Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Migratory Birds as Disseminators of Avian Influenza Viruses to Egypt (2003 – 2023)
Get PDFMigratory birds are considered a vessel for preserving and transmitting microbes, which contribute with great force in transporting them from one place to another over long distances in the world. This would contribute to the emergence of disease pandemics globally and the most obvious example is the avian influenza (AI) epidemics over time. The most famous recent scenario is the AI pandemic that began in Hong Kong in 1990s. Natural resistance to AI helps migratory birds retain avian influenza viruses (AIVs) for long periods and transfer them from their source to many other countries during migration paths. Accordingly, they serve as a vector for the maintenance and introduction of both highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI and LPAI). Through this study, the subtypes of high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses found in migratory and wild birds in Egypt were identified, and the most important species of implicated birds were recognized since 1970s tell now. In the view of geoepidemiology of AIVs transmitted by migratory birds, we highlighted the main entry, gathering places and movement routes encountered either with free-living or domesticated birds. By reviewing the outcomes of previous studies over the past two decades, a total of 108 AIVs including 70 of the LPAI and 38 of the HPAI were isolated from migratory and free-living birds. Migratory birds topped the list with 91% of the LPAI and 79% of the HPAI. Interestingly, Damietta province had the highest rates of virus isolation; 81.3% and 40% for LPAI and HPAI viruses respectively, followed by Sharkia particularly in HPAIV (26.7) and both borders are with Lake Manzala. Two Anseriformes-migratory birds; Northern shoveler & Green-winged teal harbored more than 50% of the isolated AIVs. Therefore, we call for conducting annual screening of AIVs in spring and fall. Focusing on Anseriformes and recently proposed quails as vessels for AIVs’ mutations mainly in northeast Lakes’ border provinces for early detection and quick intervene and avoid their spread became an urgent need
The Reno and Hepatoprotective Effects of SAMWA Plant (Cleome droserifolia) Methanolic Extract against Adrenaline-Induced Adverse Effect to Male Rats
Get PDFAdrenaline is widely used drug to combat several conditions such as allergy and anaphylaxis. The current work was to investigate the renal and hepatic complications following adrenaline injection, in addition, the impact of Cleome (SAMWA) methanolic extract on adrenaline- induced renal and hepatic alterations. Twenty-four male Wister rats were divided equally into four groups; Normal control group received oral distilled water for 30 consecutive days and administered subcutaneous saline on the 31st and 32nd days. The Cleome extract (200 mg/kg) group received Cleome methanolic extract (200 mg/kg, P.O) for 30 consecutive days and administered subcutaneous saline on the 31st and 32nd days. The adrenaline group received distilled water orally for 30 consecutive days and administered subcutaneous adrenaline (2 mg/kg, s.c.) divided into two doses (1 mg/kg, s.c) each on the 31st and 32nd days. Cleome extract (200 mg/kg)/ adrenaline received Cleome methanolic extract (200 mg/kg, P. O) for 30 consecutive days and administered subcutaneous adrenaline (2 mg/kg, s.c.) divided into two doses (1 mg/kg, s.c) each on the 31st and 32nd days. Liver and kidney function biomarkers in addition to histopathological analyses were evaluated. Adrenaline caused alteration in liver and kidney function biomarkers without affecting the histological structure of the liver and the kidney. SAMWA methanolic extract pretreatment significantly decreased serum urea, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). SAMWA ameliorated serum albumin reduction and total protein induced by adrenaline injection. SAMWA methanolic extract could protect liver and kidney of rats exposed to adrenaline
Microbial Status of the Retailed Meat Products in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFEnsuring food safety and strict hygienic practices adopted across the meat industry's whole supply chain is a primary responsibility of the food safety sector. Monitoring the sanitary status of the retailed meat products is necessary to complete this task. Meat products including luncheon, sausage, burger, and minced meat retailed in Sharkia governorate, Egypt, were evaluated for hygiene indicators such as total bacterial counts (TBC), total coliforms counts (TCC), total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold counts (TMC). Furthermore, isolation of some pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., was done. The results showed varying rates of microbial contamination in the examined meat products. Minced meat was generally the most contaminated with microorganisms. Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., were isolated from the examined samples at varying rates. In conclusion, to produce meat products of excellent keeping quality, it is strongly advised to follow stringent hygiene procedures when handling meat from the time of slaughter and though out all manufacture proces
Ameliorative effect of a novel enzymatic detoxifier against natural field levels of mycotoxins in the broiler chicken diet
Get PDFMycotoxins are considered hidden dangers that threaten the poultry industry globally because they suppress the immunity of birds, reduce their production, and increase their chance of being infected with diseases, which exposes the poultry industry to enormous economic losses. Therefore, this investigation aimed to assess the effectiveness of VemoZyme Detox®, a novel enzymatic detoxifier, in mitigating the detrimental consequences of mycotoxin contamination in broiler chickens. The experiment involved 10,000-day-old, Cobb 500 broiler chicks, which were allotted into two groups of 5000 birds each as follows: T1: received a control basal diet; and T2: birds were provided with a basal diet supplemented with VemoZyme Detox®. The birds underwent comprehensive monitoring, including evaluations of growth performance, blood parameters, mycotoxin levels, hepatic histopathological alterations, and litter bacteriological counts. Broilers receiving dietary VemoZyme Detox® exhibited significant improvements in various aspects, including growth performance, reduced mortality rates, and more favorable feed conversion ratios. Moreover, the enzymatic supplement played a protective role in maintaining hepatic and renal health, as evidenced by reductions in blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, and creatinine. Importantly, although there was no significant difference in mycotoxin levels (zearalenone, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1) within the feed, VemoZyme Detox® had a significant impact on decreasing mycotoxin levels, particularly those of zearalenone and fumonisin B1. Hepatic histological examinations also revealed healthier conditions in T2, and positive impacts extended to litter samples, as indicated by reduced counts of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts. In conclusion, the use of an enzymatic detoxifier is a promising method for counteracting the negative impacts of mycotoxin contamination in broilers. The results underscore the substantial potential of enzymatic detoxifiers for ensuring the health and productivity of broilers, opening new avenues for safer poultry production
Antibacterial activity of plant phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from meat
Get PDFMultidrug resistance poses a danger to public health and steadily raises mortality, despite the discovery and development of a wide range of antimicrobial drugs. Developing practical solutions to address these problems has been the focus of many recent studies. In this work, we elucidate the way certain antibiotics, when coupled with other antimicrobial agents like plant extracts, can produce synergistic effects provided that each therapy targets a separate target or signaling pathway and functions via a different mechanism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to identify bioactive metabolite extracts and purify plant extracts with active antibacterial qualities. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth microdilution method. Different 100 samples of meat (fresh, frozen Brazilian, Sudanese, and minced meat) and meat products such as pastrami, burgers, kofta, luncheon, and sausage were randomly collected from six (6) different locations in Al-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The associated pathogenic bacteria recovered from the isolated raw meat samples identified by microbiological, biochemical, and molecular methods is Bacillus. Clove extract was found to be the most effective and exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against highly resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The plant extracts used in the study have great efficacy in reducing bacterial contamination and can be used as a safe alternative to antibiotics to avoid and control foodborne diseases
Anti- Staphylococcus aureus activity of some essential oils and their impacts on physicochemical properties of chilled minced meat
Get PDFRaw minced beef is one of the most used meat products and exposing to microbial contamination as well. So, improving its preservation techniques is highly recommended, especially with raising of microbial multidrug resistance worldwide. The recent study aimed to evaluate impacts of olive and garlic essential oils on the physicochemical and S. aureus multiplication in chilled minced beef along nine days of refrigeration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oils was determined using disc diffusion technique. Results revealed higher inhibitory effect of garlic oil than olive oil on S. aureus, combination of olive and garlic (GOC) treated samples showed significant synergistic effect appeared as wider zone of inhibition and higher enhancement effects on the physicochemical and bacterial quality of the treated chilled minced meat. Although, the treated samples were sensory acceptable at the 9th day, when the control group showed spoilage characteristics; they, all, showed signs of spoilage in various degrees at the 12th day of storage. In addition, results of pH, TBA and TVN were 6.3, 0.82 and 18.7; 6.2, 0.79 and 18.3; 6.0, 0.75 and 17.5 for the olive oil (1.5%), garlic oil (1.0%) and GOC treated groups at the 9th day of storage, respectively. On the other hand, significant retardation in the S. aureus growth was observed in all the treated samples revealing that the used oils a promising and recommended meat additive of significant preservation characteristic on the meat safety and quality
Newcastle disease virus Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 inhibits growth of rat mammary carcinoma models
Get PDFThe lack of effective therapeutic modalities for mammary cancer is attributed to side effects and therapy resistance, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment options. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) exhibits oncolytic activity, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the virulent NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 on the growth of mammary carcinoma. The study involved 15 white female Sprague-Dawley rats induced with mammary carcinoma. After the tumors had developed, the rats were divided into two treatment groups, i.e., treatment 0 (P0) and treatment 1 (P1), which received 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline and 128 HAU/500 μL of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 15 post-virotherapy. Rats were necropsied, the tumor was excised to measure its weight, percentage of tumor inhibition, and subsequently routinely processed for histopathological preparations. The tumor weights in each treatment group were 3.70±0.72 and 2.34±0.64 grams, respectively, with a tumor inhibition percentage of 36.62%. The angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and mitotic activity of P1 were lower than those of P0, while inflammatory cell infiltration and areas of necrosis appeared more prominent in the group treated with the NDV. In conclusion, the NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 shows potential as a virotherapy agent for rat mammary carcinoma models
Therapeutic effects of propolis ethanolic extract on infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cows
Get PDFInfectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly referred to as 'pinkeye,' is a prevalent ocular disease affecting cattle and caused by Moraxella bovis. Propolis, a natural substance collected by honeybees, is recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, along with its potential to promote wound healing and protect various organs. Given the substantial economic losses associated with IBK and the growing antibiotic resistance problem, this study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of propolis' ethanolic extract in managing IBK-induced eye lesions in cows under field conditions. One hundred infected cattle aged between 18 months to six years old, organized into four distinct groups (n=25). Group I was treated topically with propolis ethanolic extract dissolved in glycerin (1000 μg/mL) once daily for four days. Group II was treated topically with tetracycline ointment (1%) once daily over the same four days. Group III received glycerin treatment once daily for four days, serving as a solvent control substance. Group IV, designated as the untreated control group, received no therapeutic intervention. Propolis ethanol extract improved all cases within 18 days while tetracycline improved only 84% of cases within 21 days. Remarkably, no discernible indicators of improvement manifested in group III and IV by the twentieth day of the investigative period. Propolis ethanol extract was able to resolve IBK eye injuries more completely in a shorter period than tetracycline. Therefore, it can be considered a good alternative compared to other antibiotics
Effect of silica nanoparticles on kidney of albino rats with the potential ameliorative efficacy of liposomal curcumin
Get PDFSilica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are widely used commercially in various biomedical and industrial applications. However, their potential toxicity on human and animal health hasattracted particular attention. Liposomal curcumin (LP-Cur) has effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense mechanism.So, this study was achieved toassess the potential ameliorative effect of (LP-Cur) on (SiO2-NPs) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty four adult male albino rats of the same weight were divided into four groups: (Gp I) negative control group (received single intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline, standard diet and distilled water), (Gp II) SiO2-NPs exposed group (received 200 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally), (Gp III) SiO2-NPs and LP-Cur co-treated group (received 200 mg/kg body weight SiO2-NPsintraperitoneally + 80 mg/kg body weight LP-Cur orally), and (Gp IV) LP-Cur treated group (received 80 mg/kg body weight orally) for 30 days. At the end of experiment, the rats were euthanized by inhalation of 2% isoflurane (0.10 ml) in internal volume of chamber. Blood and kidney samples were collected from all rats for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. SiO2-NPssignificantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine levels and malondialdehyde. Whereas they substantially reduced the glutathione levels. SiO2-NPs also caused dilatation, congestion ofmost glomeruli in addition to, some atrophied ones. Also, most renal tubulesshowed degenerative changes and marked interstitial hemorrhage. A significant increase in the immunoreactions of caspase-3 of SiO2-NPs exposed rats. Conversely, the administration of LP-Cur ameliorated the detrimental toxic effects caused by SiO2-NPs.In conclusion, antiapoptotic and antioxidant actions of LP-Cur ameliorate the nephrotoxic effect induced by SiO2-NP
Antibacterial efficacy of Zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli experimental infection in broiler chickens
Get PDFA serious problem within the poultry sector is avian colibacillosis, which can be found either as a primary or secondary infection, inducing huge financial losses in poultry production and posing a zoonotic threat to humans. Escherichia coli (E. coli) avian pathogenic strains have recently demonstrated multi-drug resistance. Therefore, this investigation aimed to assess the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against avian pathogenic E. coli O78 in broiler chickens. Thus, 147 broiler chicks were allocated into seven groups, each with 21 birds with triplicates of seven birds each. In group G1, control birds are negative; in group G2, control-positive infected birds are positive for E. coli O87; G3, infected-supplied with 1 mg/L ZnO-NPs in drinking water; G4, infected-treated with 2 mg/L ZnO-NPs in drinking water; G5, infected-treated with antibiotics; G6, supplied for continuous 35 days with 1 mg/L ZnO-NPs; and G7 treated for continuous 35 days with 2 mg/L ZnO-NPs. Durin 5 weeks observation duration, bird performance, mortalities were monitored, and serum samples were gathered to evaluate the immune system. It was noticed that the birds treated with ZnO-NPs (G6 and G7) gained more weight (P = 0.017) and weighed significantly more than the control-infected birds (G2). On days 1 through 35, there was a significant improvement in the FCR of the infected birds that supplied with ZnO-NPs (G4, G6, and G7) (P =0.034). HI titers did not differ between the groups at 21 and 28 days. In conclusion, in comparison to the non-treated group, treatment with both doses of ZnO-NPs led to reduction in the colonization of E. coli in the intestine and cecum, a reduction in the severity of clinical signs, & mortalities, as well as improve birds' performance but no significant differences in humoral immune response against ND vaccine among different groups