Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Assessment of fatty acid content and lipid nutritional quality indicators for some cheese kinds using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry
Get PDFThis study aimed to compare the fatty acid composition and determine the lipid quality indices of some hard and semihard cheese varieties sold in Egyptian markets, namely, Ras, Cheddar, and Gouda cheeses. The fatty acid profile of fifteen cheese samples was analyzed using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). Moreover, the atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), and nutritional value index (NVI) were calculated. The analysis revealed the presence of 22 fatty acids in the cheese samples, with palmitic and myristic acids being the dominant saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while oleic and linoleic acids were the main unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Regarding the presence of trans fatty acids, the oleic acid trans isomer (C18:1n9, t) was detected in some samples, with the highest mean value in the Ras cheese (0.23). Cheddar cheese recorded the lowest AI and TI and the highest NVI, suggesting that it has greater nutritive value than the other two cheese types. Ras and Gouda cheese samples were moderate to high AI and TI, indicating a potential risk of cardiovascular diseases. This research offers valuable insights for cheese producers and consumers concerning the lipid quality indices and fatty acid profiles of the examined cheese varieties and how the lipid content impacts the cheese quality and human health
Antibacterial potential of black seed oil and its nanoemulsion against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in yoghurt
Get PDFThe current study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of black seed oil (BSO) and its nanoemulsion (BSO-NE) against two foodborne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium, during the processing and storage of yoghurt. Additionally, the sensory properties of the resulting yoghurt were assessed. Firstly, BSO-NE was prepared and characterized using zeta-sizer and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined via a resazurin-based microtiter dilution assay. Fresh buffalo’s milk was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium (1×10⁵ CFU/ml) with the addition of either BSO or BSO-NE. The inoculated milk was then used for yoghurt making. The organoleptic properties and bacterial load of the obtained yoghurt were evaluated during storage in comparison to a control group. This study elucidated that BSO can be successfully produced in a nanoemulsion form, exhibiting acceptable particle size, stability, and morphology. The results demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity of BSO-NE (3.125 mg/mL) against both L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium compared to the control and pure oil groups. Notably, complete eradication of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium was observed in yoghurt formulated with BSO-NE on the 8th day of storage. Interestingly, the antibacterial effect of BSO and BSO-NE on Salmonella Typhimurium was approximately similar throughout the experiment. Moreover, the results indicated that the addition of BSO-NE to yoghurt enhanced its organoleptic properties. Overall, these findings suggest that yoghurt can be fortified with BSO-NE to prevent bacterial contamination by L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in the dairy industry
Effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on blood parameters, behavior and health performance of broilers
Get PDFThe present study was designed to evaluate the effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) addition on behaviour, some health indicators and intestinal histology of broiler chickens. 210 one day old Broiler chicken was supplied by diets with probiotics at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.25 (0.25X), and 0.5 (0.5X) g/kg. Also,4 days old, blood samples were collected for measuring liver and kidney function tests, also microbial analysis, internal morphology, and relative and absolute weight of some internal organs were done. In comparison with control, probiotics had no significant effect on broiler chickens’ behavior, however, birds fed 0.25X had the highest percentage of feeding behavior among the experimental groups. Furthermore, probiotic treated groups had higher absolute weights of heart, spleen, liver, intestine and gizzard while the relative weights were not changed. Also, the lactobacillus population increased while the total bacterial count decreased in probiotic-fed groups. Moreover, probiotics increased duodenum villus width and height and enhanced jejunum villus width, height, and villus height/crypt depth. In addition, it did not affect the levels of total, indirect and direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein, globulin, and albumin: globulin ratio and alkaline phosphatase regardless of its dose. The findings imply that the probiotic dietary supplement effect based on its dose and that probiotic (Clostat ™) improved broilers health under normal condition and may prove to be an important way for possibly protection the health of broiler chickens
Cross-sectional study of seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels in two border areas of Egypt
Get PDFTissue protozoa play a significant role as a cause of economic losses in reproductive and productive aspects in camels beside the zoonotic importance. A Cross-sectional study was designed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels in Matrouh and Aswan border governorates of Egypt. One hundred and eighty-two serum samples from apparently healthy dromedary camels and tested serologically for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of possible related risk factors was investigated from December 2020 to November 2021. The serological testing of 182 camel serum samples revealed a prevalence (15.93%, 29/182) for Neospora caninum, (58.24%, 106/182) for Toxoplasma gondii and (9.34%, 17/182) for both infections together. The total seroprevalence rate was (64.84%, 118/182). Camels in Matrouh governorate were at high risk (p < 0.05) of infection with tissue protozoa 3.74 times more than camels in Aswan governorate. Maghrabi camels were found more significant (p < 0.05) prevalent for T. gondii infection (62/78, 79.49%) by 5.28 times than Sudani camels, Otherwise, in Sudi camels, N. caninum is almost 2.70 times Maghrabi camels. The results showed that age and sex were mostly significant for N. caninum and T. gondii. This study found that, camels are a possible source of infection for the studied tissue protozoa, some of which are significant for public health. More research are needed to describe their true situation and epidemiology in dromedary camels
Identity of tissue culture adapted Rift Valley fever virus (ZH501)
Get PDFRift Valley Fever (RVF) is still a threatening zoonotic disease with periodic reemergence in several countries. Egypt is endemic with RVF and uses an inactivated vaccine for control of the disease. Routine testing of the tissue culture adapted seed virus (ZH501-TC), to assess the effect of nucleotide mutations, is essential for the purpose of vaccine production. At the present work we have analyzed partial nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of amplified 745 bp product of M segment Gn ectodomain and checked virulence in mice. Allocation of ZH501-TC strain at the A designated lineage with the virulent parental RVFV isolated in 1977, ZH501 Egy Sh 77 indicates its genomic stability after passaging in tissue culture cells for vaccine preparation. Here we denoted a new missense nucleotide mutation A1312G corresponding to the amino acid mutation N371S, in current study the ZH501-TC strain (MZ218760) compared to the parental virulent RVFV isolate ZH501 Egy Sh 77 ( previous sequence ) . That mutation enhanced ß sheet formation in ZH501-TC 367AQYASAYCS375 motif which might increase virus antigenicity. In addition, we have confirmed the presence of two sites of nucleotides substitutions; C1033T and A1206C, corresponding to two amino acids changes; T287I and S336R. Our study declared the false notion of the presence of one missense nucleotide mutation; A1252G corresponding to the amino acid mutation K351R, and two other silent nucleotide substitutions; T1257A and G1258C at the strain ZH501-VSVRI. Although we found these mutations, the virulence of the ZH501-TC strain was still present as approved by mice pathogenicity test
Influence of calving age, parity, and calf gender on lactation metrics, reproductive and economic efficiency parameters in Egyptian buffaloes
Get PDFBuffalo reproductive performance and sustained productivity measures remain inadequately studied. This study aimed to investigate the influences of calving age, parity, and calf gender on specific indicators, including days in milk (DIM), daily milk yield (DMY), total milk yield (TMY), and 270-days milk yield (270-DMY), alongside reproductive and economic parameters. Analyzing 2112 buffalo cow datasets from 1994-2022, acquired from five distinct farms associated with Egypt's Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) in Kafr El-Sheikh province, notable findings emerged. There was a marked influence of calving age and parity order on the milk yields, with buffaloes aged 8-10 years exhibiting peak yields. A significant uptrend was observed in milk yield metrics from the initial to the seventh parity. Notably, reproductive durations, including days open, calving intervals, and dry periods, peaked during the first parity. Economic evaluations revealed that first parity buffaloes recorded the least production expenditures. In contrast, seventh lactation buffaloes were the most profitable. A noteworthy observation was that buffalo calving less than six years demonstrated reduced production costs. Net profit showed the peak within the age of less than 6 to 8 years before tapering off. Contrarily, calf gender remained inconsequential across the studied parameters. The study highlights the importance of integrating production, reproductive, and economic determinants in buffalo breeding optimization strategies
Antibacterial activity of probiotic bacteria against pathogenic bacteria isolated from different chicken organs
Get PDFEven though a wide variety of antimicrobial medications have been discovered and developed, multidrug resistance still poses a severe threat to public health and is continuously increasing mortality. Recently, a lot of research has focused on developing solutions to these problems. In this paper, we demonstrated how various antibiotics can be combined with antimicrobial substances like LAB and plant extracts to provide synergistic effects if each therapy concentrates on a different target or signalling pathway and acts via a different mechanism. MDR bacteria were isolated from chicken organs using standard methods, and they were confirmed using 16S RNA. In Al-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, 100 different samples of chicken organs (including the breast, drumstick, liver, wings, skin, intestine, pins, giblets, heart, and legs) were taken at random from six different sites. Bacillus was the associated pathogenic bacteria obtained from the isolated chicken organs and was confirmed using molecular, biochemical, and microbiological techniques. The most efficient extracts that proved to have bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against the highly resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria were found to be the Lactobacillus plantarum EMCC1027. The LAB applied in the study has excellent antibacterial properties and can be used as a safe substitute for antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the food-borne pathogens
Isolation and identification of equine herpesvirus -1 (EHV-1) in Egypt during 2021-2022
Get PDFEquine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of economic losses in horse industry all over the world especially in the Arabian countries. The aim of the study is the isolation and identification of the local equine herpesvirus-1 at northern Egypt Governorates (Cairo, Dakahlyia, Qalyubia) during 2021- 2022. A total of 50 tissue organs were collected from aborted fetuses of affected mares recently after abortion. The collected samples were screened using consensus PCR for detection of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) using specific primers targeting DNA polymerase gene which revealed that 26 out of 50 samples were positive with percentage of 52%.The molecular positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR for further molecular identification and typing of EHVs using specific primers targeting glycoprotein (gB) gene which confirmed that all amplified products were for EHV-1. Attempts for isolation of EHV-1 were performed through propagation of molecular identified samples on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line which revealed that 19 samples developed characteristic cytopathic effect in form of cell rounding and rapidly enlarging grapes like cell aggregation, and then detached of the cell, while 13 samples induced pock lesions on CAMs of SPF-ECE after inoculation for three successive passages. Serological identification of EHV-1 isolates was confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) which showed that 19 samples induced intracytoplasmic greenish yellow fluorescence. Selected EHV-1 isolate was subjected for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for demonstration of virus morphology. The obtained results confirmed that EHV-1 is the major cause of abortion among Arabian mares which disrupts breeding and showcasing events. Future considerations about management strategies together with regular and effective vaccine trials are recommended for control of EHV-1.  
ADAM2 localization and expression in the ductus deferens and male accessory glands of rutting Camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Get PDFThe testicles and epididymal ducts of several mammals, such as camels, have been shown to have ADAM2 (fertilin) protein. But nothing is known about the existence of this protein in the camel's ductus deferens and male accessory glands. The current study employed immunohistochemical (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques to elucidate the distribution and expression of ADAM2 in the ductus deferens and male accessory glands in dromedary camels throughout the rutting season. Samples of tissue were collected from the ductus deferens. (initial, middle and ampullary parts), prostate (corpus and disseminated part) and bulbourethral gland from eight mature male camels. IHC result revealed that ADAM2 protein localized in all parts of the ductus deferens with a strong immunoreaction in the ampullary parts. A variety of immunoreactions were recognized in the different parts of the male accessory glands. qRT-PCR results showed that ADAM2 mRNA was expressed variably in all parts of the ductus deferens and male accessory glands; the ampullary part of the vas deferens displayed the highest levels of expression (P<0.05). The current study concluded that ADAM2 is found in the ductus deferens and male accessory glands with greater expression in the ampulla and prostate glands where seminal fluids are secreted. Thus, it is believed that these organs aid in the sperm's creation of this protein before ejaculation in the female camel's genital organs
Mold contamination and total aflatoxin content in marketed raw milk in Zagazig city, Egypt
Get PDFMilk contains a lot of bioactive peptides, vitamins, and trace minerals including calcium and magnesium. Mold contamination of milk and aflatoxin formation are major concerns in the food industry. One of the primary tasks of the food safety and public health sectors is to ensure that the population receives safe animal products. Given these considerations, the current investigation attempted to examine into mold contamination of retailed raw milk from cattle, buffaloes, and sheep. Furthermore, the total aflatoxins in the analyzed samples were estimated, and their potential health risks were explored further. The obtained results revealed that cattle milk had the highest mold contamination, followed by buffalo and sheep milk, with 60%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. In the current study, the identification of distinct mold species indicated four mold genera recovered from the milk samples, namely Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp. was the most prevalent mold genera isolated from the milk samples of cattle, sheep, and buffaloes, with 34%, 13.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. The mean total aflatoxins (ppb) levels in the milk samples tested were 5.05±0.25 (cattle), 4.22±0.18 (buffaloes), and 3.1±0.11 (sheep), respectively. In conclusion, mold contamination was found in retailed raw milk from cattle, buffaloes, and sheep in Zagazig, Egypt. Aflatoxin was found in several samples. As a result, efficient heat treatment of milk to pasteurization temperatures and avoidance of raw milk consumption are strongly advised