Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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The potential Enhancing Effect of both Phytase and β-xylanase Enzymes on Performance, Bone Mineralization and Nutrient Absorption in Broiler Chicken
Get PDFThe response to dietary fortification of both phytase and β-xylanase enzymes was investigated in broilers (Ross 308, No.=300) that were allocated into 3 different treatments; control (G1) was fed the basal diet only, the second group (G2) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 100 g/ton feed phytase 5000 FTU in combination with 250 g /ton feed β-xylanase, while the third group (G3) was fed the basal diet fortified with 50 g/ton feed phytase 10000 FTU plus 250 g /ton feed β-xylanase. When compared to the control diet, our results exhibited that co-feeding either Phytase 5000 or 10000 FTU with xylanase improved both growth performance and feed utilization. Moreover, tibia Ca and P% were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) when diets were supplemented with phytase 5000 and phytase 10000 FTU in comparison to control group indicating that each product could improve bioavailability of these minerals. Serum phosphorus (P) was greater with phytase inclusions in both doses, when compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Microscopical examination revealed a significant increase in the villus height of duodenum and jejunum of phytase and xylanase combination treated groups in a concentration dependent manner, when compared with the control group. Chemical examination of litter disclosed an improvement in litter moisture, reduced total nitrogen (N), and phosphorus percent in groups supplemented with phytase and xylanase enzymes. In conclusion, the use of combined supplementation of xylanase and phytase (5000 or 10000 FTU) could improve growth performance, P metabolism, bone mineralization and the intestinal nutrient absorption of broiler chicken
Protective Effects of Nano Zinc on Barki Ram Semen Viability
Get PDFSixty Barki semen ejaculates were collected using the artificial vagina. Semen samples were evaluated, pooled then subjected for processing using different concentrations of nano zinc (10, 50, 100 and 150µg/ml). Short-term chilled storage duration, absolute survivability index, post-thaw recovery, reduction rate, live percent, membrane integrity, acrosomal reaction, DNA integrity, head & tail’s diameter and DNA % were assessed. 150µg/ml of nano zinc can stabilize high motility % (80±0.54%) for about 11 days post dilution and chilling, then drastically dropped on day 18 (47±0.57%). Moreover, 150µg/ml recorded the best of absolute survivability index (33096±374), motility after dilution (86.67±1.05%), after cooling (87.50 ± 1.11%), after freezing- thawing process (56.67±1.66 %). Furthermore, 150µg/ml treated group keeping the highest records along the first three hours post-thawing (54.17 ± 1.53, 50.00 ± 1.29, and 47.50 ± 1.11%, respectively). Additionally, 150 µg/ml treated samples presented the highest viability index (180±3.47%), post-thaw recovery rate (65.47±2.26%), post-thawing live % (54.17±2.58%). While 150 µg/ml treated group showed the lowest reduction % (15.81 ± 3.12 %), acrosomal reaction (9.83±0.7%). Moreover, 150µg/ml treated samples recorded the largest head diameter and highest DNA % (52.87±1.74 and 97.51±0.30%, respectively), but showed the lowest tail diameter and tail DNA % (6.22±0.33 and 2.48±0.30%%, respectively). Furthermore, 150µg/ml treated group displayed the lowest comet %, tail moment and olive tail moment (8.950±0.02 %, 0.15±0.02 and 0.40±0.10, respectively) if compared with the other nano zinc treated groups. In conclusion: 150µg/ml of ZnO-NPs improves Barki ram semen processing, particularly, chilled semen viability, motility, longevity, membrane, and DNA integrity
Effect of Melatonin-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles (CMN) on Gene Expression of In-vitro Matured Buffalo Oocyte
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin and melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) supplementation to maturation media on buffalo oocyte maturation rate and relative expression of genes: growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), B Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2), Associated X protein (BAX) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Buffalo ovaries were heaved from Al-Mounib slaughterhouse, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were in vitro matured in three different media, TCM-199 medium (control), TCM-199 with melatonin 10-9M, and TCM-199 with CMN 10-9M. The assessment of the nuclear maturation rate was carried out through the presence of the first polar body. In addition, the mature buffalo oocytes were stored on RNA later for genetic analysis of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, BCL2, and BAX genes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results were reported that buffalo oocytes supplemented with melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) or melatonin have a significant effect on nuclear maturation rate 94.04±0.65 and 88.74±0.77 respectively when compared with buffalo oocytes matured with basic media (control) 79.67±1.35. Furthermore, buffalo oocytes supplemented with melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) or melatonin showed significant upregulation of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, and BCL2 genes and significant downregulation of BAX gene when compared with oocyte matured with basic media (control). In conclusion, the results of nuclear maturation rate and relative expression pattern of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, BCL2, and BAX reflect that melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) and melatonin` may play an important role in the buffalo oocytes developmental competence
Microbiological Evaluation of Some Farmed Fish Species Marketed in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of some farmed fish species marketed in Sharkia Governorate then compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. keeping quality parameters also examined (pH, TVN, TMA and TBA) and compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. A total of 150 samples of farmed fish of Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds 50 of each (25 Tilapia nilotica and 25 Mugil cephalus) respectively from the market in Sharkia governorate were examined during autumn 2021. For keeping quality parameters, all examined samples were within the acceptable limits according to ES (3494:2005). The obtained results of microbiological analysis revealed that the percentage of the exceeded permissible limits of aerobic plate count (APC) was 12% and 32%,20% and 16% ,12% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. For total coliform count, all positive examined samples exceed permissible limits of coliform count (2 log10 CFU/g) according to ES (3494:2005). The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was 0% and 11%, 36%, and 32%, 16% and 12% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Listeria species were detected in 20% and 8% ,8% and 16% , 20% and 0%Â for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages ,concrete ponds and Earthen ponds, respectively. Escherichia coli was 24% and 20% ,8% and 16%, 16% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Salmonella species were 4% and 12% for both from Nile cages and from concrete ponds and 4% and 12% in earthen pond Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus respectively. Serological identification of E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria in these samples was showed in this search. So hygienic and proper practices performed during transportation and handling of fish are needed before consumption of this fish
Effect of Probiotics and Natural Extracts on Hygienic Quality of Some Dairy Products
Get PDFDairy products are responsible of contamination with multiple microorganisms by different ways during handling, processing, and production, thus it would be unfit for consumption and form a public health hazard. Food borne diseases become a great trouble containing an extensive range of disorders caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, or even chemical contamination of food. That reflected a problem due to the massive use of traditional antibiotics in human and animal diseases treatment and from this time, the persisted development of new programs of antimicrobial agents has become of rising importance to medicine. Probiotics not only used in treating gastrointestinal disease, but also used in food industry as natural antimicrobial substances which have a lot of bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect against different food borne pathogens. Contamination by foodborne pathogen in foods represents a serious challenge that may lead to severe disorders as toxic infection, food poisoning and intoxication. These pathogens caused illness, mortality and product withdraws. In fact, attention the using of herbal products has increased during the recent decades. Plants play an significant role in human health, it is likely that 25% of modern medicine were originated directly or indirectly from herbs. Many compounds present in plants have been reported to be antimicrobial, allopathic antioxidants, biologically active and have bioregulatory properties that have been proven real anti-bacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-viral and antioxidants. Aromatic essential oils are used as flavouring and prevent the growth of microbial contaminants and mould in food industry. Recently, probiotic bacteria have been used as substitutes for antibiotics to treat or different prevent intestinal infections. Studies of using natural preservatives either alone or in combination with other alternative have been verified (as probiotic) not only to evaluate synergism but also to produce effective combinations. Finally, we will discuss the effect of probiotic and natural extract on hygienic quality of some dairy products
Monitored Variations in Microbial Load of Aquacultured Tilapia Fish in Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Faiyum Governorates, Egypt
Get PDFThe main aim of the Egyptian government is not only to increase tilapia fish production, but also to improve the quality of the fish produced. Contaminated water causes damage to farmed fish and is also considered an important factor affecting the fish quality. To avoid losses in fish farms, it is critical to obtain information on the microbial load. This research aimed to study the microbial load in four fish farms in the governorates of Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Faiyum (two farms in each governorate), in Egypt. Water and fish samples were collected at various locations within each farm pond for two seasons (autumn and spring) to assess the microbiological characteristics. Total coliform count of aquaculture water samples was the highest mean count of 3.93×103±1.81×103 CFU/ml in farm (3) of El-Faiyum. However, Clostridium counts were highest in farm (2) of Kafr El-Sheikh at 1.85×102 ±1.76×102 in autumn of 2021. Total coliform count (1.196×103±8.38×102) was the highest in farm (1) of Kafr El-Sheikh in spring 2022. Also, Salmonella spp. was only detected in farm (2) of Kafr El-Sheikh in autumn 2021, but in spring 2022 it was positive in farm (3) of El-Faiyum. Nevertheless, Listeria spp. was not detected in the aquaculture water samples examined. In addition, Salmonella spp. was detected in farm (1) of Kafr El-Sheikh and in farms (3 and 4) of El-Faiyum in spring 2022. It was concluded that the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Clostridium in fish samples in some farms in Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Faiyum may contribute to foodborne illness. So that, the microbiological criteria are recommended to be applied as guidelines to develop additional control programs in fish farms. This can help in the pollution control of the agricultural drainage water that is used in aquaculture; consequently, prevent the growth and toxin production by pathogen
An Overview on the Contamination of Poultry Meat with Heavy Metals: A Review
Get PDFPoultry meat and their meat products are considered as major sources of animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, poultry meat might act as a vehicle for a vast array of xenobiotics such as heavy metals. The latter are specifically characterized by their bioaccumulation and biomagnification nature. Several toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) have several toxicological implications if ingested. In Egypt, several avian species are consumed as meat sources including chicken, quails, ducks, and turkeys. In this review, we would like to throw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with such toxic metals in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such toxic metals was also discussed
Azithromycin, Vitamin E, and Selenium: Their Uses in Health and Disease
Get PDFAzithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic subclass azalides. It is generated from erythromycin and has a 15-membered lactone ring thanks to the addition of a nitrogen atom that has been swapped with methyl. By interfering with their ability to synthesise proteins, it stops bacteria from expanding. It prevents the translation of mRNA by attaching to the bacterial ribosome's 50S subunit. Certain bacterial infections, most frequently those that result in middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis, and sinusitis, are treated or prevented using azithromycin. Its main purpose in recent years has been to protect babies and those with weakened immune systems from bacterial infections. Additionally, it works well against some STDs, including chlamydia, cervicitis, and nongonococcal urethritis. Nearly a century has passed since the discovery of vitamin E (-tocopherol). The body prefers -tocopherol above the other eight vitamin E-related compounds found in the basic diet, despite the fact that all of them are peroxyl radical scavengers. The regulatory mechanisms that assist to retain -tocopherol and excrete the non-tocopherol forms are crucial to vitamin E's biological activity. Ataxia is a neurologic abnormality that is present in severe vitamin E insufficiency, and it can lead to death. Selenium is critically important to maintaining health. It is a crucial part of various important metabolic processes, such as the metabolism of thyroid hormones, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and immunological function. Therefore, there are a number of potential public health ramifications of the drop in blood selenium content in several parts of the world, particularly in light of the high frequency of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. On the basis of blood glutathione peroxidase activity, recommended dietary intakes of selenium were first suggested ten years ago. Since then, 30 novel selenoproteins have been discovered, 15 of which have been purified such that their biological role can be characterized. This review gives an overview on the use of azithromycin, vitamin E, and selenium in health and disease
Herbal Oils and Probiotic Efficacy in Rabbits Challenged with Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
Get PDFColibacillosis is a common infectious bacterial disease that can cause enteritis and high mortality in young rabbits, threatening the breeding industry. This work was performed to express some virulence-determining genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated E. coli and to study the efficacy of herbal oils and/or probiotic on reducing E. coli infection in rabbits. Vaginal swabs and semen samples were collected from rabbits with reproductive problems (farm 1) and anal swabs were collected from rabbits with diarrhea (farm 2) in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Samples were subjected for bacterial identification, antibiogram-testing and molecular monitoring of iss and eaeA virulence genes. An experiment was performed in which 54 weaned California rabbits were divided into 6 equal groups, negative control group (G1), non-infected treated with probiotic and both fennel and moringa oils (G2), Infected and treated with probiotic, fennel and moringa oils (G3), treated with probiotic only (G4), treated with colistin sulfate (G5) and Positive control (G6). Infected groups (G3, G4, G5 and G6) were challenged orally with E. coli (1x107 CFU). The detection of E. coli was 15.3% (2/13) and 62.5% (10/16) in farm (1) and (2) respectively. The isolated E. coli was multidrug-resistant (MDR), carrying virulence genes iss and eaeA, with prevalence of 100% (12/12) and 50% (6 /12) respectively. Clinical symptoms were prominent in the experiment E. coli infected untreated group (6), with the least evidence in group (5). The E. coli colony counts were significantly higher in group (6) while rabbits in group (3) had significantly higher body weights compared to infected groups. Thus, we concluded that, the use of two herbal oils and probiotics were able to reduce mortality rates, clinical signs, and the total E. coli count in experimentally infected rabbits
Influence of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Welfare, Immune Response and Antioxidant Status of Bill-trimmed Mule Ducks
Get PDF It has been indicated that bamboo leaf extract (BLE) displays physiological activities in mammals. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of different doses of dietary supplementation of BLE on behavior, inflammation and antioxidant activity of bill trimmed (BT) mule ducks. One hundred- and twenty-one-day-old mule ducklings were randomly divided on 24 floor pens (5 birds per pen), each pen was assigned at random to one of four dietary treatments that each contained the following: a BLE at 0 (Control), 0 (BT-control), 1.0 (BT-BLE1), and 2.0 (BT-BLE2). At 21 d, all birds were exposed to bill trimming except control group. There was a significant rise in TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, MDA and homocysteine levels while there was a significant drop in the level of TAC in BT- control group as opposed to the control. Both doses of bamboo leaf extracts significantly decreased TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, MDA and homocysteine while significantly enhanced TAC activities in comparison with BT- control group, moreover, BT-BLE2 was more efficient in repairing all blood parameters measured than that of BT-BLE1 group. However, there were no significant differences in the gait score, tonic immobility and stride length tests between all groups. These results suggest that the BLE could inhibit the negative effects of bill trimming on mule ducks health through improvement of immunity and antioxidant status, regulation of inflammatory reactions with a reduction in homocysteine level