Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Poultry and Molecular Typing of Strains by ERIC-PCR
Get PDFThe aim of this is study was to evaluate of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on multidrug resistant (MDR) Cl. perfringens strains isolated from broilers as an alternative to conventional antibiotics and Molecular typing of the C. perfringens strains using ERIC-PCR for assessment of genetic relationship between strains isolated from different organs. A total of 20 isolates of Cl. perfringens were isolated from necrotic enteritis affected poultry located in El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance pattern was evaluated. ERIC- PCR genotyping of Cl. perfringens   isolates was performed to detect the genetic diversity and the degree of similarity between isolates. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs on MDR strains was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging was conducted to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles on C. perfringens cells. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging used to evaluate the effect of AgNPs on Cl. perfringens biofilm formed on glass cover slide for different periods of incubation with the same concentration of silver nanoparticles. Out of 85 collected samples from broiler chicken farms, 20 isolates of Cl. perfringens type A were isolated from broiler chickens at El-Behera governorate, Egypt. Most of isolates were MDR. ERIC PCR genotyping classified the isolates into 4 clusters (C1-C4).  MBC was 30ug/ml, while MIC was 20ug/ml and the bacterial growth completely inhibited after 24 hours. TEM and SEM images showed that AgNPs has exerted broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against MDR Cl. perfringens isolate and against biofilm.
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Monitoring of Heavy Metal Residues in the Meat of Some Game Birds with Insight into Their Health Risk Assessment
Get PDFDue to their great nutritional value, distinct scent and taste, and lower price in contrast to other usual sources of protein, game birds' meat products are in higher demand. Toxic metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) are still present in these items, but there is a glaring lack of information on their presence. Therefore, this analysis was done to determine the residual level of lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic were still present in three different types of game bird’s meat, including pigeons, quails and sparrows. According to the study’s findings, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were detected at variable concentrations in the tested samples. Residual concentrations of the tested metals in several samples are over the suggested maximum permissible limits (MPL). However, Cd was low in all samples and did not exceed MPL. Furthermore, the HQ ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 for cadmium, 1.16 to 1.34 for arsenic, 0.06 to 0.07 for lead and 0.05 to 0.35 for mercury. Although HQs of studied heavy metals except for arsenic did not exceed 1, it supposedly demonstrates that eating the meat of game birds does not pose a significant health risk to people for ingesting the particular metals
Prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. in Marine Water Fish Intended for Human Consumption
Get PDFThis study aimed at investigation of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp., in two marine water fish, namely Pagrus, and saurus intended for human consumption. In the current study, Pseudomonas spp., was isolated and identified from two marine water fishes. Fifty Pagrus fish and 50 Saurus (Saurida undosquamis) fish were sampled from fish markets at Sharkia governorate, Egypt. The prevalence rates of Pseudomonas spp. were 84%, and 40% in Pagrus fish, and Saurus respectively. The identified Pseudomonas spp., from Saurus was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. Â aeruginosa), P. fluorescens, P. fragi, P. cepacia, at 20% for each. P. alcaligenes and P. lundensis were recovered at 10%. In Pagrus, the prevalence rates were 31.3%, 56.3%, and 6.2% for P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. fragi and P. stutzeri. Seven serotypes of P. aeruginosa were identified with the serotypes O11 at the top prevalence (42.8%), and O6, O5, O1, O8 at 19.3% for each. The virulence-associated genes were lasB (Elastase B gene), exoS (Exoenzyme S) and pilB (pili gene) were detected in the recovered P. aeruginosa at 100%, 71.4%, and 28.6%, respectively. Â The recovered Pseudomonas species had high antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin and gentamycin at 100%, 88.5%, 65.4%, and 50%, respectively. In conclusion, Pagrus and Saurus fish species are considered as potential sources of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas spp
Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Marketable Milk and Soft Cheese: Effect of Curcumin and Ginger Nanoparticles on its Survival
Get PDFThis study was designed to record the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to the methicillin resistance isolate as well as some virulence factors in milk and soft cheese and the antibacterial effect of curcumin and ginger nanoparticles. The samples were collected over a period of December 2021 to April 2022 from different locations in Assiut Government, Egypt. The samples were subjected to microbiology and molecular analysis. From 100 samples of marketable milk and soft cheese (50 for each one), the results showed that 78 samples (78%) positive for Staphylococcus aureus, moreover the percentages of mecA gene were (21.06%). Also, the isolated strains were carried enterotoxins gene (sea) and alpha hemolysis gene (hlɑ) with percentages of 3.51 and 2.43%, respectively. Moreover, the curcumin and ginger nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the ultra-sonication method and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and TEM. With the assistance of the well diffusion method, curcumin and ginger NPs showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained by the micro broth dilution method which indicated that the lowest concentrations inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus using curcumin and ginger NPs were 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that the curcumin NPs have antibacterial activity higher than that of ginger NPs against MRSA
Seroprevalence of Brucella among Camels in Upper Egypt
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis among camel obtained from El Shalateen area, Red Sea governorate.  Identification of   Brucella isolates, from naturally infected slaughtered camel, using bacteriological and molecular methods to identify the prevalent field strain in camels. This investigation was carried out on 470 camels during the period from July 2020 to June 2021 in El Shalateen area, Red Sea governorate, Egypt using Modified Rose Bengal plate test (mRBPT), Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) and further confirmation by complement fixation test (CFT) for evaluation of the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis and characterization of Brucella microorganism on bacteriological and molecular basis. The results revealed that the seroprevalence was 10.9%, 8.9%, and 8.5% using mRBPT, ICA and CFT, respectively. The results revealed that there is a highly significant association between brucellosis diagnosed by mRBPT and CFT and the age of the camel. The highest percentage of seropositivity was recorded in older camels > 6y, (p-value < 0.0001). While brucellosis by ICA showed a significant relationship with age (P < 0.05). But there was a non-significant association between brucellosis diagnosed by mRBPT, ICA, and CFT and the sex of the camel, (P > 0.05). The results also revealed that the sensitivity was 100% for mRBPT and ICA While the specificity was 97.44% and 99.53% for mRBPT and ICA, respectively using CFT as the gold standard test. Brucella isolation was 6.7% isolated from costocervical and precrural lymph nodes, liver spleen, and testicles which were identified biochemically as Brucella melitensis biovar 3. DNA extraction and PCR amplification from isolates revealed 5 out of 5 isolates with a molecular size of 282 bp identified as Br. melitensis DNA. In conclusion, ICA can be used as a rapid screening and confirmatory test for the diagnosis of camel brucellosis. Besides, CFT is still a gold standard test because of its balance between sensitivity and specificity
Impact of Microbial Load of Slaughterhouse Environment on the Degree of Broiler Chicken Carcass Contamination, with a Focus on Campylobacter Prevalence
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A poultry abattoir's environment is the primary source of potential cross-contamination and bacterial contamination. Three automatic poultry slaughterhouses were selected in these governorates: Giza (1), Menoufeya (2), and Sharkeya (3). This study aimed to determine whether the microorganism load in the abattoir environment (TBC, TCC, and Campylobacter count) is associated with carcass contamination. Additionally, we wanted to investigate the effects of adding chlorine at different levels during the processing of carcasses on the microbial load. There were 15 air samples collected, as well as 30 swabs taken from the walls, floors, and processing equipment, from the three abattoirs (Reception, Bleeding and Plucking, Processing, Packing, and Refrigeration) in each abattoir, plus roughly five samples collected prior to and after carcass immersion from the scald tank, chill tank, and pre-chiller tank. In addition, approximately 12 broiler carcasses were randomly selected midday from each slaughterhouse's process line. All three slaughterhouses showed significant differences in microbial counts (TBC and TCC); the most significant differences were found on the walls and floors. A significant difference exists between the different abattoir halls. The lowest count was found in air samples at the refrigeration room (TBC and TCC recorded 0.14 and 0.12 log10 CFU, respectively). Three slaughterhouses, 1, 2, and 3, had varying Campylobacter prevalence rates: 8 (22.8%), 15 (50%), and 6 (20%), respectively. By ANOVA, it was discovered that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.88, 0.89, and 0.95) between the rates of contamination of the floor with equipment, the floor with carcass rinse, and the equipment with carcass rinse. Chlorine added to chilled water in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 ppm led to a further reduction in microbes on the skin's surface. The effectiveness of the sanitation standard as well as the use of chlorine in chilled tanks should be checked to prevent carcass contamination. The proliferation of bacteria, particularly Campylobacter, and the contamination of broiler carcasses by the bacteria found in the intestinal material during processing could lead to monitoring hygienic status
Nephroprotective Effect of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine against Diazinon-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats via IKβ, NFκB, NLRP3 Signaling Pathway
Get PDFThe present study analyzes the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against diazinon (DZN)-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups with six animals in each group: Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline once daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered IG NAC 150 mg/kg daily as an aqueous solution for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG diazinon at a dose of 15 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks; and G5 was administered IG NAC daily one hour before diazinon at the same dose in G3 and G4 for 4 weeks. Sub-chronic exposure to DZN impairs the kidney structure and function, as evidenced by the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of NLRP3, NFκB, IKB, BCL2, BAX mRNA. Our findings showed that NAC reduces the renal dysfunctions induced by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Moreover, serum inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) concentrations were ameliorated by NAC treatment. However, NAC has shown to play a beneficial role against nephrotoxicity by reversing the cytoarchitecture and downregulation of inflammatory (NLRP3, NFκB, IKB) and apoptotic (BAX) as well as upregulated BCL2 genes and proteins in kidney tissues, bringing them to near-normal levels. Moreover, IHC examination of renal tissue revealed the attenuation of expression of TNF-α. Therefore, NAC could be potentially used to protect the kidneys from pathological changes induced by DZN
Biological Hazards Associated with Chicken Meat: A Review
Get PDFChicken meat and meat products are considered as significant sources of high quality animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Besides, chicken meat is regarded as alternative cheap source of protein compared with the red meat. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with a vast array of microorganisms, and subsequently it can be implicated in many biological hazards such as bacterial food poisoning. Â The latter can be divided into bacterial foodborne infections including E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Shiegella spp., and Yersinia spp. Bacterial foodborne intoxication including Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium botulinum. The third class of the bacterial food poisoning is foodborne toxicoinfection which involves Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. This review threw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with some bacterial hazards in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such hazards was also discussed
Impact of Adding Different Levels of Nanoselenium to Duck Diets on Growth Performance, Immunity Status, Antioxidant Activity and some Blood Parameters
Get PDFAn experiment was designed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of various concentrations of nanoselenium (NS) on the growth performance, immune status, antioxidant activity and hematological parameters of ducks. A total of 40 (1 day old) Pekin ducklings were equally divided into groups of 10 ducklings each. The 1st group was considered a control and was fed basal diet ad-libitum without nanoselenium (NS) supplementation; 2nd group (fed basal diet + 0.2 mg NS/kg diet); 3rd group (fed basal diet + 0.4 mg NS/kg diet) and 4th group (fed basal diet + 0.6 mg NS/kg diet). The selenium content of the unsupplemented control diet was 0.09 mg/kg during the starter period (0-2 weeks) and 0.07 mg/kg during the grower-finisher period (2-10 weeks). All feeds were formulated according to NRC (1994) to meet the nutritional needs of growing ducks. The experiment was extended for 10 weeks. Growth performance parameters such as body weight development, weight gain, feed consumption, feed-to-gain ratio, performance index and mortality were recorded. At the end of experiment, three randomly selected ducks from each group were selected to assess immune status, antioxidant activity, and blood biochemical parameters. The results showed that ducks fed on diets supplemented with different levels of nanoselenium had significantly higher body weight and weight gain (P<0.05) and consumed less feed than ducks fed the control diet. The third group had the highest body weight and weight gain and the lowest feed intake, followed by the second and fourth groups respectively. The NS supplemented birds had no mortality throughout the experimental period compared with control group which recorded highest mortality rate (20%). Different levels of NS supplementation improved the feed conversion ratio and performance index, the best values was achieved in 3rd group followed by 2nd and 4th groups, respectively. Addition of NS to duck diets significantly (P˂0.05) increased the serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, but decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to control. Concerning blood picture, NS supplementation significantly increased white blood cell and lymphocytic counts (P<0.05). However, no significant differences in other hematological parameters between tested groups. In conclusion, the present study found that supplementing duck diets with nano-selenium improved growth performance parameters, immune status, antioxidant activity, blood picture and 0.2-0.4 mg/kg is considered the optimum nano-Se supplementation level, and the maximum nano-Se supplementation level for ducks should not exceed 0.6 mg/kg
Effect of Various Disinfectants on E. coli Isolated from Water Pipes in Broiler Farms at Giza and Dakahlia Governorates, Egypt
Get PDFIn poultry, Escherichia coli infections lead to substantial deaths and financial losses for producers each year. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli from water pipes and drinkers in broiler farms, to characterize the isolated E. coli strains in terms of serotypes, biofilm production degree, presence of the adrA gene. The gene "adrA" encodes for the adhesion regulating protein A. adrA is a protein that plays a role in regulating the adhesion and biofilm formation of E. coli bacteria., and the efficacy of various disinfectants on E. coli biofilms. A total of 100 swab samples were collected from drinking water pipes and drinkers from different broiler farms in Giza and Dakahlia governorates in Egypt. Out of them, 18 E. coli serogroups were identified in 50 positive samples, and the most predominant serogroup was O91, which showed the highest incidence (20%), followed by serotypes O78 (18%), and O26 (8%). Microtiter-plate test for determination of biofilm production for 50 E. coli isolates were performed. PCR was done for the detection of the virulence gene adrA in the 13 strong biofilm E. coli isolates, and the results revealed that 100% were positive for the virulence gene. The effect of disinfectants on E. coli was studied by using ZnO nanoparticles, acidifiers, and quaternary ammonium dioxide. This study found a high prevalence of E. coli in water samples, identified various E. coli serotypes, observed biofilm production, and determined the effectiveness of different disinfectants on E. coli isolates