Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Occurrence and Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination of Meat Products With a Focus on The Associated Health Risks: A review
Get PDFMeat products are essential sources of high quality animal protein, essential amino acids, and trace elements such as copper, zinc, and iron, and vitamins such as vitamin B group. However, meat products can be exposed to contamination with several xenobiotics including heavy metals. Several species of the heavy metal group have no physiological functions and their intake via contaminated food and water is associated with several adverse health effects that might reach to even death. In this review, we will throw the light on the occurrence of heavy metals and the sources of contamination of the meat products with these chemicals. Moreover, the potential adverse health effects associated with these chemicals will be reviewed
Growth Performance and Health Responses of Growing New Zealand White Rabbits Fed Different Levels of Dietary Synbiotic Supply
Get PDFCountering the antibiotics excessive use by the exploitation of promising immunostimulants alternatives is a trending strategy in modern animal husbandry. This research assessed the impact of novel dietary symbiotic supply at different levels on growing rabbits’ performance. Forty-five New Zealand White rabbits (aged seven weeks, weighing 1075 ± 9.78 g) were randomly allotted to five groups. Rabbits were fed the basal diet as control and the other groups supplemented with synbiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae along with β-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharide) at an inclusion level of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg diet for 6 weeks. Results indicated that synbiotic addition increased the feed intake (p=0.01), enhanced the growth performance and feed conversion ratio (linear, p≤0.001; quadratic, p≤0.002) with the 0.5 g/kg diet level being the most effective. The synbiotic supply increased the serum total protein and albumin (quadratic, p≤0.024) as well as lipase and amylase (linear, p<0.001; quadratic, p=0.001), while decreased alanine-aminotransferase, urea, triglycerides, and glucose (quadratic, p≤0.023) as well as cortisol (linear, p<0.001; quadratic, p≤0.001). The concentrations of immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-M, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count increased (linear, p≤0.001) and white blood cells decreased (linear, p<0.001) by the synbiotic inclusion. The hot carcass weight and the percentages of dressing, and carcass cuts were increased (quadratic, p≤0.02) in which the 0.5 g/kg diet level was better. Taken together, the current dietary synbiotic supplementation of 0.5 g/kg diet could pave the way for promoting the rabbits’ growth and health status, thus, it is advisable to utilize these findings in the husbandry of rabbits under commercial production conditions
Renoprotective potential of olive leaves extract against cadmium-induced chronic kidney damage
Get PDFEnvironmental pollution remains a major global health concern, particularly when it comes to heavy metals, which are associated with various health hazards. Among the prevalent heavy metals in the environment is cadmium (Cd). As a result, the current study aimed to investigate the nephroprotective potential of olive leaves extract (OLE) against Cd-induced chronic renal injury. Forty-eight albino rats were divided into four equal groups. Rats in the control group were received distilled water orally, while those in the OLE group were orally administered OLE 200 (mg/kg b.wt.) daily. The cadmium-intoxicated group rats were orally gavage 5 mg Cd/kg b.wt. twice a week and the OLE+Cd group received the same doses of both OLE and CdCl2. After 4 and 8 weeks of the experiment, blood and kidney samples were collected for analysis of kidney function test and histopathological examination. Oral administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for 4 and 8 weeks resulted in nephrotoxicity, evidenced by a significant increase (P<0.05) in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. These biochemical changes were accompanied by distinct histopathological alterations, including renal hemorrhage, edema and vasculitis with severe glomerular and tubular necrosis as well as periglomerular fibrosis and marked interstitial fibrosis. Treatment with OLE exhibited a remarkable reduction in these histopathological changes and restored the serum parameters toward normal levels. In conclusion, OLE has a time-dependent mitigating effect against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing inflammation, glomerulotubular injury, and renal fibrosis, indicating that it is a potential natural product in counteracting chronic nephrotoxicity
Supplementation of alpha lipoic acid on Kacang goat (Capra hircus) oocyte to the growth of GDF-9 and BMP-15
Get PDFThe application of assisted reproductive technology by mass-producing embryos is to maintain genetic resistance, increase productivity and livestock populations in a short time with maximum quality. Oocyte In Vitro Maturation (IVM) is a crucial stage of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) implementation to increase the quantity and quality of livestock genetic trait through in In Vitro Embryo Production (IVP). GDF-9 and BMP-15 expression are in the family of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) which are known to regulate oocyte and cumulus cell development in mammals. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) on IVM media of Kacang goat (Capra hircus) oocytes. This research was an experimental study design consisting of 3 treatment groups: (P0) the control group, (P1) 25 µM/L ALA supplementation and (P2) 50 µM/L ALA supplementation. This study used 261 COCs which were 22 hours matured in vitro at 38.5°C, 98% humidity, and 5% CO2. GDF-9 and BMP-15 expression data were statistically tested with a significance of p<0.05. Immunocytochemistry showed the expression value of GDF-9 (2.86 ± 1.06a, 4.29 ± 1.79a and 8.29 ± 2.69b). BMP-15 expression values (2.57±1.39a, 5.71±3.72b and 11.43±1.51c). The results of the study showed that supplementation with ALA on maturation media at a dose of 50 µM/L toward the maturation level and increased GDF-9 and BMP-15 expression in vitro maturation of Kacang goat oocyte.Â
Modulatory Effect of Synbiotic and/or Antibiotic on Biochemical Indices, Gene Expression and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken Challenged with Clostridium Perfringens
Get PDFSynbiotic and/or antibiotic supplementation effect on biochemical parameters, gene expression, meat quality, and antibiotic residues were evaluated in this study involving broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. A total of 120 one-day chicks were divided into five groups. Group A and B were control negative and control positive. Group C supplemented with synbiotic (PoultryStar®). Group D supplemented with antibiotic (Flagymox®). Group E supplemented with mixed antibiotic and synbiotic. On the 14th day, all groups except group A were inoculated with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. Supplementation of synbiotic alone or in combination with antibiotic resulted in improving the serum protein and albumin levels, glucose concentrations, liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), serum creatinine, uric acid, oxidative and anti-oxidative activities (decrease MDA and increased SOD, CAT and GPx activities). The expression of IL10, CAT, SOD and GPx mRNA was upregulated. Additionally, there was an improvement in meat quality (elevated protein and low fat contents and reduced TBARS contents, with no effect on moisture or ash content). However, antibiotic supplementation revealed antibiotic residues in meats of broilers. In conclusion, synbiotic supplementation shows potential in mitigating necrotic enteritis and can play role as alternative to antibiotics for broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens
Therapeutic Management, Clinicopathological, Molecular and Cost Studies on Sarcoptes scabiei Infestation in Rabbit
Get PDFSarcoptic Mange is a highly contagious parasitic disease that can cause huge economic losses to rabbit producers and has the potential to infect humans. This study aimed to perform molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei, assess redox and inflammatory state, evaluate the cost and efficacy of a single dose of a commercially available ivermectin with a topical application of sulfur ointment for control of this issue. Skin scraping was collected from infested rabbits in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, and submitted for parasitological examination. The mite specimens were identified based on ITS2 PCR gene. Forty-four adult rabbits naturally infected with mange and 5 free animals were divided into three groups, group 1, 1% ivermectin was injected subcutaneously once, the affected area was soaked with 1% deltamethrin, and sulfur ointment 10% was applied every 2 days. Group 2 received two injections of ivermectin with an interval of 2 weeks while group 3 was non-infested rabbits. Skin scraping and serum samples were taken for parasitological and clinicopathological examination and the cost of each treatment was calculated. A high degree of sequence variation was observed between our sequence sample and some other Sarcoptes scabiei sequences from Egypt and different geographic areas. MDA and IL-6 levels were significantly increased, and TAC was significantly decreased in the infected groups compared with the uninfected group. On the 28th day of treatment, hair growth and complete skin recovery were observed in both treated groups. A single dose of 1% ivermectin with topical treatment is sufficient to eliminate Sarcoptes scabiei but is costly.
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Content and Health Risk Assessment of Total Aflatoxins in the Retailed Beef Luncheon, Sausage, and Pasterma in Zagazig City, Egypt
Get PDFMeat products represent an important source of animal-derived protein. However, meat products are also implicated as a potential source of human exposure to some chemical residues such as aflatoxins (AFTs). The objectives of the present study were first to estimate the total AFTs content in the retailed meat products (beef luncheon, sausage, and pasterma) in Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Besides, dietary intake and potential health risks for the Egyptian population associated with the consumption of AFTs-contaminated meat products were further calculated. The obtained results revealed that pasterma had significantly the highest AFTs content, followed by luncheon, and sausage respectively. Calculation of the daily intakes of the total AFTs revealed that consumption of bovine meat products represents a potential source for dietary exposure to total AFTs. However, the calculation of the margin of exposure of total AFTs among the Egyptian population based on the average consumption of meat products revealed that such meat products might not possess a cancer risk among Egyptian adults and children. In general, excessive consumption of such meat products should be avoided for long-life protection against AFTs-related cancer risk.
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Estimation of the Time Since Death Based on the Post-mortem Histopathological Changes in a Rat Brain: An Observational Study
Get PDFA comprehensive inference of the structural alterations that occur in the body after death plays a pivotal role in the accurate interpretation of the time since death in many human and animal death investigations. Particular estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) is usually affected by many frequently changed environmental and other factors that influence the sequential changes that happen to a body after death. Histopathologic investigation in autopsy is a unique technique to investigate PMI. Moreover, it is a supplementary investigation in cases where macroscopic examinations fail to display a diagnostic pathology regarding death. Here, we investigated the post-mortem histopathological changes in rats' brains to pinpoint the time that elapsed since death. For this purpose, we used 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into two main groups 36 young-aged rats and 36 adult-aged rats. The two main groups were subdivided into 6 subgroups (6 rats/subgroup). After accommodation, rats were cervically dislocated and intact brain was collected at 0-hour post-mortem and the at 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th hrs post-mortem at room temperature (RT) and 4oC. The histopathological changes of collected brain tissues revealed that the post-mortem changes begin to be emphasized after 8th hrs post-mortem in both young and adult rats at RT than at 4oC. Those changes included hemorrhage, mild neuronal degeneration, and apoptotic neurons that were prominent in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, cerebral cortex histopathologic changes continued till the 24th hrs post-mortem. Also, the cerebellar changes followed the same path as the cerebral ones. However, the results deduced that the post-mortem changes were prominent at RT in young-aged rats. In conclusion, observation of the histopathological changes of brain tissue under certain individual and environmental circumstances can be an effective, inexpensive, and additional tool to accurately estimate the PMI.
 
Efficacy of Freeze Dried Inactivated Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus-1 and Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine
Get PDF          Vaccination has a very important role in controlling the most infectious diseases in horses especially Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Tetanus. The keeping quality of the locally prepared combined inactivated vaccine containing EIV, EHV-1 and Tetanus Toxoid (TT) adjuvanted with saponin and Alhydrogelwere improved through preparingthe lyophilized inactivated EIV, EHV-1 and TT vaccine then reconstituted with adjuvant (saponin) and compare between them (liquid and lyophilized). The two vaccine batches were inoculated into groups of guinea pig and horses for potency and immunogenicity measurement. The immune response in guinea pigs and horses measured by HI test for EIV and ELISA for EHV-1 and Toxoid Neutralizing antibody test (TN) for T.T which proved that antibody was detected at 2weeks post vaccination reached its peak at two-month post inoculation (2MPI) then declined gradually until 7MPI. There is no significant difference between all vaccines, as they were potent, efficient and immunogenic. Regarding to the keeping quality, the tested vaccine vials were keptat 4ºC for various interval times (1, 2, 2.5, and 3years) then inoculated into guinea piggroups. Finally, the lyophilized vaccine was proved to be stable and potent for 3years while the liquid vaccine was stable for 2years
Effect of Zinc and Nano Zinc on Developmental Competence of Buffalo Oocytes
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the impact of zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide on the In-vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and on the In-vitro embryo developmental competence of buffaloes. Ovaries were obtained from the abattoir. Good quality oocytes (excellent & good) were matured in tissue culture medium -199 (TCM-199) vs. TCM-199 +10-6M zinc sulfate vs. TCM-199 +10-6 M nano zinc oxide enriched by fetal calf serum 10% (FCS) + 10 μg/ml follicle-stimulating hormone + 50 μg/ml gentamicin. The oocyte maturation was done in the incubator for 22 h in a humidified environment with CO2 5% and 38.5°C. Frozen-thawed semen was used to fertilize Mature oocytes, which were then incubated for 18 hours, before being cultured by synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) for 7 days. The obtained results showed that supplementing maturation medium with 10-6 M zinc sulfate and 10-6 M nano zinc oxide resulted in a significant (P˂0.05) rise in GIII cumulus cell expansion of buffalo oocytes by 52.93 %, and 59.75%, respectively, as compared to oocytes cultured in free medium (36.8%). G0 cumulus cell expansion showed a significant (P˂0.05) decrease in zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (7.85, 3.29 %, respectively) when compared with oocytes cultured in free medium (14.73 %). The rate of maturation of oocytes with polar bodies was significantly greater in the zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (86.98, and 92.43%, respectively) when compared with those matured in free medium (80.11%). The hatching (cleavage) rate was significantly greater (P˂0.05) in the zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (83.17, 87.66 respectively %) when compared with the TCM-199 (free medium) group (78.60%). The transferable embryos (blastocyst & morula) rates significantly raised (P˂0.05) in the zinc sulfate (17.28 & 19.87 %, respectively) and nano zinc oxide groups (21.23 &26.21%, respectively) when compared with TCM-199 group (11.19 &13.75 %, respectively). In conclusion, in vitro maturation rate and transferable embryo rates in buffaloes improve by adding zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide to the medium of maturation