Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Influence of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis Probiotic Supplementation via the Drinking Water on Performance and Gut Health of Broiler Chickens
Get PDFThe experimental trial was carried out to evaluate the impact of a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotic supplementation via the drinking water (AVI-GROW®) on growth performance, carcass traits, gut microbiome, intestinal histomorphology, blood biochemical indices, and litter quality of broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (as hatch) were randomly allocated into two groups, each with three replicates (80 chicks/replicate). The control group (T1) and the supplemented group (T2) were fed a basal diet, however, T2 was supplemented with (AVI-GROW®) via the drinking water at the rate of 1mL/L drinking water every 12 hours for 2 days after every vaccination and change of diet. The experiment lasted 31 days. Supplementation of (AVI-GROW®) via the drinking water in T2 significantly (P≤0.05) improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), as well as villus crypt ratio of the small intestine as compared to the control. The dressing percent, breast, thigh and drumstick yields were improved in T2 than in control. Additionally, blood cholesterol, triacylglycerol, ALT, and AST concentrations were reduced, while total protein concentration was significantly (P≤0.05) increased in T2 as compared to control. Moreover, cecal clostridial counts were significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 as compared to control. Supplementation of (AVI-GROW®) in (T2) reduced nitrogen content in birds' excreta and litter. Conclusively, the supplementation of (AVI-GROW®) via the drinking water could improve growth performance, carcass characteristics, gut microbiome, intestinal histomorphology, blood biochemical indices, and litter quality in broiler chickens
Potential Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance Related to Less Common Bacteria Causing Subclinical Mastitis in Cows
Get PDFAntimicrobials are an essential tool for intra-mammary infection control. This study was achieved to assess the resistance to antimicrobials as a risk associated with less common bacteria identified in subclinical mastitis (SCM) milk samples of dairy cows. The disc diffusion method was used for determining the resistance to antimicrobials. The interrelate resistance genes were also detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that ampicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, and cephradine were highly resistant antibiotics against gram-positive bacilli microorganisms. However, the highest effective antibiotic against the investigated gram-negative bacilli isolates was gentamicin. The antimicrobial resistance genes investigation showed that the tetA(A) and blaTEM genes were expressed in all the Gram-negative bacilli isolates. The mecA and blaZ were positive in the investigated Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates, while all B. cereus and B. subtilis isolates were positive for the Bla gene. The Sul1 gene was positive in all the examined Citrobacter amalanaticus, Enterobacter species, and 50.0% of Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. The mph (A) gene was found in all Enterobacter species isolates.
 
Clinico-pathological and Immunological Changes in Chickens Infected with Chicken Anemia Virus
Get PDFChicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an immunosuppressive viral disease causing high economic losses in poultry industry. In this study, 20 farms were represented for a prevalence study of the disease in Ismailia governorate, Egypt.ON532690.1 and ON532691.1 Isolates from bone marrow, thymus loops, liver, and spleen of broiler farms exhibiting some clinical and postmortem signs were used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. RT-PCR was used to amplify a 418bp product of the CIAV VP1 gene. Three farms out of 20 (15%) were positive. Phylogenetic tree of partial vp1 amino acids were classified into three groups according to change in H/22/N-Q amino acid indicated that there are three CIAV different strains circulating in Egypt. Hematological investigation revealed significant decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume declared normocytic normochromic anemia.The immunological studies revealed a significant decrease in serum lysozyme, nitric oxide (NO), antioxidants (CAT and GSH), total protein,and in the majority of serum protein fractions in infected chickens (G2) compared to apparently healthy (G1) while there were marked increase in G2 than G1 in A: Gratio. This result guides to review the vaccination programs against CIAV in Egypt forimproving the immune response against the infection.
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Correlation between Antibiotics and Herbal Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Gallibacterium anatis Isolated from Layer Chickens
Get PDF           Herbal extracts are potential safe sources of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antibacterial agents which might be applied in different foods and pharmaceutical products. This study aimed to detect the minimal inhibitory concentrations for antibacterial agents and herbal extracts, Using DAA method (decimal assay for additivity) to determine interaction effect between combination of herbal extracts and antimicrobial agent methods and pathogenicity test of isolated G. anatis. The total incidence of G. anatis was 30% in the examined infected layer chickens. By using antibiotic sensitivity test, the retrieved strains were resistant to doxycycline (98.3%), amoxicillin (95.8%) and gentamycin (95%). But susceptible to erythromycin (95.8%), florfenicol (90%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (57.5%) and difloxacin (44.17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanolic herbal extract of rosemary leaves was 64 µg/ml and for Eucalyptus globules was 256 µg/ml, while for cinnamon was 1024 µg/ml. The current study revealed that rosemary gave the best results in combination with amoxicillin at ratios 9:1 and 7:3. Moreover, combination with doxycycline gave acceptable results at ratios 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 but with florfenicol gave good results at ratios 9:1 and 8:2. Moreover, with erythromycin gave good results at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2. While Eucalyptus  globules mixed with four antibiotics at ratios of 9:1and 8:2 gave the best results with amoxicillin, but for doxycycline was at three ratios (9:1, 8:2 and 7:3). After intra nasal (IN) experimental infection of chicks with Gallibacterium anatis strains, majority of chickens exhibited dullness, depression, decreased feed and water intake, and respiratory signs. Treatment was effective by DAA method by combination between doxycycline and rosemary at ratio 9:1. In addition, combination of amoxicillin and rosemary, between erythromycin with rosemary, and florfenicol with rosemary at 9:1 were very effective
Prevalence of Food Poisoning Microorganisms in Bluespot Mullet Meal
Get PDFFish have a number of bacteria naturally, causing foodborne infections. The present work was conducted to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. in Bluespot mullet and the antibacterial effect of citric acid against the isolated pathogens. S. aureus was detected in 11 and 5 samples representing 44% and 20% of the total examined raw and cooked samples, respectively. Also, E. coli was detected in 6 and 2 samples representing 24% and 8% of the total examined raw and cooked samples, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. and Aermonas spp. were detected in 10 and 5 samples, representing 40% and 20% of the total examined raw bluespot mullet samples, respectively. While they weren’t detected in cooked bluespot mullet samples. The enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus were detected in 27.27% and 20% of raw and cooked samples, respectively. Enterotoxins A, A&C and D were 9.09% while enterotoxin A was identified in 20% cooked bluespot mullets. The serological identification of E. coli showed the presence of O156: H7, O127: H6, O125:H21, O15: H12 and O91: H21. P. aeruginosa strains were divided into 2 serotypes P. aeruginosa serotype (O11 group E and O2 group B). pslA, oprL and toxA virulence genes of P. aeruginosa were detected in all examined isolates. Citric acid has great antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Aermonas spp as it causes complete inhibition for them. The findings suggest the application of citric acid during preparation of bluespot mullet is beneficial
Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Anisakis simplex in Frozen and Smoked Herring and Mackerel Fish species in Egypt
Get PDFFood-borne zoonoses are of serious public health concern, with a high risk on human health in both developed and developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of zoonotic anisakis larvae in smoked imported herring fish (Clupea harengus) and frozen mackerel (Scomber scomberus) from Assiut and Menoufia governorates, respectively in Egypt. All herring specimens were heavily infected with Anisakis larvae, while 9 out of 15 mackerel fish were infected. A total of 434 Anisakis larvae were collected from stomach, abdominal cavity, liver, between skin, muscles and gonads of 45 herring fish. In frozen mackerel, number of detected larvae was 78. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS-rDNA) ribosomal DNA confirmed that the Anisakis larvae belonged to Anisakis simplex species. Furthermore, by employing light and scanning electron microscope, the morphological characters of Anisakis larvae were also determined. These findings highlight the importance of detecting health hazards in seafood products for helping in the management and prevention of anisakiasis.
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Experimental Studies on Some Drugs Used in Covid-19 Treatment (Favipiravir and Dexamethasone) in Albino Rats
Get PDFIn this study, the side effects of some anti-covid-19 drugs (Favipiravir and Dexamethasone) were evaluated through the pathological, and clinicopathological changes in the tissues of rats. 30 rats were divided into 6 groups (Gp1- control), (Gp2 received 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone), (Gp3 received 200 mg/kg favipiravir), (Gp4 received 400 mg/kg favipiravir), (Gp5 received 200 mg/kg favipiravir + 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone) and (Gp6 received 400 mg/kg favipiravir + 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone). The histopathological and clinical results showed that both favipiravir and dexamethasone-induced lesions in the liver, kidney, and lung as well as increased liver functions (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein) and kidney functions (Urea and creatinine). Also increased oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidants in liver, and kidney tissues. The gene expression in splenic tissues showed an increase in NF-kb, IL6, and TNF when animals were exposed to 400 mg/kg favipiravir. While these genes (NF-kb, IL6, and TNF) decreased when animals received a combination of favipiravir with dexamethasone. In gp3, hydropic degeneration was noted in both the kidney and liver. In Gp4, necrotic changes in the liver, and vacuolation of the renal glomerular tufts were observed. In Gp5, the necrotic hepatic tissues were infiltrated with mononuclear cells, and necrosis and inflammation in renal tubules in the kidney were shown. In gp6, leukocytic infiltration was noted in both the kidney and liver. In conclusion, the anti-Covid-19 drugs could induce pathological changes in the internal organs of the rat
Moringa oleifera leaf meal to substitute soybean meal increase the performance of Javanese thin-tailed ewes
Get PDFMoringa Oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM) has the potential as a protein source that might replace soybean meal. In Indonesia, soybean meal is an imported commodity whose price is expensive. This study aimed to analyze the use of MOLM to substitute soybean meal in complete ration on the consumption of nutrients, digested nutrients, digestibility nutrients, N balance, hematology, and ADG of Javanese Thin-Tailed Ewes (JTTE). Fifteen JTTE 2-3 years old were divided into three different levels of MOLM treatment with 5 replications. The complete ration consists of 60% concentrate and 40% Dried Ipomea Aquatica Straw (DIAS) as a source of fiber. The concentrates used are soybean meal, corn meal, pollard, copra meal, and MOLM. The composition of the treatment rations: (T1) 0% MOLM + 60% concentrate + 40% DIAS, (T2) 10% MOLM + 50% concentrate + 40% DIAS. (T3) 20% MOLM + 40% concentrate + 40% DIAS. Treatment feed was given for 2 months as much as 4% of body weight/day, and drinking water was given ad libitum. The collected data included feed consumption, feed refusal, blood, faeces, urine, and body weight. The results showed that sheep received 10% MOLM levels of increase (P<0.05) DM, OM, CF, ETN, and TDN consumption compared to controls. However, the levels of 20% decrease (P<0.05) DM, OM, CF, ETN, and TDN consumption compared to controls. Compared to controls, the 10% MOLM increase (P<0.05) digested nutrients DM, OM, ETN, and TDN. Compared to controls, the level of 10% MOLM increase (P<0.05) ETN, and TDN digestibility coeffisient. Sheep that received a 10% MOLM increase (P>0.05) balance N and nitrogen retention compared to control. The 10% MOLM level increase (P<0.05) ADG compared to the 20% level and control (120 vs. 106 vs. 112 g/head/day). Sheep treated with 10% MOLM increased (P<0.05) white blood cells (WBC) than controls and those treated with 20% MOLM (10.5 vs. 6.40 vs. 7.20). It could be concluded that the level of 10% MOLM (20% soybean meal substitution) in a complete ration based on Dried Ipomea Aquatica Straw (DIAS) has a better effect on nutrient consumption, digested nutrients, retention N, hematology and ADG of JTTE
Potential effect of dietary additions of express soybean and full-fat soybean on carcass characteristics and meat quality of Hubbard chicken
Get PDFThis research was conducted to determine to what extent variable processing methods of soybeans influence broiler rearing by using expeller soybean (EESB), full-fat soybean (FFSB), and solvent soybean meal (SBM) on the characteristics of carcass and flesh quality in Hubbard efficiency plus chicks. A total of 225 chicks (1- day -old) were allocated to five groups: (45 chicks/each). Five dietary treatments were formulated as follows: T1 (basal diet containing SBM 46%, T2 (basal diet+ EESB in the level of 7.5% starter, 15% grower, and 30% finisher), T3 (basal diet+ EESB in the level of 5% starter, 10% grower, and 20% finisher), T4 (basal diet + FFSB in the level of 7.5,% starter, 15% grower, and 30% finisher), and T5 (basal diet + FFSB in the level of 5% starter, 10% grower, and 15% finisher). On day 35, five birds from each group were slaughtered for carcass traits. The result indicated a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) in carcass trait and return from carcass except spleen decreased significantly in T4. According to the fatty acid profile of breast meat, stearic, margaric, and octadecanoic decreased significantly in T2 compared to T3 and T5. In contrast, alpha-linolenic increased in FFSB groups. Regarding the amino acids profile, threonine, isoleucine, and histidine increased significantly in T3. Leucine, alanine, proline, and arginine significantly increased in T5. Muscle fiber diameter increased significantly in FFSB groups. In conclusion, the inclusion of EESB and FFSB does not negatively affect carcass traits nor causes any fundamental change in meat quality
Re-shedding Trials of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts from Experimentally Infected Kittens Reference to Strain Types I, II and III; Zoonotic and Histopathological Confirm
Get PDFCats are the only definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) that shed millions of un-sporulated oocysts. The current study aimed at evaluating the serological and histopathological potential ratio of T. gondii oocysts shedding and re-shedding kittens. Blood and fecal samples collected from fifty-seven un-weaned kittens from various districts of Cairo Governorate, Egypt. All kittens serologically screened for T. gondii using the Latex agglutination test (LAT), and fecal materials inspected daily for oocysts. Only proven seronegative un-shedding kittens employed in the three experimental re-shedding studies using the three T. gondii strain types II, III, and I with the third trial focusing on the ability of re-shedding with corticosteroid therapy. Â One kitten corresponding to each type sacrificed for histo-pathological assay and IgM/IgG serum antibodies recorded along the trials course using ELISA. The overall sero-negative percentage was 59.7%, with 35.1 and 24.6% in shedding and un-shedding ones respectively. The shedding number of oocysts /100 mg/feces scored (7, 5 and 3); (30, 15 and 7); (20, 10 and 5) corresponding and sequence to the three T. gondii strain types I, II and III respectively. In addition, the average IgM/IgG ELISA titers recorded significance variations sequence to the three strain types. Corticosteroids therapy stimulates re-shedding ability for the third time. The findings concluded that kittens shed oocysts at a high rate; regard shedding and re-shedding qualities as a critical component in developing oocyst-borne human and animal toxoplasmosis effects. Strong protection against vaccinated cats are required, as is close interaction between cats and farm animals