Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Evaluating the Efficacy of Commercial Escherichia coli Killed Vaccine in Broiler Chickens
Get PDFEscherichia coli infections cause significant financial losses for the worldwide chicken economy, so this research is being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the inactivated multivalent Escherichia coli vaccine. Six groups were created from a total of 120 broiler chicks; the groups (1 and 3) were received E. coli inactivated vaccine at day 7 and challenged with O78 and O128 respectively, groups 2 and 4 were referred to as the control of challenge for the Escherichia coli strains O78 and O128. Groups 5 and 6 were maintained as the non-vaccinated and non-challenged control negative group and vaccinated non challenged group respectively. Challenged with E. coli strains of heterologous O128 and homologous O78 were given at 28 days old broilers by injection into the muscle of the thigh with 0.2ml contained 107 CFU / bird. Moreover, the performance measurements of body weight per gram, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured; histopathological findings, clinical symptoms, rate of mortality and total intestinal counts of Escherichia coli were also examined. The study revealed that the vaccination of COLI-VAC™ E. coli provided a significant defense against the challenge between homologous O78 strain and heterologous O128 strain. Just used the aforementioned parameters, Groups 1 and 3 that vaccinated at seven days old and challenged at 28 days old chicks with homologous and heterologous (O78 and O128) serotypes of E. coli provided impressive protection against all those non-vaccinated chicks (Groups 2 and 4) that were challenged with O78 and O128 serotypes of E. coli
Application of Bacteriophages for Biocontrol of Extensively Drug Resistant Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Poultry Farms
Get PDFSalmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens causing diseases in humans and animals. Increased resistance to antibiotics necessitates the need for an alternative control strategy. This study aimed to screen, isolate and evaluate the bacteriophage characteristics for biocontrol of pathogenic Salmonella serovars. Twelve Salmonella isolates, including different Salmonella enterica serovars, were obtained from different sources of poultry farms. All isolates were screened for antibiotic sensitivity and showed multiple antibiotic resistance. Two lytic bacteriophages, vB_SalSph_WW1, and vB_SalM_WW2, were isolated from the sewage and characterized against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the vB_SalSph_WW1 phage belonged to the family Siphoviridae while the vB_SalM_WW2 phage belonged to the family Myoviridae. Both phages showed a broad host range within the Salmonella genus. Phages vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 had a lytic effect on 3 (25%) and 4 (33.3%) of the 12 Salmonella isolates, respectively. The lytic cycle of each phage was determined by a one-step growth curve and both phages had the same short latent period (15 min). WW1 phage gave a burst size of 90 PFU/infected cell, while the vB_SalM_WW2 phage gave a higher burst size of 150 PFU/infected cell. The stability test revealed that vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 phages were stable at pH 4–9 and pH 4–10, respectively. Both Phages exhibited high degrees of thermal tolerance with active titer as high as 42◦C. However, they lost their stability and the titers declined when heated at 50◦C for 30 min. This study revealed that vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 phages have the potency to be used as an alternative strategy to control the infection of Salmonella in poultry farms and to prevent transmission of Salmonella infection to humans and spread of the pathogen into environment
Mobile Colistin Resistance Determinants among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Different Poultry Species
Get PDFAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires serious attention, particularly when it is developed against colistin, which is considered one of the ‘last resort’ antibiotics in the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the AMR profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different poultry species, detect colistin resistance and investigate the existence of mcr genes in multi and extreme-resistant isolates. A total of 233 birds, chickens, ducks, turkeys, and quails, of various ages and breeds were collected from several localities of the Sharkia governorate and analyzed bacteriologically. The disc diffusion and E-test assays scrutinized the patterns of antibiotic, multidrug-resistant (MDR), and colistin resistance. The PCR assay was carried out to detect the mcr variants. Bacteriological examination revealed the incidence of 42.3% (99/233) of different Enterobacteriaceae members with a high predominance of E. coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella species. Disc diffusion findings disclosed that 78.78% of isolates were resistant to colistin but E-test detected 19.19% only. Observed colistin resistance was strongly linked to the distribution of plasmid mcr-operons. The mcr 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7.1 genes were detected in 42.1, 63.15, 57.89, 52.63, and 47.36% of the phenotypic resistant isolates, and about 36.84% harbored at least four mcr clusters. However, the mcr5 gene was not discovered. The statistical assessment revealed a significant association between colistin resistance and MDR (p≤0.05). Moreover, there was a strong correlation between MCR-abundance and doxycycline, fosfomycin, beta-lactams, imipenem, and tobramycin resistances. In conclusion, this study highlights the alarming occurrence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in various poultry aspects. An urgent strategy must be adopted to avert the spread of this phenomenon
Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Aeromonas hydrophila Recovered from Retail fish in Sharkia Province, Egypt
Get PDFFish is one of the most important foods because of its high nutritional value, high palatability, and easy digestion. At the same time, it acts as a vehicle for many types of pathogenic microorganisms especially Aeromonas species, which results in public health hazards. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Aeromonas species in fresh fish (catfish, mullet, lizardfish, and coralfish) marketed in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In addition, multiplex PCR was performed to detect some virulence-associated genes in A. hydrophila isolates. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out on A. hydrophila isolates using commonly used antimicrobials in Egypt through the disc diffusion method. The achieved results indicated contamination of fish with different species of Aeromonas such as A. veronii, A. sobria, A. caviae and A. hydrophila. The results revealed that Aeromonas species isolated with an overall percentage of 55% of all examined fish. Bacteriological examinations revealed 20% A. hydrophila, 20% A. sobria, 10% A. caviae and 5% A. veronii. Antibiotic sensitivity declared high resistance of the isolates to different antimicrobial agents used in Egypt, including penicillin (100%), Ampicillin (90.0%), Streptomycin (90.9%), Cephalothin (72.7%), Tetracycline (72.7%), Cefotaxime (63.6%), and Sulfamethoxazole (54.5%). Therefore, hygienic measures should be adopted to control microbial contamination either in the aquatic environment or in fish markets
Longitudinal Study of Some Bacterial, Parasitic, and Viral Enteric Pathogens isolated from Diarrheic Calves from Dairy Herd in Egypt
Get PDFNeonatal calf diarrhea remains one of the most important problems faced by livestock, causing great economic losses. Fecal samples were collected from 100 diarrheic calves in Al-Fayoum governorate, Egypt during 2021, and 2022, to investigate the prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Clostridium perfringens, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum which are the major enteropathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, the prevalence of enteropathogens were 58%, 29%, 34%, 14%, 35%, 8%, and 65% respectively. Molecular characterization was performed to confirm the E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, and Cryptosporidium isolates and to detect some virulent genes associated with their pathogenicity. All the bacterial isolates gave a clear band with 16S rRNA. In E. coli, virulent genes (K99, F41, phoA) were detected, also; Salmonella strains were found positive for the invA and sopB gene, while all Clostridium perfringens strains were tested positive for Alpha and Beta toxin but negative for Epsilon toxin. On the other hand, all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were tested positive with iutA and fimH genes. Also, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacterial isolates was applied. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the potential influence of age factor on the reported prevalences of concurrent infections, which revealed that the animals age significantly affected the infection prevalence in all pathogens inversely excepts those infected by Klebsiella was affected by age directly, and those infected by E. Coli, or Cryptosporidium, were not affected by age at all. Good hygienic management and good vaccination program are very important to overcome acute diarrhea in neonate calves and the misuse of antibiotic revealed the presence of multidrug resistance isolates of some enteropathogenic bacteria
Assigning the Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Recovered from Popular Egyptian Fermented Artisanal Dairy Products
Get PDFVarious artisanal dairy products such as kariesh cheese, Laban Rayeb (a type of fermented fluid milk), zabady (a type of artisanal yoghurt), Butter milk and soured cream (a type of cream separted from skim milk after overnight natural fermentation of milk in earthenware pots) are poular for human consumption in Egypt. However, they are manufactured from raw milk depending on natural fermentation by wild microflora without guaranteed heat treatment processing or addition of permissible additives. Thus, the current study included the microbiological investigations on 50 samples of each of afore-mentioned products (total of 250 samples) primarily to isolate and discriminate different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) flora and secondly to search for some LAB to be further considered as a probiotic culture. Accordingly, several characteristics were investigated including, their ability to resist and survive gastrointestinal tract conditions represented in gastric acidity (pH 3) and duodenal bile acids, and at the same time, ability to produce antimicrobial substances such as organic acids (lactic acid), hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl. At the same time, the isolates were tested for having safety or non-pathogenicity, which principally includes non-harboring of antibiotic resistance (AR) features or blood haemolysis activity. Three important technological properties including the salt tolerance, β-galactosidase production and milk acidification ability were tested for selected isolates as important features needed for optimum fermentation by LAB as starter or non-starter cultures that can be incorporated in dairy processing. Finally, the LAB strains were tested as inhibitors for bacteria of food-safety concern such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our results showed that the examined fermented artisanal dairy products proved to harbor a wide variety of LAB microflora. After screening the probiotic, technological and safety related properties of 40 selected LAB isolates from examined products, 7 strains were proven to meet all required criteria, thus could be tested in future studies as promising strains to be incorporated in manufacture of various dairy products as starter and non-starter cultures
Medicinal Plants Reduce Neurodegeneration and Improve Memory in Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rat Model
No full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating and debilitating neurological brain disorder that has a multifactorial nature associated with complex pathophysiology. Thus, concerns directed to develop alternative therapies which possess multifaceted action for treatment of AD. This article was aimed to compare efficacy of Moringaolifera (MO), ginkgo biloba (GB) and green tea (GT) extracts in managing induced Alzheimer’s disease in albino rat using behavioural, biochemical, and pathological alterations. Eighty five male Wistar rats weighing 80-120g were randomly divided into five groups (17 rats for each). Control (administered with distilled water), Alzheimer disease model (ADM, administered with AlCl3), ADM + MO (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of MO), ADM + GB (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GB), and ADM + GT (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of and ethanolic extract of MO), ADM + GB (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GB), and ADM + GT (administered with AlCl3 and ethanolic extract of GT). All treatments were administered daily by oral gavage and persisted for seventy consecutive days. On the 60th day of the experiment, all memory tests were performed. Then the rats were humanely sacrificed using diethyl ether anesthesia, and brain samples were collected.  Treatments with MO, GB, or GT successfully rescue Neuro-therapeutic abilities against AD. In addition, the used treatments restore the rats’ memory and cognitive performances in the Y-maze, novel objective recognition and Morris Water maze testes. In Conclusion, MO, GB, or GT may provide a more effective strategy to lessen neurodegeneration in AD
Cows Postpartum Polymorbid Pathology
Get PDFThe postpartum period is one of the most important moments in a female's life. During this period caused by pregnancy and childbirth involutional changes in the reproductive system and the body as a whole occurs, which plays a crucial role in restoring reproductive function and milk productivity of cows. In this regard, the puerperium is the basis for structural and functional disorders in individual organs and systems, the disposition for the development of pathological processes and the negative impact on the reproduction of the herd, impaired fertility, calf yield and milk productivity. Diseases during the postpartum period in cows have species and age polymorbidity, specific in highly productive animals and first-borns and are especially common in hypovitaminosis and trace elements. Their occurrence is associated with unsatisfactory conditions for keeping and feeding cattle, mainly in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods of the year, especially during the stable keeping of cows. The pathogenesis is based on metabolic disorders and endocrine dysfunctions with a decrease in the body's resistance, which is complicated by the action of adverse environmental factors. Puerperal pathologies are quite common and described in the literature as individual diseases, but limited ‒ by their combination (co-, poly- and multimorbidity, multiorgan failure, multiple, complex, combined and concomitant pathology, associated and multifactorial diseases or polypathy). Options of combining postpartum pathologies are diverse with the involvement of metro- and ovariopathies, udder diseases, fallopian tubes and metabolism in the form of inflammatory processes and dysfunctions. The hypogonadism development on the background of chronic metritis, or endometritis complicated by ovarian dysfunction, or subclinical chronic endometritis with hypoluteolysis, salpingo-oophoritis and salpingitis is widespread. Postpartum inflammatory processes in the genitals are the cause of prolonged symptomatic infertility and are often registered in the form of acute endometritis in combination with inflammatory processes of other genitals. For example, inflammation of the endometrium in many cases is accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membrane of other parts of the genitals ‒ cervicitis, vaginitis, vestibulitis. Quite often the simultaneous course of inflammatory processes in the genitals and udder of cows, as well as pathologies of the uterus and ovaries are registered. Thus, one of the most common combined pathologies of the postpartum period in cows is acute subinvolution of the uterus with acute metritis.
As a result, it should be noted that in the case of organ pathology, a combination in the form of hypogonadism-metritis, hypocalcemia-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis, retained placenta-metritis, ketosis-hypoluteolysis, ketosis-metritis, mastitis-metritis and uterine subinvolution-metritis, and of multiorgans – vaginitis-vestibulitis-metritis-subinvolution of the uterus-cervicitis, vaginitis-metritis-cervicitis, hypocalcemia-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis-salpingitis-salpingo-oophoritis, retained placenta-mastitis-metritis, ketosis-mastitis-metritis
Occurrence and Public Health Importance of Ascaridoid Nematodes in Red Porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Perciformes: Sparidae)
Get PDFAnisakid nematodes have been found in a variety of marine fishes worldwide and they are known to cause anisakiasis and allergic symptoms in human. One-hundred and five fish specimens of different sizes of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) were collected randomly from Sharkia fish markets originating from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt and examined for the presence of ascaridoid nematodes. The overall prevalence of ascaridoids was 36.19% (38/105). Four morphotypes belonging to two genera of anisakid nematodes (Anisakis type I and Terranova type II larvae) as well as one genus of raphidascarid; Hysterothylacium (larvae and adult) were reported during this study. Hysterothylacium larvae were the most predominant species (23.81%) and abundance value =1.68. Interestingly, Pagrus pagrus was found as new host and locality records for larvae of Terranova type II. The results revealed a significant statistical correlation between fish length and number of the recovered ascaridoid nematodes (rs= 0.244, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the host length and presence of Anisakis type I L3 (rs=0.276, P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between the occurrence of Terranova type II L3 and Hysterothylacium L3 occurrence (rs= 0.388, P < 0.001) and adult (rs= 0.442, P < 0.001). In addition, a highly significant relationship was observed between the presence of Hysterothylacium L3 and adult (rs= 0.428, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the obtained results were lower than the recommended Egyptian standards (Ë‚100 parasites/fish), demonstrating that human health risk through consumption of fish flesh is not possible
Evaluating Tallaga Cheese Chemically and Microbiologically with Focusing on its Fraud Depending on Chromatographic Analysis
Get PDFThe current study was deliberated to evaluate safety and quality of small scale Tallaga cheese sold in Egyptian markets, as well as detecting its fraud. Fifty samples were examined chemically and microbiologically with special reference to fatty acid profile and presence of inhibitory substances. Results showed that the mean values of fat, T.S, moisture and fat/T.S % were 38.13, 47.17, 52.80 and 69.24 %, respectively. Samples from twelve small scale plants were examined for fatty acid profile, the majority of examined samples lack butyric fatty acid in their profile that characterizes milk fat. A high content of palmitic acid reached to 48% found in some market samples, others had a high percent of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to control treatments prepared in lab which indicated the skimming of milk fat with addition of vegetable oils. The ratio of n-6/n-3 in most examined samples (83.33%) exceeds the permitted limits. On detecting addition of inhibitory substance one sample was found to contain benzoate and other contains carbonate. Microbiological examination of samples revealed that mean values of total bacterial, yeast and mold counts were 70×107, 20×107 and 10×102 CFU/g, respectively. This study recommends application of restricted regulations on small factories, labeling of its products must be mandatory in order not to fraud consumers, as well as great attention must be paid for using fatty acid profile for detecting adulteration without depending only on determining fat%