Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Necrotic enteritis and coinfection with different coccidia species with unveiling the effect of Moringa extract in improving their negative impact in broiler chickens
Get PDFA severe co-infection in poultry is produced by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and coccidia, which results in fatalities and bleeding diarrhea. This study aimed to detect the effect of M. olifera extract against C. perfringens and Eimeria. A total of 200 samples were collected from eight broiler farms to isolate C. perfringens and detect Eimeria spp. from suspected diseased poultry and litter. Thirteen percent of the samples were positive for C. perfringens, and 87% and 50% of the confirmed isolates had the enterotoxin genes cpe and netB. Eimeria spp. accounted for 60% of the population, with E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. maxima being the most frequently identified species. Furthermore, we determined the relative efficacy of the plant extracts by examining the efficacy of Moringa oleifera extraction on broilers experimentally infected with C. perfringens and mixed Eimeria species. We divided the 30 birds into three groups, each containing 10 birds. Group 1 (G1) was used as a control, Group 2 (G2) had C. perfringens type A and Eimeria spp. Infections for the last 3 weeks, and Group 3 (G3) had the same infections as Group 2 and had been fed M. oleifera extract (150 mg/kg BW). At the experimental infection level, the animals' growth performance parameters became better than those of the infected group, with a significant variation (P < 0.05) in G3. Additionally, they had fewer C. perfringens infections in their intestines and faeces, and their feces shed fewer oocysts. In conclusion, M. olifera extract is effective against C. perfringens and Eimeria-challenged birds and enhances their performance
A meta-analysis of bovine tuberculosis in Indonesia: a concerning zoonotic disease
Get PDFBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease with high economic impact and public health concern. However, the understanding of bTB in Indonesia is limited. Thus, this study aims to to estimate the pooled prevalence of bTB in cattle in Indonesia using a meta-analysis. Five online databases were searched for related articles. The articles were screened by two independent reviewers following the inclusion criteria. The included studies went through quality assessment using five pre-determined question. The necessary data were extracted and analysed using random effect model in R studio 4.3.0 with “meta” R package to estimate the pooled prevalence, heterogeneity level, and risk of publication bias. Subgroup meta-analysis was conducted for subgroup diagnostic method and Mycobacterium species. The results showed that six studies fit in inclusion criteria, representing 711 samples. The quality assessment showed the included studies were good quality. The estimated pooled prevalence of bTB in Indonesia was 9.71% (95% CI, 1.47-43.69%) with high heterogeneity. Based on subgroup meta-analysis, no significant different was found in between non-molecular and molecular diagnostic methods (10.55% [95% CI, 0.48-42.03] vs 6.43 [95% CI, 1.64-22.11], p = 0.92). Similarly, between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, no significant different prevalence was found (2.04% [95% CI, 0.38-10.13] vs 6.55% [95% CI, 0.15-76.17], p= 0.57). The risk of bias assessment showed no indication of severe publication bias. This study indicates the necessity of bTB active surveillance and epidemiological study in Indonesia. Furthermore, a control and preventive strategy for zoonotic transmission mitigation should be developed
Effect of dietary supplementation of bamboo leaves extract on behaviors, performance and some blood parameters of bill-trimmed mule ducks
Get PDFBamboo leaf extract (BLE) has been shown to exhibit physiological actions in mammals. So, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of BLE on performance, behavior, stress indicators, antioxidant activity, and liver and kidney function of bill trimmed mule ducks. One hundred- and twenty- mule ducklings (one day old) were randomly distributed among 24 pens (5 birds / pen), each pen was randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups containing a BLE at 0 (CONT), 0 (BT-CONT), 1.0 (BT-BLE1), and 2.0 (BT-BLE2). Except for the CONT group, all birds were exposed to bill cutting on day 21. Serum corticosterone was analyzed by ELISA kits and other serum physiological parameters were assayed by spectrophotometer. Bamboo leaf extract decreased wall pecking, feather pecking, and aggressive pecking behavior and improved preening (P < 0.05) but had no effect on feeding, drinking, walking, standing and resting activities (P > 0.05). Serum catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in BLE fed groups and CONT birds than BT-CONT groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in performance parameters, serum albumin, urea, creatinine, and glucose between all the treatments (P > 0.05). Moreover, serum corticosterone was lower in BLE fed groups in comparison with the BT-CONT (P < 0.05). These findings imply that the BLE may be able to mitigate the detrimental effects of bill trimming on the health of mule ducks through the regulation of stress reactions, and improvement of antioxidant status
Lycopene as a Natural Food Additive for Improving Meat Products Quality
Get PDFMeat products contain protein, which is important for growth needed by human body, in addition to contain some minerals and vitamins as iodine, iron, zinc, and B12. This high nutritional value of meat products makes them vulnerable to spoilage and difficult to be preserved. Natural preservatives have emerged as alternatives to chemical preservatives. Natural additives have shown potential to provide effective antimicrobial and antioxidant activity while reducing negative health impacts. Incorporating lycopene into meat products has gained much interest among food scientists and in the meat industry. Some past articles concerning the lycopene addition effect on the quality of meat products have been published. Based on the above, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the applications of lycopene as a natural colorant and antibacterial in meat products, and to provide a comprehensive summary of the effectiveness and progress of lycopene in the preservation of meat products over the last decade. The information in this review provides ideas for future applications of lycopene in meat preservation as a natural antioxidant, which has great potential to replace traditional artificial preservatives
Prevalence and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Fungi in Fish Feed Collected from Fish Farms in Egypt with a Particular Reference to Aflatoxins Contamination
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The current study is aimed to investigate the fungal contaminants in fish feed. Isolation of fungi was conducted on modified dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Feed samples were assayed for aflatoxins using HPLC. A total of 43 species belonging to 19 fungal genera recovered from 45 fish feed samples. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most predominant genera with isolation frequency values indicated the retrieval capability of DG18 over PDA medium. For instance, Aspergillus spp. recorded 60%, 53.3% while Penicillium spp. were 33.3%, 17.8% on DG18 and PDA respectively via direct plating. 41.4% of the tested isolates were mycotoxin producers. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected by 6 out of 10 screened Aspergillus isolates. Fumitremorgens, Gliotoxin, Ochratoxin A and B, and Zeralenone were also detected. The feed samples of high total count percentages (TC%) of A. flavus recorded the highest incidence of aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 (2.3, 35.3 and 7.8 ng/g respectively). Meanwhile, the highest B1 concentration (3.7 ng/g) was recorded for the highest TC% interval studied (1:9 cfu/g). Thus, it is important to monitor the fungal load and mycotoxins in fish feed periodically using proper practical approaches
Relationship between poultry biosecurity assessments and Escherichia coli prevalence in poultry farms
Get PDFA crucial first step in preventing the introduction and spread of harmful microorganisms in poultry farms is biosecurity. The objectives of this investigation were to assess biosecurity measures and the prevalence of different E. coli species in commercial chicken farms in Sharkia province, Egypt. Sensitivity of E. coli strains was identified, and their susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfection was evaluated as well. Four farms provided 21 samples each, for a total of 84 samples. Three samples of each were collected for water, feed, litter, cloaca, wall, hand, and foot boots. All the studied farms obtained a "poor biosecurity" grade, meaning that their overall biosecurity score, which is comprised of 40% external and 36.54% internal biosecurity, was less than 50%. Escherichia coli species were found in 79.76% of the samples. It was isolated from water, feed, litter, cloaca, walls, hands, and foot boots with percentages of 91.6; 83.3; 91.6; 100; 58.3; 58.3 and 75%, respectively. Biosecurity level had significant negative correlations with the isolated E. coil species. Escherichia coli O119 was the most common serotype in litter and the cloaca, while E. coli O1 was the most prevalent serotype in walls and hands. Additionally, serotypes for E. coli O26, O159, O128 and O78 were included. According to the patterns of antibiotic sensitivity, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and levofloxacin showed intermediate sensitivity, whereas E. coli O119 bacteria were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin. In the absence and presence of organic matter, Virocid, Cid 2000 and finally Virkon S were the most efficient against E. coli O119. According to this study, there were differences in the investigated farms' biosecurity levels in relation to the occurrence of Escherichia coli. To reduce the introduction and persistence of E. coli in poultry farms, several biosecurity practices and management, including stringent cleaning and disinfection measures should be applied
Monitoring heavy metal residues in domesticated and game birds' meat from Damietta Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFConcerns about potential health risks have made heavy metal contamination in food a prominent issue. The primary route of human exposure to metals is through food consumption. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess metal concentrations in game bird meat and calculate daily intake and associated health risks. An ICP-OES was employed to measure the levels of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe). The study's results indicated that As, Zn, and Fe were present at relatively high levels in the studied groups, while Co, Hg, Cr, and Cd had comparatively lower mean concentrations. Among the detected heavy metals, there were no statistically significant differences between the three studied groups, except for Cr, Co, and Zn, which exhibited statistically significant variations. Most quails and pigeons stayed within the designated permissible limits (PL) for Hg, while sparrows exceeded these limits. Both quails and sparrows also exceeded the PL for Pb, whereas pigeons remained within it. In the case of Zn, Cu, and Co, the majority of the three species adhered to the PL, while they exceeded the PL for As. However, all three species remained within the PL for Cd and Cr. Despite the Hazard Quotients (HQs) for the tested heavy metals, with the exception of As, Fe, and Zn, not exceeding 1, this suggests that consuming game bird meat is unlikely to significantly elevate the risk of human exposure to these specific metals, indicating a lower potential health hazard.Top of For
Investigation of four enteric viruses in diarrheic ducks in Egypt during 2021-2022
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to examine viruses associated with gastrointestinal illnesses in ducks collected from four governorates in Egypt (Sharkia, Gharbia, Dakahlia, and Qaliobia) during 2021-2022. These ducks underwent comprehensive clinical examinations and post-mortem analyses. All the flocks exhibited various forms of diarrhea. Additionally, 59.5% of the duck flocks manifested respiratory symptoms, while 57 % showed uneven growth, locomotory dysfunction (42.8%). Post-mortem findings consistently included enteritis in all examined flocks. To directly identify viruses associated with digestive illnesses, 42 aseptic intestine samples were obtained from recently deceased or sacrificed ducks. PCR analysis identified four positive samples out of the 42 (9.5%), with one containing Avian Rotavirus (AvRV) and three carrying Muscovy Duck Parvovirus (MDPV). Additionally, histopathological examination of the liver and intestine from PCR-positive flocks showed findings consistent with those typically observed in MDPV infections. This study concluded that the primary viruses associated with digestive illnesses in Egyptian ducks are MDPV and AvRV. Importantly, this research represents the first-ever detection of Rotavirus in ducks in Egypt
Identification and molecular characterization of some blood parasites in camels
Get PDFEgyptian camels are vulnerable to blood parasitic infection, which is an economically important tick-borne diseases and compromise health and production of camels. Blood samples were collected for microscopic identification and molecular detection with phylogenetic analysis of piroplasms in apparently healthy camels ' number 82' of both sexes in Assiut, Egypt. The overall positive rates of Babesia was 62.2% and Theileria was 35.4% microsobically which revealed that Babesia infection is higher than Theileria in camels. The positive rates of Babesia and Theileria species were higher in females (71.7%) and (36.9%) than males (50%) and (33.3%), respectively. Likewise, the positive rates of Babesia and Theileria species were higher in camels > 3 years (68.8%) and (37.5%) than ≤ 3 years (52.9%) and (32.4%), respectively. Statistically, the positive rate of Babesia is significantly associated with gender (P< 0.05). PCR analysis targeted Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata tams1 genes. The phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplicons shown that analyzed isolates were Babesia caballi (B. caballi) with accession numbers (OR683438 and OR683439) and Theileria annulata (T. annulata) with accession numbers (OR682402 and OR682403) which closely related to global isolates present in NCBI. Genetically, B. caballi was related to isolates from South Africa, Cuba and Venezuela horses, while T. annulata was genetically related to isolates from United Kingdom, India and Turkey. We concluded that B. caballi and T. annulata is prevalent in camels with the need of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent further spread of infection with tick control program to reduce the risk of infection
Molecular identification of the worm Fasciola sp. on cattle at the Kediri City Slaughterhouse, Indonesia
Get PDFFasciolosis is a disease caused by the genus Fasciola which attacks wild animals, livestock and humans. Molecular characterization of Fasciola sp. important for identifying the species Fasciola sp. The aim of this research was to analyze the characteristics of the worm Fasciola sp. molecularly on samples of cattle slaughtered at the Kediri City Slaughterhouse Regional Technical Implementation Unit. This research was carried out from January to February 2023. The samples were adult worms Fasciola sp. taken from one beef cattle and one dairy cattle. The PCR used is conventional PCR with primers from mitochondrial DNA genes. PCR products are passed to the sequencing stage. The PCR test results read on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the PCR product had high specificity, namely forming a single band at position 752 bp showed positive for F. gigantica. the results of the phylogenetic tree of Fasciola sp. with data in GenBank showing Fasciola sp. beef and dairy cattle isolates in Kediri City are closely related to Fasciola sp. dairy cattle isolate from China with Accession Number KF543343.1 and Fasciola sp. long-haired cattle (yak) isolate from China Accession Number MH621335.1. The existence of international livestock trade can result in the introduction of various diseases, one of which is Fasciolosis. Livestock import-export activities from China allow the introduction of Fasciola sp. to Indonesia