Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Management Strategies for Sows and Piglets to Increase the Newborn Piglets’ Survivability Rate
Get PDFIn an effort to increase profitability, sows have been systematically selected for higher litter sizes. That may have led to an increase in pre-weaning mortality. To improve new-born survival, sows should be taken cared of stringently, especially the housing system and the sows’ nutritional management in both the gestation and the farrowing houses. Additionally, the sows’ reluctance to drink water after giving birth and the sow induction at the farrowing house can negatively affect both the new-born piglets and farrowed sows. Also inevitable is the extended farrowing duration associated with exceptionally large litters. Therefore, assistance during farrowing time is essential. The importance of colostrum intake should also be emphasized and that piglets should be fostered, if needed, to ensure that they have teats to suckle on. Moreover, milk replacer and creep feeding are also helpful options to aid in piglet’s nutrition requirement. Last but not least, farm caretakers who look after the piglets should be well-trained. This study looked into some strategies to improve piglet survivability by pointing out details in the routine activities at the farm
Microbial Quality of Tilapia nilotica in Egypt: A Review
Get PDFFish is considered as important source of animal derived protein, omega-3-fatthy acids, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iodine, and vitamins. Among the fish species, tilapia nilotica is the most famous fish in Egypt due to its ease culturing, short production cycle, cheap price, and therefore play fundamental roles in food security, particularly in the human supply of the anumal-derived protein. Fish during its production till delivery to the consumer's table might be exposed to a vast array of microbial contaminants either originated from its surrounding eniveronment or via cross contamination from the angler's hands, during transportation, and storage. Therefore, tilapia might act as a potential source of spreading of foodborne pathogens to the consumers. However, few reports had investigated the microbal quality of tilapia, particularly in Egypt. Therefore, this review was undertaken to report literatures studying the prevalence of some foodborne pathogens in tilapia fish in Egypt, the factors that affect the microbial quality of the fish, and some recommendations in order to extend the shelflife and improve the microbial quality of Tilapia nilotica. This reviw concluded that tilapia is eligible for contamination with a vast array of microorganisms such as enterobacteriacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shewanella putrefaciens, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Flavobacterium spp. Therefore, it is highly recommended to have efficient cooking of fish either via boiling, grilling, panfrying, dipping in liquid smokes, irradiation, ozonization, and addition of smone natural addirives such as lemon juice
The Burden of Escherichia coli Pathotypes among Diarrheic Farm Animals: A Possible Zoonotic Relevance
Get PDFPathogenic strains of Escherichia coli possess virulence factors that contribute to both intestinal and extraintestinal infections in both humans and animals. Farm animals can serve as a potential source for these types of E. coli strains. This study aimed to determine the virulence genes and related pathotypes of E. coli isolated from diarrheic farm animals and their public health importance. Rectal swabs were collected from 175 diarrheic farm animals (49 cattle, 69 sheep, and 57 goats). Samples were prepared for isolation of E. coli through enrichment in tryptic soya broth and then plating on Eosin methylene blue agar, whereas the identification of E. coli was performed based on colony morphology, biochemical tests, and molecular confirmation by PCR. Furthermore, the determination of the virulence factors associated with E. coli pathotypes was done by molecular technique to amplify the virulence genes including adhesins (sfa, papC, sepA, etrA, aer, feaG, fsaA, and eaeA), capsule synthesis (rfc), and toxins (cnf1, hlyA, eltA, estA, exhA, stx1, and stx2). Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was done via sequencing of the 16s rRNA genes from the strains that carry virulence genes, as well as the statistical analysis was done through the production of the hierarchically clustered heat map. Pathogenic E. coli was found in 39.4% of the examined animals. Fifteen out of sixteen virulence genes were detected among E. coli isolates from different farm animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats. ExPEC pathotype was predominated among cattle and sheep isolates whereas, ETEC pathotype is more frequent among goat isolates. The sequence analysis of 16s rRNA sequences revealed similarity between farm animal isolates and those from humans that were retrieved from GenBank. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential role of diarrheic farm animals in the epidemiology of pathogenic E. coli pathotypes which may have public health implications
Antibacterial Activities of Oregano- N-acetyl cysteine Nanocomposite against Multidrug-resistant Riemerella anatipestifer Isolated from Ducks
Get PDFRiemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) considered a highly epizootic pathogen, causes (duck septicemia) resulting in significant ducklings mortality and surviving birds may grow poorly leading to significant worldwide economic losses in the duck industry. As emerging of extensive multidrug resistance strains of R. anatipestifer, alternative treatment is of great concern for R. anatipestifer control. During (January - August 2020), different outbreaks in 20 suspected field duck farms, and 6 R. anatipestifer isolates which were confirmed by conventional PCR technique underwent an in vitro study. The isolates were tested against 17 antimicrobial agents (widely used in the poultry industry) to assess their antimicrobial resistance resulting that all tested strains being multidrug-resistant. The obtained antimicrobial resistance index (AMRI) was 0.63 ± 0.07, a very high value. So, the alternative treatment seemed to be a valuable tool for R. anatipestifer control. Oregano nanoemulsion and its nanocomposite were characterized by TEM and the nano-size were 23.46 and 37.13 nm, respectively, and with a stable state, zeta potentials were 18.5 ± 5.11, 10.031 ± 5.11, the PDI were 0.236, 0.467 and IC50 is > 100 µg/ml and IC50 is 28.13 µg/ml, respectively). The study concluded that the tested R. anatipestifer strains are extensively multidrug-resistant and its control requires an alternative interference other than the antibiotics. Oregano- N-acetyl cysteine nanocomposite shows promising high activity against R. anatipestifer, which to be recommended
Prevention of Hepato-renal Toxicity with Moringa oleifera in Gentamicin-treated Rats
Get PDFThe purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if orally administered Moringa oleifera (MO) extract had any protective effects on several biochemical markers in the kidney and liver in gentamicin (GNT)-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. Forty male albino rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the MO treated group, the GNT administered group, and the (MO+ GNT) group. The MO+ GNT group received GNT (100 mg/kg b.wt, i.p.) together with Moringa oleifera (400 mg/kg b.wt) for 20 consecutive days. Rats were put to death at the conclusion of the experiment, and blood samples were taken to measure serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, and globulin, as well as serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in isolated kidneys and liver. The liver and kidneys were divided into pieces for histology and a few immunohistochemistry tests. Following administration of GNT, there was a significant decrease in the activities of the hepatic and renal CAT, GPX, GSH, SOD, and TAC while there was a significant increase in the levels of MDA, 8OHdG, serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Treatment with MO significantly lessened the histopathological abrasions in the liver and kidney tissue brought on by GNT and restored the levels of renal and hepatic BAX and TNF. It also restored the evaluated criteria to normal values. According to the results, MO has a protective effect against GNT-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in rats. This effect may be explained by the fact that MO prevents free radical generation and restores antioxidant activity, which reduces the negative effects of GNT
Fostering Broiler Performance and Meat Yields: Harnessing the Power of High Fiber Diet with Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Acetic Acid 1% Supplementation
Get PDFThis research aimed to investigate the impact of a high-fiber diet with an additional dietary supplement prebiotics, probiotics, and organic acid on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat yields, intestinal microbial load, and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 500 newly hatched one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks, with similar average body weights of 35-40g, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: control (high fiber diet), prebiotics (Inmunair 17.5), probiotics (ProBax®), and organic acid (acetic acid 1% in drinking water). Each treatment group consisted of five replicates, with twenty five birds in each replicate, and the experiment lasted for 33 days. The birds were raised under standard conditions and fed with experimental diets formulated to meet their nutritional requirements. The results showed that broilers in the probiotics and prebiotics groups exhibited improved growth performance, body weight gain, and feed conversion rate compared to the organic acid group. Carcass traits, including live chicken body weight, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight, and GIT/Chick weight ratio, were also significantly better in the probiotics and prebiotics groups than in the organic acids group. Moreover, the intestinal bacteriological analysis indicated lower total bacterial counts in the probiotics and prebiotics groups, suggesting better gut health. The findings from this study may have implications for the poultry industry, providing valuable guidance for the development of practical and sustainable strategies to improve broiler production and meat quality. Further research in this area is warranted to explore the long-term effects and economic viability of incorporating dietary fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, and organic acids into broiler diets
Investigation on Post-parturient Hemoglobinuria (PPH) in Buffalo: A case Control Study
Get PDF Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a non-infectious hemolytic metabolic disorder of buffalo and cattle characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and hemoglobinuria. It may be highly fatal, if not diagnosed rapidly and treated promptly. The present study determines the clinical and biochemical alterations as well as, the risk factors associated with PPH in buffalo in Egypt. Sixty-eight buffalo displaying symptoms of hemoglobinuria, along with 24 healthy buffalo for comparison were involved. Each animal participating in the study underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, and blood and urine samples were collected for further analysis. A questionnaire was designed for the hypothesized risk factors. To determine the risk factors at the animal level, the logistic regression model was utilized. Clinically, PPH-affected buffalo had much lower ruminant movements than healthy ones, meanwhile their respiratory and pulse rates dramatically increased. The serum levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed a significant decrease in PPH-affected buffalo (p<0.05), whereas potassium (K), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and glucose serum levels all demonstrated a significant increase. (p<0.05) In the final logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors, there was a significant correlation between PPH and parity ≥4 (P = 0.036, OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.09-12.96), hypophosphatemia (P = 0.003, OR: 5.55, 95% CI: 1.78-17.27), and hypocalcaemia (P = 0.044, OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.03-11.15), on the animal level. In conclusion, PPH–affected buffalo may demonstrate several biochemical changes, as well as the identification of PPH-associated risk factors may provide a useful approach for the prevention and control of PPH in buffalo
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus- PCR of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pet Animals
Get PDFMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the potential pathogens in pet animals and has public health hazards worldwide. This project aimed to investigate the frequency of MRSA in pet animals and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the recovered strains as well as to determine the isolates genetic relatedness using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Out of the 270 swab (nostril, mouth, and abscess swabs) samples collected from veterinary clinics and shelters in Mansoura city, Egypt, 64 (23.7%) S. aureus isolates (49/224; 21.8 % from cats and 15/46; 32.6% from dogs) were identified. Among them, 40.6% (26 /64) were confirmed to be MRSA and 59.4% (38/64) were identified as MSSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed the highest resistance rates of MRSA isolates to penicillin (100%), oxacillin (100%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (92%), cefotaxime (92.4%), kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline (84.6%; 22/26 each), and lower resistance to vancomycin (38.5%). Â Furthermore, MSSA isolates showed moderate resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (52.6%), followed by sulfamethoxazole trimethoprime (26.3%). Multi drug resistant (MDR) was found in all MRSA isolates (100%; 26/26) and the most identified antimicrobial resistance patterns was P, AMC, OX, CTX, TE, S, K. A total of 26 identified MRSA strains were divided into 22 ERIC-PCR groupings (A-V) that were categorized into two clusters, ERIC cluster I and ERIC cluster II. Among them, the most common ERIC type (11.5%) was ERIC A. The significance of multidrug resistance MRSA to public health needs continuous testing of antimicrobial medications against MRSA isolates. Also, ERIC PCR demonstrate promising typing that might be conveniently employed on a regular basis to study the genotypic alterations of MRSA, particularly in pets
Detection of Virulence Determinants and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio species Isolated from Raw Fish Markets
Get PDFVibriosis is a major cause of death in farmed aquaculture systems around the world caused by an infection with Vibrio spp. This study was performed to detect the prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species from various fish species (n=200) collected from Port-Said fish markets as well as to assess the antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence determinants of the isolated Vibrio. Fish samples were inoculated onto Vibrio-selective medium (TCBS), and phenotypically identified using biochemical tests and the suspected isolates were then confirmed by PCR targeting collagenase gene followed by sequencing of the amplified gene. Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains as well as the virulence determinants were detected by PCR assay. Out of 200 fish samples, 80 Vibrio isolates including V. parahaemolyticus (22 /80) and V. alginolyticus (58 /80) were recovered. While V. vulnificus couldn’t be identified. Vibrio isolates displayed high resistance to beta-lactams antimicrobials and a lower resistance were displayed against tetracycline, quinolones and carbapenems. Additionally, tlh gene was present in all V. parahaemolyticus isolates, while the tdh gene was present in 27.1% (6/22). In conclusion, the results of this study provide information on the hazards that certain fish and shellfish could bring by transferring virulent and genetic resistance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus to people through food., therefore, consumers should be more alert, prepare food properly, and avoid undercooked or cross-contaminated fish
Newcastle Disease Virus as Virotherapy Agent Targeting p53 in Rat Fibrosarcoma Models
Get PDFRepairing wild-type p53 or destroying of mutant p53 is one of the therapeutic targets in cancer. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural oncolytic virus that has potential as a virotherapy agent in cancer. This virus has been shown to induce cancer cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of p53 in cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells and its correlation to the grade of cancer malignancy after NDV therapy in rat fibrosarcoma model. Rat fibrosarcoma model were divided into two groups, i.e., the control group (P0) and the treatment group (P1), each consist of 3 rats. The control group (P0) was injected with 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline and treatment group (P1) was injected with 0.5 mL NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 intratumorally once a day for four consecutive days. At the end of the study, 15 days post-treatment, all rats were euthanized and fibrosarcoma tissue was collected. Fibrosarcoma tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry to determine p53 expression and histopathological examination with hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the grade of malignancy. The results of this study, the mutant p53 were more expressed in the control group (P0) than the treatment group (P1). It showed that NDV was significant (P<0.05) to the decrease of mutant p53 expression and positively correlated (P<0.05) to the cancer malignancy in rat fibrosarcoma model. In conclusion, NDV has potential as a virotherapy agent targeting mutant p53 in rat fibrosarcoma models