Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Nephroprotective Properties of Palm Dates and Olive Leaves Extracts on Cadmium-Induced Acute Renal Toxicity in Albino Rats
Get PDFCadmium (Cd) is a well-known industrial and environmental pollutant having hazardous and poisonous properties in various forms of kidney impairment. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of palm dates extract (PDE) and olive leaves extract (OLE) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 36 adult male albino rats were divided into six equal groups. Group 1: control group injected with physiological saline, group 2: oral gavage with PDE, group 3: orally administrated with OLE, group 4: injected daily with CdCl2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Groups 5 and 6: were orally treated with either PDE or OLE, respectively one hour prior to ip administration of CdCl2. After one-week samples were collected from all groups for serum biochemical analysis of kidney function as well as investigation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Kidney tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological examination. CdCl2 exposure caused a significant elevation (P<0.05) in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and MDA levels with marked reduction in CAT, SOD and GPx indicating renal damage. CdCl2 induced severe congestion and vasculitis with marked perivascular edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, glomerular shrinkage, massive degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis in the renal tubular epithelium. PDE and OLE treatment resulted in significant improvement in kidney function and oxidative markers with a marked reduction of MDA level. Histopathological changes were also ameliorated. In conclusion, PDE or OLE treatment significantly reduced the deleterious effects of acute CdCl2 renal damage by reducing oxidative stress as a protective mechanism
Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Nocturnal Birds of Prey: A European Perspective
Get PDFAnticoagulant rodenticides are biocides that interfere with normal blood clotting, inhibit the vitamin K cycle in the liver, and cause death by hemorrhages. Even though the main target of these compounds is rodents, they may affect non-target species such as nocturnal birds of prey that feed on those rodents. To study secondary exposure to ARs, select species that specialize in rodent prey, such as nocturnal birds of prey. Besides their specialized diet in rodents, nocturnal birds of prey are one of the most widely distributed birds in Europe and live in rural and non-rural habitats, making them excellent sentinel species for several studies’ ecotoxicology studies. There are numerous studies regarding secondary AR exposure in raptor species all around the world, but evidence for population-level effects is still absent. The objective of this review is to show how ARs have influenced wild nocturnal birds of prey in Europe in the last decades, most affected species, and in summary, explain how they act and the main clinical signals/ lesions that can be observed in poisoned birds. Overall, a total of 19 works were included in this review, between the years 1983 to 2021 that satisfied all literature criteria. These 19 papers corresponded to 44 observations of different species, regarding eight types of anticoagulant rodenticide. In the future, more caution is needed in the use of anticoagulants for rodent control where avian predators may be exposed to poisoned prey. Some combinations can be highly lethal to the predator, putting it at risk species that are already treated, therefore new eco-friendly alternatives should be found
Assessment of Cutaneous Wound Healing Potential of Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan in Dogs
Get PDFSeveral new topical products have been applied to enhance wound healing and reduce scar formation. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the topically applied hyaluronic acid (HA) serum and chitosan (CH) gel for skin wound healing in dogs. Ten adult mongrel dogs were divided into two groups (n = 5 for each). Experimental skin wounds were created in all animals. Eight full-thickness round skin wounds of 2 cm diameter were made on both sides (four for each side) over the dog's dorsal area, where the left side wounds were kept as a control and treated with saline solution only. HA serum and CH gel were used to treat the right-side wounds in the first and second groups, respectively. Wound healing was evaluated clinically and histologically at the 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-treatment. In addition, the tensile strength was measured in both treated wound groups and compared with the control wounds and the normal skin. The results showed that HA-treated wounds exhibited higher wound contraction and better tensile strength compared with CH-treated group. In addition, the histological findings of HA-treated wounds showed marked improvement in histological repair scores compared with CH-treated ones. We concluded that topical HA in a serum formulation provided better skin wound healing compared to CH-treated group
Improving the Formation, Stabilization, Quality, and Extending the Shelf Life of Camel Meat Emulsion using Chitosan
Get PDFThe main objective of the current study was to apply chitosan as a stabilizing material to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of camel meat emulsion. Chitosan may achieve these roles through the adsorption of the protective layer at oil-water interfaces and viscosity enhancement. The addition of chitosan at a concentration of 0.8% resulted in overcoming the detrimental impact of the heat-stable camel connective tissue and improve emulsion stability. The obtained results revealed that the addition of chitosan significantly decreased the total expressible fluid, released water, released fat and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) of raw camel meat batter with a significant increase in the batter's viscosity and water Holding Capacity (WHC) compared to the control. After cooking, the addition of chitosan led to significant reduction of TBARS value and extended the shelf life of camel sausage to 5 months at 5 °C when compared to the control that accepted only for 3 months. Moreover, the chitosan formulated sausage showed lower lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and shear force values than the control throughout chilled storage at 5 °C for 5 months. Improvement of redness (a*), the sensory parameters and ultrastructure of camel luncheon sausage was also observed by the chitosan addition. Therefore, chitosan can be applied as a thickener and stabilizer for camel meat emulsion and produce more stable products through 5 months of refrigerated storage. Furthermore, the addition of chitosan may be safely used by meat processors as a novel technique for improving the quality and extending the shelf life of camel luncheon.
 
Prevalence, Methicillin Resistance and Inducible Clindamycin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Ice Cream in Mansoura, Egypt
Get PDFÂ This work aimed at determination of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of S. aureus species and investigating the presence of the enterotoxins (SEA and SEB) in the obtained isolates in consumed Egyptian ice cream. Thirty ice cream samples were obtained from many ice cream shops, dairy shops, supermarkets and local markets from different localities at Mansoura city. Samples were spread on Baird Parker selective agar media for bacterial isolation. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing and resistance genes. S. aureus was detected in 60% (18 out of 30) of ice cream samples with a minimum and maximum count of 4x102 and 1.5x107 CFU/g, respectively. Furthermore, 4 isolates (22%) out of the total isolates (n=18) were positive for nuc gene. Of these positive isolates, one isolate (25%) was positive for mec A and sea genes, while seb was not detected. The AMR profile of molecularly positive nuc gene S. aureus isolates revealed that the highest resistance was against ampicillin, cefazolin, Cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefepime, azithromycin and amoxycillin- clavulanic acid (100%) followed by gentamicin and erythromycin (75%), and imipenem, tetracycline and clindamycin (50%). No resistance was found to sulphamethazone-trimethoprim, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, vancomycin and linezolid. Our results showed that 100% of the molecularly positive nuc gene isolates was methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 50% was inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus (ICRSA). The MRSA and ICRSA are potential risks for health. Poor hygienic measures with ice cream manufacture may lead to contamination of ice cream with highly resistant enterotoxigenic S. aureus
Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Producing Escherichia Coli from Beef in Mansoura, Egypt
Get PDFThe objective of the current study was to identify extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBLs) from beef meat in Mansoura City, Egypt.Randomly selected 150 buffalo meat samples were obtained from retail butcher shops located in Mansoura City, Egypt. Samples were inoculated into enriched broth media and then directly streaked on E. coli selective agar for selective isolation of E. coli. A biochemical examination was performed for the preliminary identification of E. coli. Suspected E. coli isolates were then confirmed by PCR targeting 16S rRNA. Confirmed E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility to antimicrobials by using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Additionally. E. coli were tested for the presence of β-lactamases (blaCTX, and blaSHV and blaTEM) using PCR.  E. coli was isolated from 37 out of 150 tested samples with a total prevalence of 24.66 %. E. coli isolates revealed a high resistant against cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and moderate resistance against amoxyclavulanic acid, while a high sensitivity of E. coli was displayed against meropenem and imipenem. Moreover, the tested E. coli (n=37) harbored ESBLs genes with percentages of 40.5%   for both blaCTX, and blaSHV and 35% for blaTEM. E. coli produces extended-spectrum β -lactams that were isolated from meat and contained a substantial level of antibiotic resistance genes. To increase food processing quality and provide safe food for consumers, it is crucial to build food traceability and monitoring systems for meat and meat products
Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Retail Poultry Meat
Get PDFAntimicrobial-resistant bacteria in poultry meat threaten the public health. The present study was designed to detect the presence of Enterococcus species in poultry meat collected from Mansoura retail outlets with characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Thus, poultry meat samples (breast and thigh) were collected from separate grocery stores around Mansoura city, Egypt. By conventional and molecular methods, out of the total examined samples (n=120), 44 E. fecalis isolates have been recovered with a percentage of 36.66%. All strains were assessed for their antimicrobial susceptibility using disc diffusion method, the highest rate of resistance (100%; 44/44) was displayed to ceftazidime, streptomycin, gentamycin, and clindamycin, while, a resistance rate of 36.3%, 40.9%, 68.1% and 77.2% were displayed against ciprofloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin and vancomycin respectively. Interestingly, all isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR; Resistance to three or more antimicrobial class). Screening vancomycin -resistant strains (n= 34) by PCR for the presence of vancomycin resistance genes, vanA was identified in 47.1% vanB in 33.4%, vanC1 in 14.7% and vanC-2 C-3 in 5.9%. By testing the ability of the isolated strains for the biofilm production by Congo Red Method, 31.8 % of the tested isolates were tested positive. Hence, standard manufacturing procedures and adequate hygiene conditions must be integrated into all phases of poultry meat preparation, production and consuming, and public knowledge should be improved
Comparing the effect of nitazoxanide and tylosin against necrotic enteritis in broilers
Get PDFThis work compared the antibacterial activity and in vivo effects of nitazoxanide and tylosin against infected broilers with antibiotic resistant Clostridium perfringens field strain to control necrotic enteritis disease. Both in vitro and in vivo assessment studies were used. Firstly, C. perfringens was isolated with a total rate of 46% from liver and intestine samples of diseased broilers. By using PCR molecular typing all tested isolates were type A (produced only alpha-toxin (cpa virulence gene)) and included Bla and tetK (resistant genes). Using antibiotic sensitivity test they showed multi-drugs resistance against amoxiclave, tetracycline, gentamicin, clindamycin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and cefoxitin. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (μg/ml) were 0.4 and 12 for nitazoxanide and 0.7 and 49 for tylosin respectively. Then, a total of 90 one-day-old-chicks were divided into 6 groups; G1: negative-control, G2: infected-control, G3: non-infected (nitazoxanide 15.4 mg/kg body weight), G4: non-infected (tylosin 20 mg/kg body weight), G5: infected-nitazoxanide (15.4 mg/kg), and G6: infected-tylosin (20 mg/kg). Treatments lasted for 5 days in drinking water. No adverse effects on liver or kidney parameters were recorded in non-infected treated groups. Both treatments overcome the infection signs, C. perfringens count and revealed a significant improvement in most of inflammatory and biochemical parameters to their normal levels especially, G5 reflected a significant increase in total protein, albumin, globulin while reduced alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities, C-reactive protein, uric acid, and creatinine levels than G2. Finally, nitazoxanide revealed a significant anti-clostridial activity as tylosin for the control of necrotic enteritis in broilers
Evaluation of some economic traits in Holstein dairy cattle under Egyptian conditions
Get PDFThe objectives of this study were to estimate heritability and breeding value for some economic traits and the impact of some environmental factors on these traits in Holstein dairy cattle in Egypt. The data of 10034 records for 3295 Holstein cows were studied during the period from 1998 to 2021 in El-Alamia farm which is belonging to Universal Company for Agricultural Development and Soil Reclamation and has a commercial dairy herd located at Nubaria region in the K 90 Alex - Cairo desert road. The traits under study were: Total milk yield (TMY, kg), 305-day milk yield (305-dMY, kg), Lactation length (LL, day), Dry period (DP, day), Days open (DO, day), Calving interval (CI, month) and Gestation length (GL, day). The results showed that all traits under study were significantly influenced by parity. Also, the calving year has a significant effect on the studied traits except for gestation length. In the same trend, the effect of calving season was significant in all traits except lactation length and gestation length. Heritability estimates were 0.265, 0.393, 0.488, 0.238, 0.12, 0.138 and 0.57 for TMY, 305-dMY, LL, DP, DO, CI and GL, respectively. Cow breeding values for TMY, 305-dMY, LL, DP, DO, CI and GL ranged from -957 to 2170.5 kg, from -2432.75 to 2713.75 kg, from -266.25 to 340 days, from -114 to 100.25, from -105.75 to 164 days, from -13.9 to 13.18 months and from -0.33 to 0.45 days, respectively. Dams breeding values ranged from -823.5 to 1364.25 kg, from -1076.75 to 1531.75 kg, from -139.75 to 186.5 days, from -79.75 to 46.5, from -58.25 to 82 days, from -8.23 to 8.63 months and from -0.28 to 0.53 days, respectively. Sires breeding values ranged from -1057.75 to 1082 kg, from -1458 to 1549.25 kg, from -219.25 to 292.75 days, from -79.5 to 85.25 days, from -75.5 to 89 days, from -8.7 to 7.08 months and from -0.58 to 0.60 days, respectively. In conclusion, heritability values for all traits under study were low to moderate except for gestation length was a high value, so the most useful way to improve the traits under the study would be by improving the management level. Also, an estimated cow's breeding value has a wide range than sires' or dams' breeding value revealing a higher genetic variance and a good chance of selecting superior cows
Multiple antibiotic resistant Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia aquaculture
Get PDFStreptococcosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease in tilapia and other fresh that creates economic losses, caused mainly by Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae. The hazard of the disease is that it may present apparently healthy as well as its presence in culture water. So, this work aimed to detect streptococci in Nile tilapia farms located in Assiut and Minia Governorates, Egypt. Streptococcus agalactiae (42 isolates) and Streptococcus iniae (59 isolates) were identified. Two Streptococcus agalactiae isolates were molecularly confirmed and exhibited resistance to most antibiotics and a multiple antibiotic resistant index of 0.9-1. The identified isolates could not form biofilm. Identification of these hemolytic, resistant Streptococcus poses a potential hazard for human health; hence, alternative antimicrobials should be searched against infections caused by these bacteria