Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Molecular detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus isolated from domestic ducks and chickens in Egypt across 2018-2021
Get PDFThe present study was carried out to describe Egyptian H5N8 viruses isolated from vaccinated duck and chicken flocks in 2018-2021 from different provinces, Egypt. This study screened 10 vaccinated farms (five duck and five chicken) suffering from respiratory & nervous signs with high mortality rate (90%). Out of ten examined flocks, six flocks were positive for avian influenza virus (AIV) by virus isolation into embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) for third blind passages. The initially positive samples were confirmed, identified molecularly using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using primers targeting M gene of influenza A. RT-qPCR positive isolates were subjected to partial amplification of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes using RT-PCR followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for six isolates representative for one duck flock and five chicken flocks. Our findings proven that four flocks only were found positive for AIV/HPAI H5N8 virus by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for HA and NA genes. The similarity between nucleotide sequencing for the four HA and NA was 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, with H5N8 viruses previously detected in Russia, Iran, Israel and Iraq. As well as, the phylogenic analyses, focusing on HA and NA genes indicated that Egyptian H5N8 viruses clustered in group B Russian like reassortant H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4. In conclusion, the detection of the HPAI H5N8 virus in domestic birds even in vaccinated birds is a serious threat; therefore, this is needed for periodic molecular monitoring with vaccine efficacy evaluation and annual surveillance
Ameliorative effect of dietary nucleotides supplementation on antioxidative status and molecular expression of growth and immune related genes in broiler chickens
Get PDF         The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleoforce® supplementation on the antioxidative status and the molecular expression of IGF-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 genes in broiler chickens. 240, one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four equal groups, each of which contained 60 birds and was divided into three replicates with 20 birds for each replicate. Birds in the first group fed basal diet and considered as a control group (C), whereas birds of the second (200N), third (350N), and fourth (500N) groups fed diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/ton nucleoforce®, respectively from zero day till the end of the experiment. At days 21 and 49 of age, two birds from each replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered, and dissected to collect blood and tissue samples. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were calculated as an indicator for the antioxidant status. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in liver, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that the highest nucleoforce® concentration (500g/ton) resulted in time dependent significant increases in both SOD and GPx. This study also indicated that nucleotides supplementation resulted in significant up regulations of growth and immune related gene expression with the best results were obtained with the highest nucleotides concentration. In conclusion, dietary nucleoforce® inclusion can improve the performance of broiler chickens and enhance their antioxidative and immune status
Efficacy of a locally prepared live clone vaccine against Newcastle disease virus genotype IV and genotype VIId in Egypt: clone 30 vaccine
No full textVaccines against the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are broadly existing and can provide protection; nevertheless, better immunization practices are required to avoid clinical disease and limit virus circulation. This study evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficiency of locally prepared clone 30 live-attenuated vaccine against the challenge impact of virulent NDV genotype IV and genotype VIId prevalent in Egypt in comparison with the commercially prepared live Lasota vaccine as a positive control group. The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated based on the antibody titer, protection rate, oropharyngeal, and cloacal shedding. Therefore, 150 one day old specific pathogen free chicks (SPF) were divided in to three groups 50 bird per group (G).G1and G2 received 100 µl containing 6 log 10 EID50 via the oculo-nasal route of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine in order, while G3 (un vaccinated) received sterile saline at the same route and dose. On day 21 post vaccination (pv) 40 bird from each group were challenged with a dose of 6.5 log10/ml EID50 intramuscular per bird for both genotype IV and genotype VIId (20 bird /genotype virus),the other 10 birds left from each group were kept separate for antibody level monitoring for the 6th week pv. Results revealed that, during vaccine preparation, the clone 30 virus showed a high virus titer when propagated in SPF embryonating chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs), which reached 1012/EID50/ml. The protection rate due to the clone 30 vaccine and the lasota vaccine was alike and showed 75% and 70% against challenge with genotype IV and genotype VIId, respectively, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the antibody titer produced by the clone 30 vaccinated group and lasota group. Both the clone 30 and lasota vaccines showed nearly similar levels of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding. The results clarify that, although there were no detected differences between the immune response and the protective efficacy of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine but, the use of clone 30 vaccine is still advantageous for its superior immunogenicity and low post-vaccinal reaction, which will make the clone 30 vaccine suggestive for primary immunization, especially in immunologically naive birds. In conclusion, the prepared Clone 30 vaccine in the current study is safe for chicks and can be used as an effective vaccine against the circulating NDV
Antimicrobial activities of coriander in chicken meat products: A review
Get PDFChicken meat products contribute significantly as a fairly priced substitute for red meat, which is critically undersupplied in Egypt. This type of meat is high in animal protein, vital amino acids, and trace elements. Furthermore, as a result of rapid improvements in food processing and technology, a variety of chicken meat products, including as chicken burgers, chicken fillets, chicken sandwiches, chicken nuggets, and chicken panne, were manufactured and released into the chicken meat markets. Such key products are defined by their distinct flavor and aroma, which captivates buyers, particularly children. Microorganisms can contaminate chicken meat products at any stage of production, including raw material preparation, manufacture, distribution, and storage. As a result, chicken products are regarded to be a possible source of bacteria that cause food poisoning, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella spp. Essential oils derived from the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum L.), either from the seeds or the leaves, are among the most extensively utilized. Coriander and coriander essential oils are antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic, anti-epileptic, depressive, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antidyslipidemic, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, and diuretic. In this review, we threw the light on the microbial contamination of chicken meat and meat products in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the antibacterial activities of coriander will be reviewed
Insights on the therapeutic use of ivermectin: Mechanism of action and histopathological effects
Get PDFIvermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug with outstanding efficacy and a wide margin of safety. This drug has been widely utilized in veterinary medicine since 1987, and its use in humans has grown. Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent licensed by the FDA. Ivermectin is a mixture of 80% or more avermectin B1a (AB1a) analogue and 20% or less avermectin B1b analogue. Iverzine has been proven to have widespread antiviral action in recent years. Ivermectin has also a broad-spectrum activity against the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, HIV, and yellow fever in vitro. Despite this in vitro action, no clinical trials have shown that ivermectin has a therapeutic benefit in patients with these viruses. Some ivermectin studies have also revealed potential anti-inflammatory qualities, which may be beneficial in persons with COVID-19. However, the use of ivermectin in animals was also associated with some histopathological effects in the internal organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, and brain. The purpose of this review was to provide light on the mechanism of action of ivermectin and its related histopathological consequences in various animal species
Insights on the use of butyric acid, and nucleotides as feed additives in poultry: A review
Get PDFDespite rising demand for chicken, laws and public uproar forced the industry to find alternatives to maintain flock health by outlawing antibiotic growth boosters. Incorporating a program that naturally improves or modifies the bird's immune response is one strategy. A tailored dietary supplement and/or feed additive can be used to modify immune function and achieve immunomodulation of the immune system. The best alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) may be the use of probiotics and organic acids. Probiotics provide advantages such as altering the host's metabolism, stimulating the immune system, excluding pathogens, enhancing nutrient absorption, and ultimately lowering the danger to human health. Nucleotide supplementation in the feed may enhance gut shape, digestive enzyme activity, and growth performance in broilers. In the current review, we would like to through the light on the use of c as ecofriendly animal feed additives
Reviewing the Efficiency of Field and Experimentally Utilized Vaccine Regimens Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt (2000-2021)
Get PDFInfectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. Reduced egg production and quality are common, and nephritis can be caused by some strains. Attenuated live, killed, and recently recombinant vaccines are available, but different antigenic types of the avian coronavirus causing the disease do not cross-protect, complicating control efforts. Vaccination regimens against IBV often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection field challenge. In the current work, we reviewed the data outcomes of the field and experimental vaccine efficacy in view of the available literature during 2000–2021 in Egypt, as well as the geo-epidemiological distribution of the virus infection among different Egyptian provinces within the time frame of the study. Among seventeen provinces, Sharkia came in at the top of the list, with the highest IBV incidence in field-vaccinated flocks that received a single classic live vaccine. However, experimentally, the protective percentage for the same vaccine regime extremely varied from 50% to almost 100%. The introduction of variants with classics proved lower incidence in the field IBV isolates and higher protection in experimental trials, which varied according to the variant vaccine used and the strain of the challenge virus. In conclusion, the vaccination efficacy against IBV is a crucial issue, and we must keep in mind proper vaccine handling, application, and the maximal use of one classic beside one variant as a protectotype along the Egyptian farms to avoid the evolution of more variants
Adaptive Interplay between Feeding Preference and Structure of the Upper Digestive Tract in African Green Bee-eater (Merops viridissimus cleopatra)
Get PDFWild bird research, particularly investigations of the interplay between feeding habits, diet, and alimentary tract anatomy, offers a captivating avenue for scientific exploration. While numerous studies have delved into the upper digestive tracts of various avian species, there remains a dearth of data on the upper digestive tract anatomy of the African green bee-eater (AG bee-eater, Merops viridissimus cleopatra). This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by elucidating the gross, microscopic, and histochemical features of the esophagus and stomach in AG bee-eaters, shedding light on their food preferences, and feeding habits. Ten adult, apparently healthy AG bee-eaters were examined, revealing structural organizations of the esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard that parallel those observed in other avian species. Key findings encompass a protective mucous layer in the esophagus and proventriculus, coupled with a moderately thick cuticle, guarding against harm from stinging insects like bees and wasps. The upper digestive tract houses numerous mucous-secreting glands, secreting both protective acidic mucin and enzymatic-neutral mucins. The proventriculus, featuring a thin wall and abundant glandular activity, equips AG bee-eaters with vital gastric enzymes for digesting their high-protein diet. This adaptation aligns with the bird's compact upper digestive tract, well suited for processing relatively small food particles. Additionally, the ventriculus's muscular layer, moderately thick, aligns with the moderately coarser texture of the bee-eater's dietary preferences. Overall, this study unveils crucial anatomical adaptations enabling AG bee-eaters to thrive on a diet dominated by stinging insects
Amelioration of Capecitabine Toxicity in Albino Rats Using Chrysanthemum Extract
Get PDFCancer is a growing threat to human and animal health, The use of synthetic chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer is short because of lack of appropriate safety due to their drastic side effects. So, this study evaluated the ameliorative effect of Chrysanthemum on genotoxicity as well as renal and hepatic toxicity of Capecitabine (xeloda), as a model of anticancer drug. Thirty six male albino rat were divided into 6 groups. Serum samples were taken at 21 and 45 days and bone marrow samples at 45 days. Comet assay, biochemical tests for liver and kidney functions were done also serum oxidative biomarker were measured. The results of the present study revealed that capecitabine (xeloda) caused harmful genotoxic effect, biochemical changes in oxidative biomarkers, liver and kidney function, however the use of capecitabine (xeloda) in combination with Chrysanthemum ameliorated these changes especially with high dose. In conclusion, capecitabine adverse effects could be successfully alleviated through the co-administration of the natural antioxidant Chrysanthemum.Â
Impact of early infection by inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) virus on the efficacy of an infectious bronchitis (IB) live variant vaccine in commercial broiler chickens: a comprehensive study on clinical, histopathological, and virological parameters
Get PDFAdenoviruses are commonly found in chickens, and can be isolated from both sick and apparently healthy birds. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an acute disease primarily caused by (Fowl adeno virus) FAdV strains from groups D and E, including FAdV-8a serotype. Acknowledged for its immunosuppressive effects, we undertook an investigation into the early infection dynamics of IBH and its consequential impact on a fundamental vaccine widely employed in the poultry industry. Our study precisely examined the interplay between early IBH infection and the efficacy of a specific (Infectious bronchitis) IB vaccine. In this study, a total of 150 broiler chicks were divided into five groups, each consistedof 30 chicks. Group I received one dose of the IB variant vaccine, Group II and III received two doses (the first at 1-day-old and the second at 14-day-old), Group IV (control +ve) and Group V (control -ve). Groups I, II and IV were infected with IBH at 7-day-old. The evaluation encompassed diverse parameters, including clinical manifestations, mortality rates, and histopathological assessments of the liver, trachea, and kidney. Additionally, viral shedding of the IB vaccinal strain was examined. Our findings focus the detrimental impact of early IBH infection on avian organs and IB vaccinal strain shedding. Pronounced necrotic changes were observed in the tissues, coupled with an elevated viral shedding of the variant strain. These results collectively imply an augmented risk of potential outbreaks, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach in managing IBH in the context of vaccination strategies