Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Spirulina as an animal feed and its effect on animal health and productivity
Get PDFThe extraordinary increase in demand for animal protein such as meat, eggs, milk, and other animal products, as well as the large quantities of protein feed inputs required for animal production, have principally spurred research into spirulina as an animal feed. Spirulina (Athrospira sp.) is a highly nutritious edible microalga and a prospective feed supply for many agriculturally significant animal species. Animal growth, fertility, beauty, and nutritional product quality have all been linked to spirulina. Spirulina consumption has been related to improved animal health and well-being in studies. Because of its nutritious and protein-rich composition, its impact on animal development was significant, and commercial production was raised to suit consumer demand. As a result, Spirulina is emerging as a cost-effective resource for increasing animal output in order to achieve long-term sustainability and a viable food security future
Major Gram-negative bacterial causes isolated from apparent Healthy and diarrheic foals in Egypt, prevalence, identification and antibiotic susceptibility profiles
Get PDFDiarrhea is one of the most significant illnesses affecting young foals and may be manifested in more than half of foals up to 3 months of age. Numerous infectious causes have been involved but bacterial pathogens are concerned. This study aimed to assess and identify the prime Gram-negative bacteriological etiology of Arabian horse foals’ diarrhea in Egypt and to designate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated microorganisms.  Rectal swabs and internal organs were obtained from 216 foals (89 diarrheic and 127 apparently healthy), aged 1 week to 1 year old, reared in Arabian horse farms in Great Cairo, Egypt during a period extended from March 2022 to December 2022. Conventional bacteriological examination was performed using selective media persuaded by routine and advanced biochemical tests. The isolation displayed 648 bacterial isolates; 452 (68.6%) were Gram-negative with the mixed isolation representing about 28%. Escherichia coli constituted the most prevalent; 110 / 452 (24.34%); 65 in apparently healthy foals and 45 among diarrheic ones. The second was Klebsiella pneumoniae (72, 15.92%) at which 50, (15.67%) were found to expose the highest causative agent recovered from diarrheic foals. Imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were the most effective versus Gram-negative species isolated from diarrheic foals while ampicillin and tetracycline were of no effect. The phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a picture of multidrug resistance (MDR) as 111 isolates (28.71%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotics belonging to different groups. The results demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumonia was the highest MDR species (54.16%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli isolates by 43.9, 32.1 and 30.9 % respectively. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria constituted the major causative agents of diarrhea in the Arabian foals. The most effective antibacterial drugs were imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. The issue of the existence of multidrug resistance isolates should be considered for proper therapy of foal diarrhea
Cow's milk screening for veterinary drug and pollutant residues in Ukraine for the period from 2020 to 2023
Get PDFDairy industry is leading in the structure of the food industry of Ukraine at the current stage. It consists of the butter production, cheese production, and milk-canning sub-sectors, as well as manufacturing of whole milk products, since the products of this industry occupy an important place in the consumption of the population. Therefore, research on regulation, toxicological and hygienic assessment of toxic contaminants of various origins must be conducted. The purpose of this study was to assess the cow's milk from Ukrainian farms for presence of key safety indicators over the past 4 years, namely: residues of antibiotics, nitrofurans, coccidiostats, insecticides, fungicides, anthelmintics, corticosteroids, glucocorticosteroids, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, mycotoxins, toxic elements, radionuclides. In the period of 2020-2023 7138 samples of cow’s milk from native dairy enterprises from 25 regions of Ukraine were screened for the content of various dangerous substances and compounds from groups A and B which are declared in Directive 96/23/EC. It was established that the milk of cows from Ukraine meets current national standards and is not inferior in terms of quality and safety to EU indicators. Among the inconsistent results, it is worth highlighting the presence of Chloramphenicol in 0.85% of milk samples out of 234 tested for its content, which was 0.03% of the total number of samples, while the content of other investigated drugs and substances was below of the methods detection limit
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of structural protein Vp1 to new isolate of duck hepatitis A virus
Get PDFDuck hepatitis A virus (DHA) is very fatal viral disease affecting young ducklings under one month old. The disease is generally spread among duckling flocks inducing sever dramatic and economic losses. The present research highlights investigation of duck hepatitis virus through collection of hundred spleen and liver field samples from various commercial 3-11 days old duckling sectors (Pekin and Mullard) at ten Egyptian governorates in 2022 and 2023 with historical view of high mortalities and nervous manifestations with background of previous immunization. The clinically infected specimens were directly screened using RT-PCR assay to detect duck hepatitis A virus through amplification of VP1 gene that reveals only one sample (obtained from Menofia governorate) was positive for DHAV-3. BLAST analysis of Partial obtained sequence of VP1 gene showed that it was closely related Egyptian strain (accession number OR543968) besides nucleotides and amino acid changes were observed in comparison with other strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained strain revealed clustering with viruses of Chinese origin and distinctive from vaccinal strains utilized in Egypt. Successful isolation of duck hepatitis A virus was achieved through inoculation of tissue homogenates into allantoic cavity of 9-11 day old embryonated chicken eggs. The outcomes of this work supplied rationalized knowledge about the epidemiological criteria of DHA virus in Egypt; emphasize the significance of DHA survey and vaccine selection
Florfenicol-loaded tannic acid-chitosan iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium
Get PDFAntimicrobial drug resistance caused by Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium is a noteworthy issue causing morbidity and mortality linked to potential outbreaks throughout the world. The current study aimed to synthesis chitosan, iron oxide nanoparticles (Ch-Fe3O4 NPs), tannic acid-Ch-Fe3O4 (T-Ch-Fe3O4) NPs for the loading of florfenicol, compare the antibacterial efficiency of the free florfenicol and the loaded one against florfenicol-resistant strains of S. Typhimurium. Also, the in-vitro bio-toxicity and viability effect of those materials were assessed. It was shown that florfenicol was successfully loaded onto the surface of tannic acid-Ch-Fe3O4 NPs. This was determined through measurement of hydrodynamic sizes and zeta potential (+0.120 ± 0.02, -0.372 ± 0.072 and +0.07 ± 0.03 mV for Ch-Fe3O4 NPs, T-Ch-Fe3O4 NPs, and Florfenicol NPs respectively) and confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Concerning the antibacterial effect, loading florfenicol with T-Ch-Fe3O4 NPs resulted in superior antibacterial efficacy against the resistant S. Typhimurium strain. This was evident by a decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 31.25 μg/ml for florfenicol to 15.62 μg/ml for the loaded florfenicol NPs. This finding suggests that florfenicol NPs possess enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to the free drug, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology in addressing the challenge of antibiotic resistance
Molecular characterization of avian influenza viruses (H5N2, H5N8, H5Nx and H9N2) isolated from chickens and ducks in the South of Egypt 2020 – 2021
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological situation of avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the molecular identification of the different AIV subtypes circulating among chickens and duck farms in South Egypt. A total of 143 samples were collected from chicken and duck farms in Qena (n = 105) and Luxor (n=38) governorates during 2020. The organs and swabs were collected from diseased chickens and healthy ducks. The viruses were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and their propagation was confirmed by hemagglutination test (AHT) and molecular detection of matrix gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AIV subtypes were identified by RT-PCR and specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced partial H5, N2, and N8 genes was performed. The results revealed that 15 AIVs were subtyped to 2 H5N2, 2 H5N8, 8 H5Nx, and 2 H9N2. While an isolate could not be subtyped by used primers. The H5-based evolutionary tree of 4 isolates revealed their categorization with the 2.3.4.4b clade with close relation to H5N8 isolates from Egypt in 2021 and Kazakhstan in 2020. In conclusion, the occurrence of H5 and H9 viruses pays attention to a public health concern. Also, non-identified HxNx reveals a new AIV HA and NA subtype may be present among chickens
Effect of the number of incubated eggs and nurturing squabs on the behaviour and performance of breeding pigeons
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the incubated egg and nurturing squab numbers on breeding pigeon behaviour and performance. Fifteen pairs of mature Egyptian Baladi Pigeons (12-18 months) were divided into 3 groups (one pair x 5 replicates for each group). Group1 (G1): each pair incubated one egg and reared one squab, Group2 (G2): parents incubated 2 eggs and reared 2 squabs and Group3 (G3): incubated 3eggs and reared 3 squabs. Maintenance and reproductive behaviour were recorded for each pair of parents using a digital camera and then analysed. In addition, the performance of adults and brooded squabs was evaluated. Results showed that the frequency of foraging and walking behaviour of females was significantly higher in G3. On the other hand, the other comfort behaviour was significantly higher for both parents in G1 compared to other groups indicating more welfare they had. No a significant impact was observed on other maintenance behaviour of breeding pigeons. Nest defence behaviour and prolactin level were increased with increasing the reared chicks or incubated eggs, while nest building was significantly decreased. Besides the prolonged incubation period & egg laying intervals in G3, the body weight (at 7 days old) and body weight gain (BWG) of squab at 7 and 14 days old declined significantly. A significant increase in body weight loss of female and male with increasing the number of reared chicks, moreover, raising the prolactin level in G3 compared to G1&G2. It concluded that, neither adult behaviour nor squab performance were adversely affected by increasing nurturing squab or incubated egg up to 3 squabs or 3 eggs which could be recommended practice for raising the economic profit in addition to feed supplements for a breeding pigeon to alleviate the loss in body mass at brooding period
Mitigating effect of alpha lipoic acid against hematological and renal impairments induced by Flunixin meglumine in male albino rats
Get PDFThis study investigated the hematological parameters and renal function effects of Flunixin Meglumine (FM) and assessed the potential protective role of Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in male rats. Hematological studies, kidney function tests, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacities, kidney weights and index weights, and histopathological studies were evaluated on the 4th and 8th weeks of the experiment. The experiment involved administering FM for 14 successive days and ALA for 56 successive days. Seventy-two (72) male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=12 animals each): Group 1 (control) received saline and distilled water, Group 2 (ALA) received ALA at a dose level 100mg/kg bwt orally, Group 3 (FM-2.5) received Flunixin meglumine at a dose level (2.5mg/kg bwt) subcutaneously, Group 4 (FM-5) received FM subcutaneously, Group 5 (FM-2.5 and ALA) received FM and ALA, and Group 6 (FM-5 and ALA) received FM and ALA. Flunixin meglumine increased WBCs, serum urea and creatinine levels, MDA, some histopathological changes in kidney tissue, and decreased TAC. These alterations were mitigated by addition of alpha lipoic acid. Non-significant changes in Hb%, P.C.V.%, RBCs and kidney index weight among all treated and control groups. In conclusion, the administration of FM induced hematological and renal impairments in male rats. However, co-administration of ALA effectively mitigated these impairments, suggesting its potential protective role against FM-induced hematological and renal disturbances
Sperm rheotaxis as a parameter for laboratory Evaluation of frozen semen in bull
Get PDF Sperm rheotaxis is a sperm guidance mechanism that helps to guide and select high-quality sperm cells within the female reproductive tract. Semen is usually evaluated using either the traditional subjective method of evaluation or computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). These methods provide information about sperm concentration, viability and motility parameters and ignoring sperm ability to travel inside the female reproductive tract. Our goal was to detect the individual variations between different sires through evaluation of post thawed frozen semen using sperm rheotaxis. We studied sperm rheotaxis and sperm kinematics inside microfluidic platforms together with subjective semen analysis (motility, viability, and sperm morphology) in post-thawed bull frozen semen in different sires. The results showed that the positive rheotaxis (PR) was higher in the post-thawed frozen semen of some bulls (P < 0.05) than in others. Our results also revealed that the bulls with the higher PR% have significantly higher straight-line velocity (VSL) and subjective analysis parameters (motility and viability) (P < 0.05) than bull with the lower PR. Furthermore, PR was positively correlated with VSL (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and with subjective motility and viability (r =0.57, P = 0.007 and r = 0.49; P= 0.02, respectively). Thus, we concluded that sperm rheotaxis should be used as a new parameter in evaluation of post-thawed frozen semen quality in bull
Detection of multidrug-resistance Staphylococcus aureus from mastitic cows' milk in Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates, Egypt
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important microbe which has the ability to cause a mastitis in cows and causes huge economic losses. This microorganism has a growing ability to resist antimicrobial agents which let to hinder the treatments programs. The study aimed to isolate and identify the prevalence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus in mastitic cows’ milk in delta region (Dakahlia and Damietta governorates). A two hundred milk samples were randomly selected from clinical mastitic and sub-clinical mastitic infected cows (one hundred from each); these infected cows farms located at Dakahlia and Damietta governorates during the period of November 2020 to March 2021. The samples were diagnosed using routine culture methods to isolate S. aureus. All suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical analysis for the basic identification of S. aureus colonies. The biochemically identified S. aureus colonies were confirmed by using molecular marker targeting thermonuclease-nuc gene by PCR. All the confirmed S. aureus isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing against eighteen antimicrobial agents by using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of the 200 tested milk sample, a forty-six were identified as S. aureus isolate revealed a total prevalence 23%. S. aureus prevalence rate in clinical mastitic and sub-clinical mastitic samples was 37 (80.4%), and 9 (19.6%), respectively. S. aureus isolates revealed a high resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and ceftiofur, and moderate resistance against tetracycline, amoxicillin- clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and gentamycin, while a high sensitivity of S. aureus was displayed against ciprofloxacin, SXT and marbofloxacin. All examined S. aureus isolates were sensitive against imipenem. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was displayed in all the isolates. Building food tracking and farm animal surveillance systems is essential to improving the healthiness processing and guaranteeing that consumers receive safe food