Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations in Egyptian Raw and Sterile Milk
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels and health risk of farm raw milk and ultra-heat treated (UHT) sterile market milk collected from different sources at Mansoura Province in Egypt using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC- MS) during different seasons from August 2021 to December 2021. The results showed that the total amount of Σ18 PAHs levels was within the range of 11.778 – 26.331 µg/kg in farm milk samples and 1.151 – 2.946 µg/g in market UHT sterile milk. The results proved that the highest mean level of Σ PAHs in farm milk samples was 17.931 µg/kg followed by that of market sterile milk samples 2.123 µg/kg. European Commission (EC) has established safe level in milk for regulations require the concentrations of Benzo(a) pyrene (BaP) and the total Σ PAH4 to be less than 1.0 μg/kg. Mean concentration of BaP residues that was detected in farm milk samples was 0.251µg/kg with a range of 0.000 – 1.124 µg/kg and was not-detected in all market milk samples. Mean concentrations of Σ PAH4 levels were 0.561 µg/kg within the range of 0.046 – 2.433 µg/kg in farm milk and 0.047 µg/kg within the range of 0.012 – 0.110 µg/kg in market milk samples. These results were slightly higher than the critical limit set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The assessed dietary exposure was established by comparing the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) with Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). By comparing the obtained results, we found that for the BaP, the EDI for farm raw milk can be exceeded the maximum levels set in Regulation 1881/2006 (EFSA) for PAHs in milk, but UHT market sterile milk not exceeded the maximum levels. Therefore, there should be concerns regarding the effects of the consumption of different kinds of raw milk on the local population
Protective Effects of Curcumin, Coumarin and Honey against Diclofenac Sodium-induced Testicular Dysfunction in Adult Mice
Get PDFAlthough diclofenac (DS) is used in treating a wide variety of painful and inflammatory situations in humans and animals, its chronic administration is accompanied by side effects. Curcumin, coumarin, and honey are suggested to be promising strategies owing to their antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective properties. Thus, this study aimed to highlight the potential protective effects of these natural products on the testis of DS-challenged mice and its mechanistic tools. Thirty adult male mice were divided into five groups: control, DS, DS + curcumin, DS + coumarin and DS + honey. DS-exposed mice were characterized by a decrease in plasma FSH. 17beta-estradiol and FSH increased in the plasma of all the protected groups. Plasma LH increased in DS+curcumin and DS+coumarin groups compared to the DS group. DS increased testicular lipid peroxides and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and decreased testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The plasma testosterone levels were within the standard limit in all experimental groups. Curcumin, coumarin, and honey decreased LPO and increased GSH and SOD, whereas coumarin and honey only decreased TAC. The natural products normalized the integrity of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. Immuno-staining of glutathione reductase (GR) and SOD 2 was increased in all groups relative to the control. Curcumin-, coumarin- and honey- supplemented groups, showed few numbers of apoptotic spermatogenic cells similar to the control group. The studied natural products provided efficient protective strategies against DS-induced testicular deterioration by their antioxidant, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic effects
Evaluation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Implementation in Milk Collection Centers in Qalyubia Governorate
Get PDFHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a system that concerns with the identification, evaluation and management of risks that have a potential impact on food safety and quality; especially in a highly nutritious yet easily perishable food like milk and dairy products that can be easily contaminated with contain such biological, physical, and chemical hazards. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the returns from HACCP implementation in dairy farms and milk collecting centers (MCCs) located in Qalubiya governorate, Egypt through assessment of the quality, safety and potential adulteration in the collected raw milk samples, along with environmental swabbing for the sanitary condition monitoring pre- and post HACCP implementation, which included an overall improvement in sanitary and hygienic quality of milking, transportation, storage, and personnel conditions, along with documentation and traceability processes at the examined farms and MCCs. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare findings before and after a one-month duration of HACCP application. The results revealed a significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) in the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of milk samples at both farm and MCC levels. This improvement directly reflected on the quality and fitness of milk for human consumption. In conclusion, the application of HACCP effectively controlled various hazards during milk production, even adulteration, and improved the hygienic quality of raw milk. Therefore, it is highly recommended for HACCP implementation in milk production facilities, with continuous monitoring for optimal results
The efficiency of intra-articular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on repair of experimentally induced avascular meniscal tear in dogs
Get PDFMeniscal tears in the inner avascular area have been reported as a common cause of disability in dogs that associated with failure of healing process due to their limited vascularity. In spite of various sterategies were reported for treatment of such tears, their clinical use was limited. Therefore, different biomaterials have been assessed to stimulate regeneration of avascular meniscal tears. Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) enormously involved in biomedicine including tissue regeneration, drug delivary, and antibacterial applications. Thus, AgNPs was fabricated in the present study to investigate its potential to induce and support meniscal healing process in an avascular meniscal tear model. The nanomaterial was synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Next, a full thickness longitudinal meniscal tear was created in the avascular zone and either left empty or treated with AgNPs. Animals were monitored clinically at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after surgery for lameness parameters including lameness during walking, pain on manipulation, range of motion, and functional disability. Additionally, the harvested menisci were examined macroscopically and histologically at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The designed material revealed improved clinical outcomes compared to control group. The gross and histological observations proved that the meniscal healing was stimulated in the AgNPs-treated group in comparison to control one, where the AgNPs-treated tear sites were filled with reparative tissue. In conclusion, AgNPs nanomaterial has a promoting effect on the process of meniscal tissue healing in the avascular region, proving that AgNPs is a promising material for meniscal tissue regeneration
Morphological Peculiarities of the Lumbosacral Region of Cattle Egret (Bublucus ibis) with Special Reference to the Glycogen Body (Corpus gelatinosum)
Get PDFThe current study aimed to study morphological peculiarities of of the Lumbosacral Region of Cattle Egret with special reference to the glycogen body. The lumbosacral organ (LSO) is a unique modification in the spinal cord of all birds. Twenty adult cattle egret of both sexes are used to describe the morphological and histological peculiarities of this organ in cattle egret. The synsacrum of these birds was examined by gross, cross-sectional anatomy, Computed Tomography (CT), and transverse histological sections with different stains. The morphological peculiarities of the lumbosacral region of cattle egret includes enlarged vertebral canal in the region of synsacrum. This enlargement is due to the presence of a gelatinous glycogen body embedded in the rhomboid sinus of the spinal cord. Accessory lobes protrude at the ventrolateral end of the ventral horns in the vertebral canal. Transverse lumbosacral canals similar to semicircular canals above the spinal cord. The spinal cord is fixed to the vertebra by a network of dentate ligaments. Histologically both glycogen body and accessory lobes contain glycogen-containing glia cells. These cells were polygonal with narrow cytoplasmic rim and nucleus pushed to periphery by a central mass of glycogen. The blood capillaries were distributed throughout the glycogen body and accessory lobes. The connective tissue was very scanty except in the vicinity of the blood capillaries and central canal. The accessory lobes contain multipolar neurons scattered between the glia cells. The transverse lumbosacral canals were fluid-filled meningeal tubes that arch dorsally over the spinal cord and open laterally above the accessory lobes. The network of dentate ligaments formed from regular dense fibrous connective tissues mainly collagenous fibers. Therefore this work concluded that the proposition of the anatomical and histological modifications of the lumbosacral region might act as a sense organ of equilibrium control the balanced walking on the ground
Efficiency of xylanase, emulsifier, and guanidinoacetic acid in restoring energy deficit in male broilers fed low metabolisable energy diets
Get PDFThe study aimed to examine the distinct impacts of incorporating xylanase (Xyl), emulsifier (EM), and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) as dietary supplements in low metabolisable energy (ME) diets on performance, energy and protein efficiency ratios, oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and gut morphology. Seven hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male-broilers were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 28 birds each. The experimental group denoted as the positive control (PC) fed on diets in accordance with the breed recommendations. The negative control (NC) was subjected to a dietary intervention reducing the ME by 200 kcal/kg compared to the PC. The remaining experimental diets comprised NC diet that were supplemented with 0.01% Xyl, 0.03% EM and 0.06% GAA. Results showed that birds fed low-ME-diets increased their voluntary feed intake to meet their energy needs but was at the expense of their productive efficiency. Only NC+GAA partially restored broiler performance compared to PC. However, compared to the PC group Xyl, EM and GAA improved the energy and growth-related gene expression, oxidative biomarkers, and gut histomorphology (p < 0.05). The key features associated with Xyl and EM were growth-related genes and intestinal mucus, while GAA was associated with energy-related genes, oxidative biomarkers and jejunum-villi height and villus: crypt ratio. In conclusion, Xyl, EM and GAA supplementation to NC group were able to improve the health status of the birds. However, to improve the production efficiency, future research is needed to elucidate the effect of combined products in birds fed on such low ME diets.  
Age-dependent Morphometric Changes in the Brains of Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFThe present study had been established to deliver an anatomical atlas for all veterinary anatomists where various structures of the rat brain through all views are shown clearly. On the other hand, the effect of both aging and sex were put into consideration through the current study. Thirty-four apparently healthy rats of both sexes (19 males and 15 females) were used in the study. The animals were classified into four groups according to their age. Cross sections of the brain were performed to document the cerebral dimensions including the cerebral length, width, and height in addition to the transverse diameter of the thalami and the thickness of the corpus callosum. Ageing would result in a negative impact on some brain structures. However, some others had not been affected as much. Furthermore, sex of the animal presented an important role as a variant where male rats of each age group demonstrated different results than their analogous female rats. Findings of this work might be used as a tool for studying the gross morphometric changes that occurred in the rat brains due to normal aging process in either sex
Patho-molecular identification of circulating H9N2 avian influenza virus in Egypt
Get PDFAvian influenza virus (AIV) poses a serious problem among poultry production sector, low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 (LPAI H9N2) has been widely spread globally inducing indirect huge economic losses and it considered as a hidden threaten due to its immunosuppressive impact on birds. Therefore, the current work objectives were the molecular detection of the circulating AI H9N2 field strain in Egypt during 2022-2023 with pathogenicity testing of the recovered virus in specific pathogen free (SPF) one day old chicks. Out of 10 suspected tracheal samples that have been collected from different broiler chicken farms in Al Qalyubia governorate only 7 (70%) samples were positive by Reverse transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The strain that showed a high reproductive ability and high egg infective dose 50 (EID50) (109/ µl) on ECE via allantoic sac has been selected for pathogenicity testing in SPF chicks. For pathogenicity testing, 60 SPF chicks were allocated into two groups 30 birds each. G1and G2 were inoculated via oculo-nasal route with 100µl containing 1x 106 EID50/ µl virus and 100µl sterile normal saline, respectively. During the experimental time (15 days), no mortalities were recorded in the two groups. The observed clinical signs were mild (ruffled feathers, and depression) in G1, but no clinical signs were observed in G2. During the experiment 3 birds per group were ethically slaughtered to observe the postmortem (PM) and histopathological lesions at 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). The observed PM lesions were mild tracheitis, mild pneumonia, subcapsular hemorrhage in liver, enlargement of the spleen, mild atrophy in the pancreas, hemorrhage in the thymus, severe nephritis, and nephrosis with distended ureters with ureates but no macroscopic lesions were detected in the bursa of Fabricius. The virus tropism not restricted only to respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal tract, but also to the liver, pancreas, and thymus. In conclusion, continuous molecular detection, with pathogenicity testing of circulating AIV is recommended. The authors recommend further full H9 sequence to perform cladogram to the currently tested strain
Genetic diversity, virulence profile of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry and human in Assiut governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThermotolerant Campylobacter genus is one of the most prevalent causes of gastroenteritis in humans, especially C. coli and C. jejuni. Despite the importance of Campylobacter diagnosis to public health, many laboratories continue to adopt the slow, inaccurate conventional culturing approach, which leads to false-negative/positive results. The origin, transmission, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology of Campylobacter spp. diseases are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the samples were collected over a period from August 2021 to September 2022; about 100 poultry samples and 43 stool specimens from children were collected. According to conventional culturing techniques, the overall prevalence of the Campylobacter genus in both poultry and humans was determined to be 31.5%, whereas PCR analysis of poultry (30) and human specimens (43) for Campylobacter genus revealed a 35.6% isolation rate. While C. coli was the only species detected in poultry-positive Campylobacter genus samples demonstrated by 27.3%, the human-positive Campylobacter’s isolates were C. coli with 33.3%, C. jejuni and mixed infection with 6.7%. Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indexes quantify genetic diversity; assuming that Campylobacter species express virulence genes differently, we found that C. coli had a higher Shannon diversity index (0.8487) and Simpson index (0.4938), while C. jejuni had (0.6931) for Shannon and (0.5) for Simpson index. Regarding host-virulence genes diversity, human-derived strains had a higher Shannon diversity index (1.474) and Simpson index (0.75) than poultry. This study provided evidence that the genetic profiles of circulating species of Campylobacter differ depending on the origin, highlighting the need for genetic diversity knowledge for effective management and prevention strategies
The Comparative Effect of Total Versus Partial Surgical Excision of Nictating Membrane on The Aqueous Tear Production and Ocular Surface Health in Donkeys (Equus Asinus)
Get PDF The precise role of the nictating membrane is uncertain and inconsistently discussed in the literature, it is still up for debate. Currently, there have been no extensive investigations on the effect of nictating membrane excision on tear production in donkeys. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of total or partial surgical resection of the nictitating membrane on aquous tear production, pH, and corneal integrity via fluorescein dye and histological examination in donkeys. Donkeys were allocated into two equal groups. Group I (5 donkeys): donkeys were subjected to complete resection of the third eyelid in the left eye and the right one was a control. Group II (5 donkeys), donkeys were subjected to partial resection of the third eyelid in the left eye, and the right one was a control. All animals were observed for three months postoperative. The following criteria (ophthalmic examination, Schirmer tear test I (STT I), tear pH, and fluorescein staining test) were used for the evaluation of the eyes weekly for the first two months, then every two weeks for the last month. There were no significant variations in the mean values of STT I and pH of the total resection of the third eyelid (group Ι) in comparison with the partial resection of the third eyelid (group ΙΙ) (P > 0.05). In both eyes, there were no obvious clinical indicators of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). The histopathological examination of various regions such as eyelids, cornea, and conjunctiva in both groups compared to the control showed that all regions were perfectly normal. However, acinar atrophy, degeneration and periacinar fibrosis were visible in the glandular tissue of the third eyelid and cystic dilation and periductal fibrosis were visible in the nictitans gland’s duct system. In conclusion, neither complete nor partial resection of the third eyelid causes the development of KCS or alters the ocular surface integrity