Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Enhancing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated pigeon paramyxovirus vaccine (PMV-1) using synthetic polymeric adjuvant
Get PDFPigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a serious pathogen facing the pigeon industry. Thus, this study aimed to preparation and evaluation of two inactivated vaccines using Carbopol and Aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants to control such a problem. A total of 45- four weeks old, apparently healthy pigeons were allocated into 3 groups (15 birds each) as follow: group 1 (G1) received 0.5 ml, S/C Carbopol adjuvanted vaccine, group 2 (G2), received 0.5 ml S/C of aluminum hydroxide-based vaccine, group 3 (G3) received 0.5 ml S/C sterile saline and kept as control group. Five serum samples were obtained from each bird weekly post vaccination to measure anti-PPMV-1 antibodies using HI test. At 35 days post immunization, all vaccinated pigeons were challenged with 20µl containing 106 EID50/bird of PPMV-1 YA/14 strain by eye drop route, all pigeons were kept under observation for 10 days during the observation period any clinical signs or moralities were recorded also, cloacal swabs were collected 4-, 7- and 10-days post challenge to measure the shedding level. The potency test revealed that the prepared inactivated vaccine (PPMV-1) with synthetic polymeric adjuvants were potent and efficient. By studying the elicited serum antibody dynamics in vaccinated pigeon using HI test showed that antibody, the beak antibody titer reached by the 4th week post immunization (6 and 5 log 2) for both G1 and G2 respectively (but G1 is significantly increase than G2) and continued to the 5th week where it reaches 6.5 and 5.6 log2 for both groups in order. (G1 is significantly increase than G2), which indicated that the PPMV-1 inactivated vaccine in both G1 and G2, results in systemic adjuvant activity, including a long-lasting protective immune response after a single dose administration without any adverse reaction. G1 and G2 showed the lowest shedding level that was zero at the 10th day post challenge and the overall reduction level of both vaccinated groups was 4.9 and 4.5 for both G1 and G2, respectively. However, the prepared inactivated PPMV-1 Carbopol based vaccine is safe and could significantly poses the immune response more effectively than the aluminum hydroxide-based vaccine
Molecular detection of aflatoxigenic A. flavus in chicken liver with a special reference to aflatoxin B1
Get PDFAflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species are extensively dispersed throughout the environment and have seriously affected human and animal food supplies, posing health dangers and even resulting in death, as a consequence. Our study's goal was to investigate infections of Aspergillus flavus and the amount of aflatoxins (AF) in chicken livers where they are metabolized specially AFB1. Sixty-five chicken liver samples were bought from frozen meat shops, supermarkets, and special slaughterhouses in Qena, Egypt. The samples were evaluated traditionally, molecularly, and HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the amount of AFs. In addition, A. flavus' susceptibility to amphotericin B and voriconazole was also determined. The findings revealed the presence of different fungal species, in particular, Aspergillus species (21.5%). A total percentage of 85.7 of A. flavus isolates were classified as low aflatoxin producers, according to HPLC analyses. Furthermore, aflatoxins contaminated 70% of the liver samples from which AFB1 was detected at 60%. Although this measurement was lower than the European limits, Egyptian standards found it unacceptable. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that 71.4 and 42.8% of A. flavus isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and voriconazole, respectively. These results show the extent of the role of chicken livers in the transmission of aflatoxicosis to humans. Hinting that these samples are dangerous to consumers. Consequently, there is a need to adopt aflatoxin residue monitoring and controls in all poultry meat; this cost-effective and efficient technology looks to be beneficial for better food safety. Or at least, liver from poultry that has been exposed to aflatoxins should not be consumed by humans until be cleared before slaughtering
Pharmacological activities and medicinal uses of berberine: A review
Get PDFBerberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid that has been identified from a variety of plant species including Cortex phellodendron (Huang bai), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), and Rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian). A growing body of research has demonstrated that this chemical has a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. BBR has been proven in studies to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Furthermore, BBR appears to boost the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism by raising the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx while reducing OS variables such as protein carbonyl (PC) content, MDA, and NO levels. This review threw light on the pharmacological activities and medicinal uses of BBR
Prevalence and molecular characterization of canine parvovirus-2 in dogs in Giza Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFCanine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common diseases affecting dogs. The disease has been reported worldwide including Egypt causing both acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in the infected dogs. Two distinct parvoviruses are incriminated in the disease occurrence CPV-1 and CPV-2. However, the CPV-2 is the most pathogenic and includes three antigenic variants namely, CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. Since the molecular characterization of CPV is critical for future disease prevention and control, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs in Giza governorate, Egypt, and molecular characterization of circulating CPV-2. A total of 300 stool samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs suggestive of canine parvovirus from different veterinary hospitals and clinics in Giza governorate, during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. The overall prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs was 72.67% and it was significantly associated with breed, sex and age of examine dogs. In addition, the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of circulating CPV-2 based on VP2 gene revealed that the circulating strain is CPV-2c. The present findings suggest that the failure of vaccination may be attributed to the use of CPV-2b commercial vaccines in areas where CPV-2c is prevalent
Prevalence of mites infestation in smallholder pig farms in selected villages in Roma Valley, Lesotho
Get PDFStudies to elucidate the magnitude of mites problem in pigs, its distribution and the possible risk factors associated with infestation are lacking in Lesotho. A cross sectional study was conducted from 138 pigs selected from 70 households to determine the prevalence of pig mites and its associated risk factors. The structured questionnaires were administered to gather information from 70 pig farmers on pig management and potential risk factors for mite infestation. Binary logistic regression within SPSS (20.00) was used for determining the prevalence of mites in different parameters. Out of 138 pigs examined 91 (65.9%) tested positive for Sarcoptes scabiei. Female (56.5%) pigs were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than males (11.5%). The prevalence of mites differed significantly (p<0.05) between different age groups where young (41.4%) pigs had higher infection than adult pigs (26.5%). In terms of body regions, there was no statistical significant variation on the prevalence of mites between the back (53.6%) and the flanks (50.0%) however, both of these rates were significantly higher than the prevalence rate recorded for the ears (26.1%). It is concluded that pig mites represent a common health problem whereby sex, age and body region are important risk factors associated with infestation
Economic Comparison for the Effect of Breeds and Housing Systems on Broiler Farms Production and Profit
Get PDFBroiler production is a promising sector to achieve food security and economic development in Egypt. It has a big share in animal protein supply which can relieve the problem of animal protein shortage. This study focused on estimating broiler farms profitability after the major financial changes that took place in Egypt, by studying how different housing systems and broiler breeds can affect farm production and profitability. Farm records and research questionnaires were used to collect data from broiler farms in two governorates (Al Sharkia and Ismailia). Different broiler breeds and housing systems were compared. Results showed that despite the high cost of production, broiler production is still a profitable business appealing for further private or governmental investments. The veterinary management, housing system and breed have a positive effect on the productivity. The highest production was obtained for Cobb breed and closed systems, whereas Ross breed achieved the highest net profit. Despite the challenges faced by producers, it was concluded that broiler farms in the study area are acting in the second stage of production where resources are probably used for the existing conditions
High-Fat Diet Induced Perturbation in Physiological Parameters in Females Albino Rat
Get PDFA high-fat diet (HFD) is characterized by an excessive intake of dietary fats, while often being deficient in essential nutrients and fiber. Studies in animal models have consistently demonstrated that high-fat diets can lead to significant elevation of weight gain, body organs and biochemical parameters. The present research aimed to clarify the adverse physiological consequences of HFD on female rats. The present study was performed on 12 female rats that were divided to equal groups. Group I fed normal basal diet and group II fed HFD for 12 months. The body weight and gain, relative organs weight as well as abdominal fat mass were recorded. Hematological parameters, lipid profile, liver and kidney functions and Heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) were determined. Also, histopathology for liver, kidney and heart were performed. Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed. The body weight, weight gain, relative organs weight and abdominal fat mass were significantly increased in group II than group I. Hematological parameters, lipid profile, liver and kidney functions, H-FABP and ECG as well as histopathology were deteriorated in group II than group I. The findings revealed that prolonged consumption of a high-fat diet resulted in significant physiological perturbations. Understanding the intricate interactions between high-fat diets, body weight, body organs and biochemical parameters is essential for devising effective prevention and treatment strategies for obesity and related metabolic disorders
Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fowl Adenoviruses Isolated from Broiler Chicken Flocks
Get PDFFADV has caused high economic losses in poultry industry in Egypt in the last few years. The study aimed to detect and genetically characterize the fowl adenovirus (FAdV) species prevalent in Egyptian commercial broiler chicken flocks during 2023. The 63 suspected samples were collected from Egyptian broiler chickens from 5 governorates during 2023. The molecular characterization was performed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the positive samples was isolated in primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells. The genetic characterization of 8 selected samples represented different governorates by sequencing of loop 1 (L1) of the hexon gene. Clinically, the poultry suffered from depression, watery diarrhea, and ascites and decreased body weight with a mortality rate of 10–30%. The post-mortem inspection showed liver was pale, enlarged with petechial haemorrhage. 27 out of 63 samples (42.8%) were positive by PCR. The molecular charctersation of the L1 hexon gene’s revealed that the FADV (from Eg-ANY1-2023 to EG-ANY4-2023) genetically charcterized as FADV-D 2/11 strains, the FADV-EG-ANY5-2023 to FADV-EG-ANY8-2023 genetically characterized as FADV E/8a and FADV E/8b. By mutation analysis, the strains in our study related to FADV-E/8a (FADV-EG-ANY5, ANY6) had R171K in the HVR4 and strain related to 8b (FADV-EG-ANY7, ANY8) had S95N in the HVR2 and A91T between HVR1 and HVR2 compared to other reference strains. Thus, these findings demonstrate that many mutated virus genotypes are circulating in commercial chicken flocks. Further research is needed to study the pathogencity of these strains and implement control measures and vaccine production to prevent economic loss in the poultry industry
Customer knowledge about purchasing perceptions, safety and quality issues of Syrian cheese in Egypt
Get PDFFood safety is a crucial global public health issue. Food-borne diseases are mostly due to lack of knowledge about food processing, storage, and handling practices. Consumer’s behavior towards food safety should be considered during implementation of control measures to eliminate potential hazards and keep the products quality. Syrian cheeses such as Akawi, Halloumi, and Mudaffara are nowadays commonly produced and sold in Egyptian markets, with high acceptability from the Egyptian consumer’s side. The present cross-sectional study was designed using a structural questionnaire to estimate the consumer familiarity and consumption rates of such products. Meanwhile, evaluating the consumers Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) among Syrian cheeses safety, quality, purchasing and storage parameters. The study was conducted online by 407 Egyptian citizens from different districts in Greater Cairo governorates. The questionnaire included thirty questions divided into 4 sections: sociodemographic questions; Syrian cheese general consumption data base; the consumer’s Attitude and Practice; and the knowledge level toward the products. Most of the responders were females (66%), with age range 20-40 years (76%), university graduates (64%) and work in public health field (57%). 51% of the responders consume Syrian cheese, while 70% prefer the Egyptian cheese. 47.8% used to consume Syrian cheese indirectly in food recipes. About 31% of the Egyptian consumers often considered Syrian cheese as a high-quality product and 64.2% select the products on flavor basis. Only 5% of the responders suffered after Syrian cheese consumption and 3% have allergy from cheeses. Regarding safety and quality of Syrian cheeses, 47% of the responders have good knowledge about the necessity of cold storage of cheese. Although the shelf life of soft cheese is one month, however only 8% knew that, and 67.5% used to keep Syrian cheese in refrigerator till consumption regardless to the shelf life. 64.4% of responders accepted the addition of chemical preservatives to cheese but within the acceptable limits, and at the same time 92% preferred the natural ones. Most of responders have a good knowledge level about: the incidence of food poisoning from cheese (77.3%), food poisoning symptoms (87.8%), and the main causative agent of such cases (53%)
Protective effect of lycopene and grape seed extract against salbutamol toxicity on myocardial tissue
Get PDFCardiovascular toxicity includes damage to the heart resulting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and toxin-induced abnormalities in electrophysiology, and muscle damage. The current study set out to investigate the potential cardioprotective properties of lycopene (LCP) and grape seed extract (GSE) as potential novel therapies to counteract the cardiotoxicity caused by salbutamol. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to achieve this. Male albino rats weighing between (150_180g b.wt) were randomly divided into six sets, each containing seven rats. Group I received saline and kept as a control group. Group II was given oral administration of salbutamol (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for 2 consecutive days. Group lll received oral dose of LCP (1 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks. Group IV was given oral dose of GSE (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks. Group V was pretreated orally with LCP for three weeks followed by salbutamol oral administration (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for two consecutive doses. Group VI was pretreated orally with GSE (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks followed by salbutamol oral administration (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for two consecutive doses. All treatments were administered once daily by oral route using gastric tube. Results revealed that salbutamol induced cardiac damage manifested by congestion of myocardial blood vessels, intermuscular hemorrhages, endocardial degenerative changes, microcalcification and subendocardial congestion and hemorrhage, focal cardiomyocytes hyalinization with nuclear peripheralization and pyknosis and individual cellular apoptosis. In comparison with salbutamol group, pre-treatment of rats with GSE demonstrated a moderate ameliorative effect comparable to that of LCP pretreated group; however the residual tissue changes are little bit worse. Immunohistochemistry results supported the histopathological investigations. In conclusion, pre-administration of GSE and LCP provide potential cardioprotective effects by reducing salbutamol-induced cardiac damage linked to alterations in histopathology and immunohistochemistry