Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Evaluation of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against avian mycoplasmosis with assessment of its impact on broiler chickens’ performance and health
Get PDFAvian mycoplasmosis is a major hazard revealing severe economic losses in poultry industry all over the world (El-Naggar et al., 2022; Marouf et al., 2022a). Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae are the most abundant types attacking avian species resulting in financial losses in terms of decreased final weight, lowered egg production, and hatchability, increased embryonic mortality, increased carcass condemnation, high prophylaxis, and treatment costs (Yadav et al., 2022; Limpavithayakul et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023). Given that mycoplasmas are difficult to isolate, and MIC assessments take a long time to produce results, most of the antimicrobial medications given to animals are typically empirical instead of being recommended based on actual susceptibility data (Gigueré, 2013; Ferguson-Noel et al., 2020; Qoraa et al., 2023a,b). Since a long time ago, chicken flocks have routinely utilized macrolides to treat respiratory conditions linked to MG and MS (Awad et al., 2022). Due to the continuous usage of macrolides for either the prophylaxis or the treatment of avian mycoplasmosis, recently some mycoplasma strains showed resistance to macrolides (Emam et al., 2020). As a result, monitoring MICs in mycoplasmas is therefore still essential for identifying anti-mycoplasma drug resistance development brought on by incorrect antimicrobial medication use (Bottinelli et al., 2022). Therefore, to overcome mycoplasma resistance new safe alternative approaches should be applied (Abd El-Hack et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023). One of the routes to nanotechnology is the field of nanoparticles (NPs), which is connected to nanoscale materials with extremely small particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm and because of their incredibly small size and high surface area to volume ratio, NPs have unique features that significantly differ from those of their bulk counterparts (Abd El-Ghany et al., 2021). Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention lately owing to their distinctive characteristics. Additionally, research has indicated that zinc is a crucial mineral for living creatures (Mohd Yusof et al., 2019; Lail et al., 2023). Zinc oxide nanoparticles have a wide range of antimicrobial activity against most pathogens, in this way, adding ZnO-NPs to poultry can enhance performance and growth while acting as a different antibacterial agent to prevent disease (Mohd Yusof et al., 2021; Yusof et al., 2023). Also, the antioxidant action of zinc and its involvement in the antioxidant defense system are two of its most important characteristics (Powell, 2000). Additionally, zinc is a component of numerous proteins involved in immunological defence mechanisms, hormone secretion routes, and intermediate metabolism (Sunder et al., 2008). Therefore, this work was designed to in vitro and in vivo evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidantstatus of ZnO-NPs against MG and MS as well as study its effect on the performance, liver and kidney functions and blood indices of the broiler chickens
Molecular characterization of Pasteurella species isolated from slaughtered cattle in Assiut abattoirs and molecular detection of some antibiotic resistance genes
Get PDFPasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is one of the most predominant pathogenic bacterial agents causing respiratory diseases in different types of animals with considerable economic losses and unfavorable prognosis in Egypt. Recently, P. multocida has exhibited resistance to the most used antibiotics in the veterinary field. So, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of both virulence and antibiotic resistance genes among P. multocida isolated from apparently healthy and diseased bovine lungs. Only 10 out of 60 lung samples were collected from the different slaughterhouses and just 9 were confirmed finally positive for P. multocida by PCR using Kmt1. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates revealed that they were all multidrug/resistant (MDR) with a predominance of resistance to erythromycin (100%) and most of them by (90 and 80 %) for amoxicillin and doxycycline, respectively; followed by 60 and 50 for ceftriaxone, gentamicin. All of the obtained isolates were promoting consistency through PCR screening for a few relevant common antibiotic resistance genes. All MDR P. multocida isolates had at least one gene for antibiotic resistance, mostly AphA1 and BlaROB1 (100%), and only 60% of them had the ermX gene. Antibiotic resistance genotyping showed that the majority of the isolates, (60%) of isolates, having three genes producing identical resistance phenotypes had multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Our results demonstrated that pathogenic P. multocida strains carrying virulence and antibiotic resistance genes may originate from cattle. Therefore, it is evident that there is an urgent need for the judicious use of antibiotics in bovine treatment systems to successfully mitigate the propagation of drug resistance across P. multocida species
Prevalence of Escherichia coli Resistance Genes in Mullet Fish
Get PDFEscherichia coli gene mutations (plasmids, integrons, and transposons) have instigated multidrug resistance (MDR) against various antimicrobials. This study detected antibiotic-resistance genes (genotypic and phenotypic) in E. coli and performed Whole-genome sequencing to discover MDR-associated E. coli genes in mullet fish. E. coli isolates were serologically identified and their antimicrobial sensitivity was tested. E. coli presence was confirmed in 35% of the mullet fish samples. Cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides presented higher efficiency against E. coli. The serological investigation revealed the presence of STEC (O157:H7, 50%), ETEC (O142, 20%), EHEC (O26:H11,15%), and EPEC (15%) in mullet meat samples. A symmetrical band represented the Subunit B of the Shiga-like toxin (SLT) genewhereas the Heat-labile toxin (LT) gene was found in plasmid and genomic DNA-detected strains. The results revealed the hazardous nature of STEC for mullet meat consumers. The study recommends improving the hygienic conditions during the mullet handling and processing steps, which will minimize antibiotic usage and resistance
Alleviation of the V-Line rabbit bunnies' weaning stress by Moringa Oleifera incorporation with feed
Get PDFRaising rabbits has vital sustainable development features, as a sustainable development system of meat production strongly relies on its efficacy. The development system of meat production is correlated with the animals' capability for converting feed to meat. Weaning possess a marked stress on rabbits, because of lack of their normal caecal microbiota, hence young rabbits became more vulnerable to diseases. Numerous antibiotics alternatives have been successfully utilized, such as herbal medicines as natural supplements in animal feed. The leaves of Moringa Oleifera could potentially be utilized as a growth promoter due to their antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, hepato-protective effect, preservation of renal function, and hypocholesterolemic activity. Twelve recently weaned V-Line rabbit bunnies about four weeks of age and average body weight of 0.74 ± 0.07 were separated equally to feed either normal-prepared rabbit feed (Control group (C); n=6) or moringa-prepared feed (Moringa oleifera group (MO); n=6) for 4 weeks. Performance (feed intake, body weight, and weight gain), behavior, and serum biochemical analysis (oxidative stress, liver, and kidney function) were assessed. Results revealed that the incorporation of MO in recently weaned rabbit feed enhanced their performance and behavior, as well as lipid peroxidation and glutathione didn’t differ significantly and preserved liver and kidney function. In conclusion, MO plays a crucial role in weaning stress alleviation via their antioxidant, hepatic and renal function preservation and their positive effects on rabbit bunnies’ performance and behavior. Hence, the data suggests the use of MO leaves as a feed additive for rabbit bunnies to alleviate weaning stress
Assessment of trace elements and metals status in imported Camels
Get PDFThe present study intended to investigate the profile of mineral elements and metals in camel serum. For this purpose, 50 camels (Camelus dromedarius) were examined to estimate the levels of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, B, Al, Ca, Ba, Mg, Cd, Pb, Mo, Sr, Si and V. using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICAP). On average, the mineral contents were 0.116 mg/l (Co), 0.297 mg/l (Cr), 1.817 mg/l (Cu), 13.733 mg/l (Fe), 1.521 mg/l (Mn), 0.002 mg/l (Ni), 6.775 mg/l (Zn). While mean concentrations of other metals were 0.08 mg/l (B), 42.887 mg/l (Al), 258.973 mg/l (Ca), 1.520 mg/l (Ba), 28.385 mg/l (Mg), 0.02 mg/l (Cd), 2.183 mg/l (Pb), 1.523 mg/l (Mo), 1.243 mg/l (Sr), 478.617 mg/l (Si), 0.689 mg/l (V). Although a lack of data on camel species, these findings could contribute to understanding the status of trace elements and heavy metals in camels, and any deviation of some elements from their normal values might be an indicator for exposure of these camels to pollutant circumstances
Nutritional and reproductive performance of local layer system in Vietnam
Get PDFTo develop local breeds, the first action should be to investigate how the breeds have been raised and grown. The study aimed to determine nutritional practice and reproduction characteristics of Noi chickens in Ben Tre Province. A total of 90 respondents were involved with this study by a purposive sampling method. The data were collected by in-depth interview. A descriptive analysis was used for this study. The results showed that male farmers were dominant, being more than 25 years old, and labour was mostly from family member. Noi chickens were raised for laying purpose and usually integrating with other livestock at the farm. As traditional farms, farmers raised Noi chickens under semi and free-range farming system with water and feed from natural resources and still using hens to hatch eggs and produced chickens. Noi laying performance was not high and most farms did not record information of laying performance. Besides, Noi chickens have first laying egg at 22 weeks with an average of 1-2 egg per week and 2-4 cycle laying per year. The common feed was commercial feed, and farmers always mixed with other agriculture products and by-products. The nutritional value of feed was insufficient for layer production and depending on the seasons and locality with the highest crude protein 11.8 and the lowest was 4.3. It can be concluded that farmers still practice traditional method in raising Noi chickens and laying performance of Noi chicken were not high on farmer’s farm
Effect of Linseed Oil and Fermented Pomegranate Peel Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Digestive Function, and Muscle Fatty Acid Deposition of Heat-Stress Broiler Chickens
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the efficiency of adding dietary linseed oil and fermented pomegranate peel on growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and muscle fatty acid deposition in heat-stressed broilers. Three hundred Ross 308 broiler chicks (1 day old) were randomly assigned to four groups (group/five replicates). Dietary treatments included: (CON) corn-soybean meal basal diet; (FPP) basal diet + fermented pomegranate peel 4g/kg; (LIO) basal diet + 3% linseed oil; (FPLO) basal diet + fermented pomegranate peel + linseed oil. Compared with CON, broilers fed FPLO diet showed improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, while the experimental diet did not affect feed intake. Broilers fed FPP or FPLO diet had higher dressing percentages and lower relative weight of abdominal fat than other groups, whereas other carcass traits and digestive enzymes activities were not influenced by treated groups. Nutrient digestion enhanced, as the crude protein digestibility increased in chickens fed FPP and FPLO, while the crude fat digestibility increased in chickens fed LIO and FPLO. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased, while the HDL concentration increased in the chickens fed FPP and FPLO compared to other groups. The oxidative status was enhanced by the experimental additives, as the SOD and GSH-Px levels increased and the MDA level decreased in the serum in treated groups compared to the control group. Chickens fed FPP and FPLO had an improvement in gut health, as the number of Lactobacillus increased and the number of E. coli and Total coliforms decreased. A significant increase in unsaturated fatty acid and a decrease in the n-6:n-3 ratio was noticed in the muscles of chickens fed LIO and FPLO compared to other groups. This research indicates that diets supplemented with a combination of fermented pomegranate peel and linseed oil experience an improvement in growth performance, blood antioxidant capacities, and fatty acid profile in the muscles of heat-stressed broilers
Coliform Contamination of Marketable Milk Sold in New Valley Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThis study was performed to evaluate the hygienic condition of marketable milk sold in New Valley Governorate by determination of coliforms contamination. One hundred and fifty marketable milk samples were collected from farmer’s houses, dairy farms and dairy shops and these samples were examined for coliform counts. The coliforms percentages were 20, 6 and 14% for concerning samples with average counts of 1.9X104, 6.6X104 and 4.6X104cfu/ml, respectively. Moreover, Escherichia coli was found in 2, 2 and 4% of the analyzed milk samples, respectively. The serotypes of E. coli strains were O127:K63, O55, O114:K90 and O44:K74. Two strains carried intmin gene and all isolates didn’t contain hemolysin gene. On the other side, Enterobacter spp. was detected in percentages of 4, 2 and 4% in the farmer’s houses, dairy farms and dairy shop milk samples, respectively. Moreover, Cronobacter sakazakii was detected in 7(14%) of farmer’s houses and 4(8%) of dairy shop milk samples and it couldn’t be detected in dairy farms milk samples. The coliform contamination in marketable milk in New Valley Governorate reflects the unhygienic condition of milk production, therefore strict hygienic measures must be applied during milk production to safeguard consumers
Using a Sprinkler Fan System for Cooling Heat-stressed Goats under Desert Conditions.
Get PDFGoats' health, productivity, and behavior are drastically altered during heat stress. Heat dissipation methods become inadequate when environmental temperatures exceed an animal's internal body temperature. Recently there has been increasingly interested in strategies to reduce thermal stress on livestock. Sprinklers may help reduce accumulated heat and improve goat heat dissipation. Ten indigenous adult dry does were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, the non-cooling group as a control and the treatment group with two sprinkler and fans cooling systems. Feed and water consumption, breathing rate, rectal, external, and ambient temperatures, and relative humidity were recorded daily. For two weeks of the investigation, body weight was recorded once a week. The results showed that the control group consumed more water, and the ratio of water drunk/ dry matter intake tended to be higher than the treatment counterparts. Neither group showed significant differences in dry matter intake. Respiratory rates were greater in the control group compared to the treatment counterpart. Despite the marked difference between climatic conditions of both groups' rooms, no significant difference in rectal body temperatures was found. The temperatures of the eyes and legs were not significantly different in either group. In contrast, the calculated correlation between the rectal temperature with the highest value was found for the negative relation with rump and neck temperature. In conclusion, spraying goats and continual air movement under dry weather alleviate heat stress and improves goat welfare
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Some Immunological Disturbance Induced by Deltamethrin and Diazinon on Fattening Buffaloes Calves
Get PDFThe present study was carried out to evaluate oxidative stress and some immunological parameters of deltamethrin and diazinon in fattening buffalos’ calves. A total of 15 healthy calves, 8-12 months of age were divided into 3 groups (5 in each). Gp (1) control, Gp (2) calves sprayed with 1ml deltamethrin/liter water 3 times one week apart and Gp (3) calves sprayed with 1ml diazinon/liter water 3 times one week apart. On the 1st, 15th, and 30th-day post spraying 3 blood samples were taken from control and tested calves for determination of some immunohistochemical. Deltamethrin or diazinon each alone induced significant elevation in WBCs, neutrophils, eosinophils, MDA, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK, total lipid, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine associated with a significant reduction on phagocytic %, phagocytic index, killing %, serum IgG, IgM, IgA, total protein, albumin, α, β, γ globulin, total globulin, A/G ratio, CAT, SOD, GSH and GSH-px beside insignificant decrease in lymphocyte, monocyte and basophils at 1st and 15th days post spraying. All biochemical parameters improved after 30 days post-spraying as compared with the control. It was concluded that deltamethrin and diazinon induce some adverse effects in leukogram biochemical parameters and have immunosuppressive effects in calves.
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