Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Risk of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Poultry Meat of Chicken with Arthritis in Poultry Farms
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that affects both people and animals. Staphylococcus aureus causes food poisoning in addition to invasive diseases as arthritis and septicemia. This study was done on 70 chicken samples obtained from 7 different farms of chickens with symptoms of arthritis in Kafr El-sheikh government, Egypt. In this study out of 70 samples of chickens from different farms, 37 (52.8%) samples were recognized as coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and 33 (47.1%) were recognized as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). By using the microtitre plate method, seven out of 37 (18.9%) CoPS were positive for biofilm production with variable degrees. The pattern of antibacterial sensitivity of 7 Staphylococcus aureus isolates against 12 commercially available antibiotic discs showed 100 % resistance to oxytetracycline then Amoxicillin (71.43%), Erythromycin (57.14%), Norfloxacin (14.29%), Tetracycline (42.86), Sulphamethoxazole (42.86%), Gentamicin (42.86%), Ampicillin (42.86%), kanamycin (28.57), cephatotin (28.57), doxycycline (0%) and the least was observed with chloramphenicol (0%). seven of positive S. aureus isolates were introduced in order to identify the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE and integron by PCR test Which 4 out of 7 isolates (57.1 %) were positive for SEB and SED only while were other isolate were negative for all SE gene. Class 1 integron cassettes were detected in 6 isolates from 7 (85.7%) of tested isolates. In conclusion, this is the first study to report the detection and identification of enterotoxin and class 1 integron in S. aureus isolated from poultry meat of chicken that suffered from arthritis.
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Field Evaluation of Toltrazuril and Garlic for Treatment of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens
Get PDFThis study was performed to investigate the effect of toltrazuril and fresh crushed garlic on the treatment of broiler chicks infected with coccidiosis. A hundred one-day old unsexed Cobb broiler chicks were used in this study. Chicks are classified into 5 equal groups (n=20 birds/group), Gp (1) contained 20 healthy broilers and acted as a negative control. Birds of groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were inoculated orally with 1x105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) (field isolate) on the 14th day of age. Group 2 was experimentally infected, did not receive treatment and acted as a positive control. Group 3 was experimentally infected and treated with toltrazuril (1ml/liter drinking water) for two successive days. Group 4 was experimentally infected and treated with fresh crushed garlic (50 g/Kg ration) for 5 successive days. Group 5 was experimentally infected and treated with toltrazuril (1ml/liter drinking water) and fresh crushed garlic (25g/Kg ration) for 5 successive days. All birds were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment, 1st and 10th days post treatment. Five birds from each group were sacrificed and two blood samples from each chick were collected for determination of erythrogram, MDA and CAT. Specimens from intestine were collected for histopathological study. The obtained results showed that the broilers infected with E. tenella had loss of appetite, depression, ruffled feathers, debility, dropped head and bloody diarrhea. Infected chicks with coccidia induced a significant decrease in the body weight, weight gain, RBCs, Hb, PCV%, platelets, and MCHC. Beside, an increase in FCR, MCV, MCH, and MDA assoiated with non-significant decrease in CAT was recorded. Infected birds treated with toltrazuril and garlic either alone or in a combination could recover birds from the clinical signs. Moreover, we recorded a significant increase in body weight, weight gain coupled with non significant increase in RBCs, Hb and PCV%, Platelet, MCHC and non-significant decrease in MCV and MCH compared with experimentally infected and non treated group (+ve control). Infected broilers with coccidiosiss induced pathological lesions in the small intestine represented as ruptured villi, and diffused haemorrhage. Treatment of the infeted birds with toltrazuril and garlic showed apparently normal mucosa, submucosa and muscularis mucosa with serosa. It could be concluded that the infected broiler chickens with E. tenella induced adverse effects in body performance, erythrogram and pathological changes. Treatment of infected chicks with toltrazuril and garlic led to disappearance of the clinical signs, improved body performane and pathological effects
Effect of Thyme Oil and Acetic Acid on The Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh Meat
Get PDFMeat industry is beginning to view meat shelf life as a serious issue. Organic acids and essential oils with antibacterial activities improve preservation of meat safety. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the preservation advantages of thyme oil, acetic acid, and a mixture of thyme oil and acetic acid (2% of each), as well as their effects on sensory characteristics, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of raw beef meat. The current study's findings demonstrated that treating raw beef meat with thyme oil, acetic acid at a concentration of 2% separately successfully lowered levels of APC, pH, TVBN, and TBARS and prolonged shelf life to 15 days when stored at 4°C. While the treatment with a combination of thyme oil and acetic acid at a concentration of 2% outperformed other treated and control groups leading to improving shelf life, and quality of raw beef meat. In conclusion, natural and organic preservatives may be utilized as an alternative to maintain meat and their products quality and extend their shelf life
Biofilm Production Capacity Exerted by some Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Poultry Farms in Egypt with a Trial of Control Using Chemical Disinfectants
Get PDFMicrobial biofilm is one of the most serious problems facing poultry farms all over the world and especially in Egypt. Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were the highest implicated bacteria in biofilm formation in poultry farms. Consequently, 440 samples were collected from 8- broiler and 8-layer farms at El- Sharkia Province, Egypt, during the period from (July 2021till August 2022). The objective of the study was to evaluate biofilm development capacity of the tested bacterial species by the microtiter plate (MTP) assay. Also, the efficacy of five disinfectants commonly used in poultry farms (Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, Virkon S, glutaraldehyde and copper sulphate) with different concentrations (1, 2 and 5%) and different contact times (10, 60 and 120 m) on reducing the biofilms produced by S. Enteritidis, E. coli O78 and S. aureus was estimated. Results showed that out of 440 collected samples, 17 (3.8%), 200(45.5%) and 66 (15%) strains were identified as Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. 88.2%, 92% and 87.8% of the isolates of Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were biofilm producers. The most effective disinfectant was sodium hypochlorite which eliminated the biofilms of S. Enteritidis and E. coliO78 when used at concentration 5% for 120m while 5% for 60 m against S. aureus biofilm. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide showed great efficiency and complete removal of biofilm of S. Enteritidis when used at concentration 2% for 120m and 5%f or 120 m against S. aureus biofilm, meanwhile removed 91% of E. coli O78 biofilm when used at concentration of 5% for 120 m. However, Copper Sulphate was insufficient disinfectant to be used against the biofilms. It can be concluded that the anti-biofilm efficiency of the disinfectants increases with the increase concentration and contact time with biofilms especially when using oxidizing disinfectants (hypochlorite and peroxides)
Physicochemical Comparison between the Broiler and Layer Carcasses and their Meat
Get PDFLayer chickens are an important species of poultry that has the ability to produce a large amount of eggs destined for consumption. However, after the end of the period of egg production and the preparation of their carcasses for marketing, the physicochemical quality of their meat is subject to debate. Therefore, a total of 100 random laying chicken samples intended for slaughter are randomly collected from different farms at Ismailia city after the end of the egg production period. All samples were inspected to ensure their suitability for consumers through determination of its live weight, carcass weight, dressing weight and meat weight. Other search aim was to determine of the physiochemical quality of this examined layer meat samples by estimation of pH, drip loss, cooking loss, proximate chemical analysis in comparing to broiler samples as control and the Egyptian standard specification. The results revealed that, there is a significant increase (P<0.05) in the live weight and carcass weight of layer carcasses by 5.4% and 22.1% respectively more than broiler, while there was insignificant increase (P>0.05) in dressing weight of layer carcasses. There were a significant increase (P<0.05) in pH, drip loss and cooking loss in layer hen meat in compared to broiler meat. Using of acid milk as marinating techniques could improve sensory and physical quality of layer meat and could prefer by consumers
Screening of Food-borne Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli Pathogens in Artisanal White Soft Cheese in Delta Region, Egypt
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the leading causes of food-intoxication and on the other hand E. coli and particularly, Shiga toxin (ST) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as important food-borne enteropathogens frequently associating serious to fatal disorders in humans and both species have shown to be resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics. The current study was performed to determine the prevalence of two common food-borne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in white soft cheese being one of the most popular dairy products in Egypt. A total 150 samples of soft cheese were purchased from the market and were microbiologically tested. The S. aureus isolates were identified according to recommended biochemical tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the nuc gene; as a species-specific marker gene for S. aureus. Meanwhile, E. coli isolates were identified based on biochemical tests, serological tests, haemolytic activity and multiplex PCR has been done to assess capability of producing STs based on targeting stx1 and stx2 genes. Â Result revealed that S. aureus and E. coli were observed in 66.66% and 36% of samples, respectively. The antimicrobial resistance of isolates was phenotypically-investigated against eleven different antibiotics and results showed the presence of a variable multidrug-resistance among isolates against selected antibiotics. These findings highlighted the importance of periodical screening of food-borne pathogens in artisanal products due to lack of strict hygienic measures in markets; the reason that facilitate the contamination of such artisanal products by several food-borne pathogens
Immune Response Induced by Carbomer Adjuvanted Equine Influenza Vaccine
Get PDFVaccination against Equine influenza virus (EIV) is necessary to minimize and prevent spreading of the disease. There are many types of natural and synthetic adjuvants which can improve the efficacy of animal vaccines, such as aluminum compounds, emulsions, saponins, and carbomer. The current study was carried out to compare inactivated Equine influenza vaccines containing carbomer as an adjuvant in concentrations of 0.25% and 0.50% (formula 2&3) with an inactivated vaccine containing a combination of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin as a conventional adjuvant (formula 1). The potency of the different vaccine formulations was tested in groups of guinea pigs. The mean HI- antibodies titer 3 weeks post inoculation of group (A) with formula-1, group (B) with formula-2 and group (C) with formula-3 were 9.2 log2, 10.4 log2 and 10.6 log2. All formulae were potent with higher HI antibodies in group B compared to group A. Groups B and C had nearly the same results. Stability testing of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) proved that both formulae were potent and stable at 40C for two years. Seroconversion of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) in horses revealed that EI vaccine adjuvanted with carbomer induced higher HI-antibodies titer as well as longer lasting immune response in horses than those induced by combination of aluminum hydroxide gel & saponin
Effects of Oral Administration of Atorvastatin or Fenofibrate on Hyperlipidemia Induced by Betamethasone Dipropionate Injection in Rabbits
Get PDFBetamethasone, a fluorinated and synthetic steroid, is a commonly used glucocorticoid. To our knowledge, no available studies exist concerning the hyperlipidemic effect of betamethasone dipropionate (BDP) in rabbits. Therefore, the current study was conducted to highlight the effects of intramuscular injection of BDP on lipid profile in rabbits, investigate the possible mechanism underlying the produced effects and evaluate the possible antihyperlipidemic effect of atorvastatin (ATR) and fenofibrate (FFB). For this purpose, twenty male New Zealand rabbits were classified into control, BDP (0.5 ml/kg B.wt/ IM/day/single dose), BDP+ATR; rabbits were IM injected with BDP, then they were orally given ATR (1.9 mg./kg. B.wt./ once/ day/ month) and group IV (BDP+FFB); rabbits were IM injected with BDP then they were orally given FFB (7.5 mg/kg B.wt/ once/ day/ month). The obtained result revealed that single IM injection of BDP produced a significant elevation in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL level with a significant decline in HDL in comparison to control group on the 3rd,7th,14th, 21st, 30th day of the experiment. On the 30th day of the experiment there was an increase in the ALT, AST, MDA, VCAM-1 as well as a significant decrease in TAC. Furthermore, BDP induced a significant increase in HMG-COA reductase gene expression and a significant decrease in lipoprotein lipase gene expression. Oral administration of ATR or FFB concurrently with BDP for a month succeeded in reducing the hyperlipidemia induced by BDP in rabbits
Dexpanthenol: New Insights on Wound Healing, a Review
Get PDFDexpanthenol, a vitamin from the B complex that is an alcoholic analogue of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), is converted to pantothenic acid by certain enzymes and then circulated throughout the body as coenzyme-A. Pantothenic acid is rich in the liver, kidney, butter, almond and wheat bran. Dexpanthenol is administered topically as an ointment, emulsion, or solution at dosages of 2 to 5% to treat a variety of skin and mucosal conditions. Pantothenic acid is reported to act as anti-inflammatory, radical scavenger and assist in the wound healing. In this review, we want to shed some light on the dietary sources, medicinal significance, and wound healing applications of dexpanthenol
Trials for Replacing Antibiotics Used in Production of Tissue Culture Vaccines by Natural Antibacterial and Antifungal Extracts
Get PDFThe continuous use of antibiotics for tissue culture adapted vaccines production has led to the increase in the bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on bacterial and fungal contamination, in the production of tissue culture vaccines. The active agents in each plant were extracted by the conventional extraction technique using ethanol and water as solvents followed by concentration (steam distillation and boiling). The antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts were determined in well agar diffusion technique using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans as model for gram positive, gram negative and fungal contamination, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the different solvent extracts were tested on VERO and MDBK cell culture. The obtained results indicated that water and ethanolic extracts from thyme and clove plants showed significant antimicrobial activities (P < 0.05) as they could inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extract of thyme had the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (2.40±0.20) and Candida albicans (3.07±0.3), and the lowest inhibition zone against S. aureus (1.53±0.23), whereas the thyme water extract didn’t show any antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (2.63±0.2), E. coli (2.63±0.2), while the lowest was against S. aureus (1.87±0.3). Water extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus (1.93±0.4, and 2.47±0.1), respectively and 0.97±0.1 against Candida albicans. The ethanolic extracts of thyme and clove showed changes in the cell wall until concentration 1 mg/ml for clove and 10 µg/ml for thyme on VERO cells; while the cytotoxic effect on MDBK cells was observed till the concentration of 100 µg/ml for clove and thyme water extracts. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of clove water extract on bacterial and fungal contaminant could replace antibiotics in the production of tissue culture vaccines at a concentration of 10 µg/ml