200 mg/kg/day) and G3: basal diets plus H/ZnONPs (400 mg/kg/day). However, obese group was divided into three subgroups G4: HFD, G5: HFD+H/ZnONPs (200 mg/kg/day) and G6: HFD+ H/ZnONPs (400 mg/kg/day). After 4 weeks of treatment blood and tissue samples were collected and subjected to laboratory assay of lipid profile and leptin level in addition to expression of PPAR gene in liver and kidney. We also investigated the possible protective effect of H/ZnONP 200 and 400 mg/kg BW on liver and kidney histology. The obtained results demonstrated that H/ZnONP treatment to obese rats significantly decreased serum cholesterols, triglyceride, and LDL level while relative expression of PPAR gene in liver and kidney was significantly increased. Based on the obtained results we can concluded that H/ZnONP supplementation has a potent anti-obesity effect in rats by improving lipid profile, enhance expression of PPAR gene in liver and kidney and improve liver and kidney histology particularly the high dose