Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Molecular and Immunological Evaluation of Some Bacteria Causing Calf Diarrhea
Get PDFOne issue that intensive farming has to deal with is neonatal calf diarrhea, and probiotics are seen to be a viable solution to improve the health of calves. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of short-term administration of an antibiotic or probiotic to diarrheal calves on total leukocytic count, serum bactericidal activity, and phagocytosis, as well as to identify potential bacteria that may cause calf diarrhea in early life stages. 55 diarrheal calves, ranging in age from 1 to 20 days, were sampled for feces at a private dairy farm in the Sharkia governorate. E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium species were among the isolated bacteria, with prevalence rates of 58.2%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The O26, O111, O119, O128 and O125 serogroups of E. coli isolates were the identified serotypes. While S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were the recovered Salmonella serotypes. The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the invA gene was amplified in the four salmonella isolates but the phoA gene was amplified in all E. coli isolates. Since only the alpha toxin gene was present in each isolate of C. perfringens, they were all type A. Antibiogram test results showed that most isolated species were multi-drug resistant to the ten commonly used antibiotics. On the other hand, isolates of E. coli, salmonella, and clostridium that demonstrated sensitivity for amoxicillin with percentages of 93.3%, 100%, and 66.7%, respectively, represented the medicine that was most successful. Regardless of infection, probiotic or antibiotic treatment, the total leukocytic count values in all diarrheal calves were considerably greater than those in the control group. Serum bactericidal activity in probiotic-treated calves was significantly higher than in the control and antibiotic-treated groups, while it was significantly lower in the antibiotic-treated group. Calf polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with antibiotics or probiotics had considerably increased phagocytic activity than the control group. In conclusion, probiotics supplementation is an effective strategy for the prevention and control of calf diarrhea
Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fish Retailed in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to explore the residual concentrations of four heavy metals; mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral fish collected from fish markets in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Besides, metal’s dietary intake and public health risk were calculated. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to analyze these toxic heavy metals in 60 fish samples of Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral ( 20 of each). The concentration (mg/ kg) of Hg were the same value (0.02 ± 0.01) in Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral fish. However, for As were 0.35 ± 0.10, 0.32 ± 0.10, and 0.30 ± 0.08, respectively; meanwhile, Pb concentration was 0.09 ± 0.04 for both Mullet and Brush tooth lizard and it was 0.10 ± 0.04 for Coral fish Cd concentrations were 0.02 ± 0.01 in all examined fish. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Hg, As, Pb, and Cd were 0.011, 0.191, , 0.049 and 0.011µg/ kg BW/ day , respectively in Mullet; 0.011, 0.174, 0.049, and 0.011 µg/ kg BW/ day in, respectively Brush tooth lizard; 0.011, 0.163, 0.054, and 0.011 µg/ kg BW/ day , respectively in Coral fish, that was below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The Target hazard quotient (THQ) of Hg, As, Pb, and Cd from consumption of examined fish was less than one which means that there was no hazard from consumption of these fish. 
The Prominent Frame Length of Dairy Cattle to Milk Delivery as A Opt Selection Yardstick
Get PDFBody length in dairy cattle is an essential linear trait to thoroughly investigate because cattle's bodies are stretched horizontally, unlike humans. As a result, the current study aimed to identify dairy cattle's most prominent body length characteristics primarily related to milk delivery as a selection basis. One hundred twenty-one heads of Holstein cows were employed as a research sample. The samples were utterly lactating, with ages between 2 and 6 years. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and regression were used consecutively to examine the data. The R type 4.2.1 with RStudio software was applied as an instrument for statistical analysis. A stipulated output of the PCA has unmasked four body length traits as major components, comprising absolute frame lengthiness (AFL), relative frame lengthiness (RFL), rump lengthiness (RML), and fore udder lengthiness (FUL). The correlation and regression analysis designated the FUL as the priority in dealing with the milk delivery characteristic, followed by the long distance between teats side-view (TSL). However, with PCA excluding TSL as a substantial component of body length, the second priority was given to the RFL. The ultimate recommendation is to prioritize the FUL trait for the initial cow selection program. Presumedly, the RFL could be used as the first initiative trait for the calf-heifer selection plan.
 
Oral Administration of Thymoquinone Attenuates Diazinon-induced Renal Injury in Rat: The Involvement of Keap1/Nrf2/HO1/NQO Signaling Pathway
Get PDFThe most prevalent component of the volatile oil found in Nigella sativa seeds is thymoquinone (TQ). As well as being used as food supplements, the seeds and oil are also utilized in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether TQ could protect rats from acute nephrotoxicity caused by diazinon (DZN). Six equal groups of thirty six adult’s male Wistar rats were created at random. Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered 0.1 mL DMSO IG for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG TQ at a dose of 10 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G5 was administered IG DZN at a dose of 15 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G6 was administered IG TQ daily one hour before DZN at the same dose in G4 and G5 for 4 weeks. The findings shown that TQ reduces the renal dysfunctions brought on by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Although the expression of Keap-1 was also elevated, overexpression of Nrf2 also enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NFκB in renal tissue. Also, TQ increased antiapoptotic (BCL2) factors and decrease proapoptotic (BAX) factors. As a result, it is hypothesized that TQ may be helpful in the prevention and management of acute nephrotoxicity brought on by DZN
Detection of Genes on Eschericia coli Producing Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Isolated from the Small Intestine of Ducks in Traditional Markets Surabaya City, Indonesia
Get PDFThis research aimed to focus on the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from the small intestine of ducks in several traditional markets in Surabaya as there is still little information regarding cases of ESBL-producing E. coli in ducks in Indonesia. Samples from the small intestine of ducks were kept on Buffer Peptone Water (BPW) media and then streaked on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media for isolation testing, while Gram staining and IMViC tests were used to continue the identification test. Kirby-bauer diffusion test for determining antibiotic sensitivity and confirmation of ESBL producing E. coli using the double disc synergy test (DDST). Molecular detection of TEM and CTX-M genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Based on morphological culture characteristics, Gram staining, and biochemical testing, the sample analysis results revealed that 32 samples (32%) of the 100 samples that were isolated were confirmed to be positive for E. coli. 10 from 32 E. coli isolates (31.25%) were confirmed to be multidrug resistance (MDR) because they were resistant to 3 to 4 antibiotic classes. Two out of ten E. coli isolates reported to be multidrug resistant were discovered to have positive DDST test findings after the ESBL identification of those isolates. Based on molecular examination, one isolate of E. coli was found containing TEM and CTX-M genes. Giving antibiotics to ducks must be considered in the dose or level so as not to cause antibiotic residues in the digestive tract of ducks. More farmer awareness of and public concern for the safety of food of animal origin is required, as is the use of antibiotics in poultry under the supervision of a veterinarian.Â
Infection Rate and Risk Factor of Buffalo Paramphistomum sp. Infection in Solo Raya Region, Central Java, Indonesia
Get PDFParamphistomum sp. infection in buffalo of Solo Raya region has not been reported previously. This study aims to estimate the infection rate of Paramphistomum sp. infection in buffalo in Solo Raya and identify the risk factor using prospective approach and cross-sectional pilot study. A total of 59 buffalo faecal samples from 44 small scale farms in Solo Raya were subjected for sedimentation examination. The result was interpreted descriptively, and the risk factors variable were analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis in R software ver.4.3.1. Paramphistomum sp. egg was found in 20.34% of buffalo faecal samples in Solo Raya Region. Bivariate analysis showed grass feeding and farmers knowledge related to helminthiasis clinical sign and treatment have significant association to Paramphistomum sp. infection. Based on final logistic regression model, Paramphistomum sp. infection was increased by additional grass in feed (OR 5.9, [95% CI: 1.05-32.98] (OR 0.16, [95% CI: 0.04-0.68]) but the risk was decreased by a good farmer knowledge in helminthiasis treatment OR 0.16, [95% CI: 0.04-0.68]. The results indicate that feed management and farmer knowledge should be improved. Further study to explore the parasitic disease in buffalo in Solo Raya Region is suggested
Hedgehogs and Biomonitoring Heavy Metal(loid)s
Get PDFTrace elements pollution is a current One Health problem, affecting the health of all living beings (including humans and animals) and the environment itself. Metal(loid)s (as As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, and others) represent hazardous substances with implications in different organs and organic functions, in both acute or chronic exposures. The use of animal species as biomonitoring tools has been pointed out as an essential piece to correctly monitor and evaluate this pollution worldwide. Hedgehogs have been used for this purpose although in very few locations, despite the notable potential they have, due to several biological and ecological characteristics. Their food regiment (mainly insectivorous), distribution, resilience, trophic level and adaptability represent some examples of those positive aspects. This review intends to briefly summarize these hedgehogs’ attributes and critically analyse them as positive aspects that turn this species into a suitable bioindicator of exposure and effects of heavy metal(loid) pollution
Prevalence of Listeria Monocytogenes in Meat Products Retailed in Egypt and Worldwide: A Review
Get PDFMeat products are regarded as major sources of essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, during all stages of the processing of meat products, including the slaughter of the animal, dressing, evisceration, and subsequent transportation and distribution, may expose the product to a wide range of bacteria. The microbial community of the finished goods may be influenced by handling and raw materials used in the production of the meat products. The microbiological condition of meat products may be affected by a number of factors, including worker hands, clothing, knives, cutting boards, slaughterhouse and meat processing plant environments, including walls, floors, washing water, etc. Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is considered as one important foodborne pathogen that is responsible for many cases of food poisoning among consumers worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the current scenario of the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in retailed meat products in Egypt and worldwide. The cited literatures in the current review demonstrated that effective sanitary practices should be used throughout all phases of handling meat to produce meat products with a high level of storage quality and free from L. monocytogenes
Urethral Stricture: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Get PDFA urethral stricture disease (USD), which is a restriction of the urethra brought on by scarring, effectively blocks the lower urinary system. By impairing the patient's capacity to pee, harming the entire urinary tract, and interfering with kidney function, this blockage can drastically diminish the patient's quality of life. Because of this, it is essential that urethral strictures, which can affect both men and women, are swiftly diagnosed and appropriately treated. Urethral stricture disease can be caused by iatrogenic injuries, due to idiopathic reasons, traumatic origin or due to inflammation. In this review we would like to throw the light on USD etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Mycological Evaluation and Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Fish and Fish Products
Get PDFA total of 100 random samples of whole Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and fillet of Tilapia (50 of each) were collected from different fish markets in Gharbia Governorate to evaluate pH, mycological contamination, and their total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A residues. The obtained results revealed that the mean ± SE pH values were 6.1± 0.05 and 6.3± 0.03 and the mean total mould count values ± SE were 3.63 × 102± 8.75×10 and 1.65×102 ±4.78×10 cfu/g of whole Tilapia and fillet of Tilapia, respectively. It was found that the mean value of the total aflatoxin (µg/kg) in the examined samples were 0.55± 0.2 µg/kg for whole Tilapia and 0.68± 0.06 µg /kg for the fillet samples. Whereas the mean values of ochratoxin A were 2.79 ± 0.6 µg/kg for and 0.12 ± 0.01 µg /kg for the whole tilapia and fillet, respectively. Six fungal species were identified in the current study. The most prevalent fungal species were Aspergillus niger, followed by A. flavus. However, the least dominant were A. terreu, A. westerdijkiae, and A. pseudocaelatus, Alternaria alternate, Cladosporium cladosporidiae, Mucor species and Penicillium species. In conclusion, the investigated whole tilapia and fish fillet is contaminated by mould. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin were detected in the examined samples. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the occurrence of mycotoxins in the retailed fish and fish products are highly recommended to ensure product safety