Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles alleviate dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, metabolic disturbance and histopathological injury associated with high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats
Get PDFWith an increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to be one of the most prevalent liver illnesses worldwide. One of recommended treatment in NAFLD is silymarin. Howerver, the problem is that silymarin has weak water solubility and limited bioavilability. Therefore, prepration of silymarin in nano-formulation would enhance silymarin's therapeutic effects and bioavailability. This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical and molecular effects of silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SILCSNPs) in NAFLD treatment in rats. Fifty rats were divided into five groups include: Group 1: Control group, group 2: HFD-induced NAFLD, group 3: HFD-induced NAFLD that orally received nano-chitosan, group 4: HFD-induced NAFLD that orally received nano-silymarin and group 5: HFD-induced NAFLD that orally received silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SILCSNPs). The dose of each treatment was 40 mg/kg/day for 60 days. Lipid parameters (triglycerides, total cholesterol), ALT, AST, hepatic (catalase, SOD and MDA) and mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes including ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and FASN (fatty acid synthase) as well as fatty acids catabolism-related genes including CPT-1 (carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I), PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) were measured. Histopathological examination of liver was also conducted. A significant elevation in HDL, catalase, SOD, CPT-1, PPAR-α levels as well as substantial reduction in triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, MDA, ACC and FASN levels were detected in treated groups in compared to the HFD-induced NAFLD group. Histopathological examination of the liver showed histological amelioration in hepatic tissue in treated groups in compared to the HFD-induced NAFLD group. SILCSNPs revealed a significant potential effect against NAFLD metabolic disturbance and considered an advanced trend in NAFLD treatment
Multiple antibiotic resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia with reference to its public health significance
Get PDFNile tilapia aquaculture is a fast-growing industrial sector in Egypt. However, the progress of this industry is hindered by many challenges as poor water quality and associated bacterial infections. Aeromonas hydrophila is an important zoonotic waterborne aquatic pathogen responsible for severe outbreaks in tilapia culture so the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia fish and their aquaculture water, the fish and water samples were collected from three farms located in Assiut and Minia Governorates, Egypt. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from tilapia five organs including liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and gills with a percentage of 7.1%, 6.5%, 9.1%, 5.1%, 11.7%, receptively, and from water samples with 59.7%. The isolates were molecularly confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila in 70.9% and 82.4% of the tested isolates using 16s RNA and gyr-β primers, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila isolates revealed a marked resistance for the tested antibiotics; amoxicillin and novobiocin (100%), streptomycin (71.4 %), chloramphenicol (57%), doxycycline and trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole (50%), colistin (43%), ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (14%). The isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance indexes ranging from 0.3 to 1. The present study highlights the Aeromonas hydrophila resistance and virulence, tilapia aquaculture health hazard to the human population, so adequate control measures should be applied. Furthermore, there is an essential need to promote an alternative non-antibiotic control in farmed fish
Enhanced hepatotoxicity after furan and cadmium co-exposure in rats: Involvement of oxidative stress and apoptotic cascades
Get PDFFuran (FU) and Cadmium (Cd) are toxic agents, and persistent exposure may harm both human and animal health. Therefore, we explored the effects of FU and Cd on liver of the male rat. Male Wister rat groups are distributed randomly: control group (Cr-water): rats were given DI water; control oil group (Cr-oil): rats received corn oil; Furan group: rats received Furan (FU, 16 mg/kg) orally; Cd group: rats obtain cadmium (Cd, 2 mg/kg) orally; and FU+Cd group: rats given both FU +Cd. For 30 days, each therapy was administered once daily. Blood samples and hepatic tissues were obtained after all rats were euthanized. The outcomes showed that treatment with FU or Cd alone considerably caused liver damage, evidenced by serum increase of AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, and cholesterol as well as histological changes. Following FU or Cd exposure, there were significant reductions in CAT, GSH, and SOD contents, as well as increases in malondialdehyde along with upregulated expression of PCNA and TNF-α. In contrast, when FU and Cd were administered together potentiated each other and caused more cellular damage in liver tissue. This study found that the primary modulator for enhancing FU and Cd toxicity when administered together was thought to be oxidative stress pathways
PCR: a sensitive diagnostic tool for Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Egypt
Get PDFCamel Trypanosomiasis, or Surra, or El Debab as better known, caused by Trypanosoma evansi constitutes an economically important disease that affects the health and production of camels. Two-hundred and ninety-five samples from camels of different ages and sexes were collected from five geographic locations in Egypt (Behera, Cairo, South Sinai, Matrouh, Halayeb and Shalateen). Giemsa-stained smears that were prepared from blood samples were examined microscopically, while PCR coupled with DNA sequencing was applied for molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis. Microscopic and molecular findings revealed a prevalence of 0.34% and 50.51% in the examined camels through stained blood smears and PCR techniques, respectively. T. evansi is enzootic in Egypt, and the PCR technique could preferably be applied in surveillance studies as a more sensitive detection method
Chemopreventive, apoptotic, antiangiogenic efficacy of Hesperidin via mitigation of epigenetic alterations of global DNA methylation and targeting microRNA in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma
Get PDFHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting about 75% of hepatic neoplasia, making it the most common kind of liver cancer worldwide. So, this study was planned to evaluate the beneficial chemopreventive efficacy of hesperidin (Hes) in experimental model of Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) / Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) –induced HCC in rats. Thirty male rats were divided into 3 equal groups. Group 1 (normal control): rats didn't receive any treatment. Group 2 (HCC): HCC was induced in rats by injection of DEN (200mg/kg b.w/i.p), then 2 weeks later of DEN injection rats received 3 weekly successive doses of CCl4 (3ml/kg b.wt/ orally) at 1:1 dilution in corn oil as a promoter of carcinogenic effect. DEN and CCl4 administration were repeated once again after 5 weeks. Group 3 (HCC+ hesperidin): 15 weeks after HCC induction, rats treated with Hes (150 mg/kg b.wt), orally and continued for 6 weeks. A significant increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP activities were observed in HCC-induced rats. However, significant downregulation of liver Nrf2, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and MicroRNA-34a with upregulation of FGF-2 and MicroRNA-221 with Global DNA hyper-methylation were observed in HCC group. Hesperidin treatment exhibited downregulation of microRNA-221 and FGF-2 with upregulation of Nrf2, Bcl-2, caspase 3 gene and Global DNA hypo-methylation. Interestingly, improvement of liver histopathological alterations supported the chemopreventive activity of Hesperidin. Conclusively, Hesperidin ameliorates the progression of HCC and has promising chemopreventive, and antiangiogenic activity, inhibiting growth promoting oncogene and initiation of gene regulating apoptosis and protects the liver from oxidative damage and inflammation
Turkey pox virus characterization from recurring infection in Egypt
Get PDFPoxvirus infections of avian species worldwide are caused by viruses of a single genus (Avipoxvirus), they belong family Poxviridae. The turkey pox virus (TKPV) is one of the most serious illnesses and a major source of financial losses for the developing turkey industry. Even though the fowl pox virus vaccine is used to prevent the disease, TKPV still creates significant economic difficulties, therefore isolating and adapting the virus is crucial for the development of homologous vaccines that will manage the illness. In the summer of 2021, the TKPV disease spread to numerous farms inside the Giza Governorate. Ten samples of skin lesions from various farms were gathered and given labels. In accordance with Koch's postulates, the collected samples were ground, homogenized, and centrifuged to extract supernatant, which was then injected into healthy birds to confirm the disease symptoms and susceptibility. For more confirmation the virus was isolated on embryonated chicken egg (ECE) through chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route at 10 day old after 5 to 6 days of inoculation the pock lesion appeared A fragment of the P4b gene coding for DNA polymerase core protein of TKPV was amplified by PCR then sequenced. A newly discovered isolate of field-isolated TKPV was revealed by phylogenetic analysis to have high similarity (between 96% and 100%) with the sequences that have been published. The new isolate of Turkey pox virus strain MKP 334 core protein (P4b) gene (with Accession No. MZ983434.1 in GenBank) has 100% to MG787222.1 Turkey pox virus isolate TurPVIR12 p4b gene and differ from the only isolated strain of TKPV that isolated at 2020 in Mansoura (MT219997.1 Turkey pox virus strain mans17T P4b 2020 EGYPT) but they have 99.6 identity
Enhancing the shelf life of minced beef with sumac extract
Get PDFThe present study investigated the effect of Sumac Water Extract (SWE) on microbial growth and chemical changes in minced meat during refrigerated storage. Therefore, SWE used at three concentrations (4, 5, and 6%) to determine their effect on the sensory attributes, chemical parameters (pH, total volatile nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid), and bacteriological status including total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count, total staphylococcus count of minced meat stored at 4°C for 12 days. The study's results suggest that incorporating different concentrations of SWE improved the sensory attributes of the treated minced meat samples compared to the control samples. Furthermore, the use of SWE with different concentrations led to a decrease in pH, TVN, and TBA values in the treated minced meat as compared to the control group. Among the different concentrations tested, the 6% concentration of SWE exhibited the most significant impact on improving the sensory, chemical, and bacterial quality, surpassing the effects observed with the 4 and 5% concentrations. Consequently, the study concluded that the utilization of SWE as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial preservative for refrigerated minced meat could prolong its shelf life for up to 12 days, in contrast to the control group, which became spoiled completely within 6 days
Hepatoprotective, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Quercetin or Rosemary extract against metalaxyl toxicity -induced liver damage in rats: A role of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways
Get PDFMetalaxyl, a benzenoid fungicide, has hazardous effects on mammalian animals. Exposure to metalaxyl causes oxidative stress as well as clear toxicity. The possible protective impact of quercetin or rosemary extract against liver damage caused by the fungicide metalaxyl in rats were evaluated. Twenty-eight male albino rats split into four equal groups. G1 (control group); Rats were received distilled water. G2 (metalaxyl): Rats were administered oral dosages of metalaxyl (130 mg/kg b.wt) 1/10 LD50 three times a week for six weeks. G3 (metalaxyl + quercetin): Rats were given 50 mg/kg b.wt/day of quercetin in addition to (130 mg/kg b.wt) of metalaxyl. G4 (metalaxyl + Rosemary extract): Rats were given (200 mg/kg b.wt/day) of Rosemary extract in addition to 130 mg/kg b.wt of metalaxyl. The findings showed that rats exposed to metalaxyl had markedly elevated levels of liver marker enzymes and clearly up-regulation of Caspase-3 gene expression. However, rats exposed to metalaxyl showed a considerable downregulation of the expression of the liver HO-1, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 genes. Conversely, Quercetin or Rosmary extract co-treatment with metalaxyl induce significant decreases in serum liver enzymes along with downregulation in caspase 3, while up-regulation of HO-1, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 gene expression in hepatocytes of treated rats. These results suggest that quercetin and rosemary extract may have a potential protective role as strong hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, mitigate oxidative stress caused by metalaxyl toxicity induced -liver damage by inhibiting caspase 3 mediated initiation of HO-1, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 genes
Microscopic evaluation of cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and the protective role of date palm fruit extract
Get PDFChronic cadmium exposure is known to be a major health concern due to its nephrotoxic effects. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of date palm fruit extract (DPFE) against cadmium-induced renal toxicity in male albino rats. A total of 48 rats were divided equally into four groups and subjected to specific treatments. Group I (control given 1 ml distal water orally daily), group II (200 mg DPFE /kg b.wt. orally daily), Group III (5 mg CdCl2/kg b.wt. orally, twice a week), and VI (DPFE and CdCl2). Serum samples were collected after 4 and 8 weeks for biochemical analysis, and kidney tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological examination. The administration of cadmium chloride for 4 and 8 weeks resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels, indicating kidney dysfunction. Histopathological changes, including vascular lesions, hemorrhage, edema, periglomerular, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis, mononuclear leucocytic cellular infiltration and excessive glomerular and tubular degeneration and necrosis which further confirmed the nephrotoxic effects of cadmium. However, pre-treatment with DPFE exhibited a substantial ameliorative effect against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity. DPFE supplementation led to a significant reduction in kidney biochemical parameters toward normal levels and improved renal tissue architecture. Our findings indicate that date palm fruit extract has a time-dependant protective effect on kidney function indices and histopathological alterations induced by cadmium, highlighting its potential as a natural medication to mitigate renal damage caused by chronic cadmium exposure
Effects of some essential oils on growth performance and Campylobacter jejuni in broilers
Get PDFThe current study was carried to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicks in Dakhalia province. Besides, the effects of carvacol and thymol essential oils (EO), as a continuous drinking water treatment for protection against Campylobacter jejuni challenge in commercial broiler chickens were assessed. Four hundred and fifty samples were collected from 50 healthy bird, 100 freshly dead birds and 100 diseased birds. Out of 450 examined samples, 22.44 % (101̸450) were positive for Campylobacter jejuni. These isolates were sensitive for neomycin, amoxicillin and ceftriaxone. Random assignment of 180 one-day old chicks into 6 groups (30 birds/group in 3 replicates) arranged as follows: G1 as non-challenged group, G2 was challenged with C. jejuni while G3, and G4 were challenged with C. jejuni and continuously supplemented with carvacol and thymol, respectively, in drinking water from day 7. G5 was challenged with C. jejuni and had the two essential oils continuously in drinking water from day 7. G6 was challenged with Campylobacter jejuni and treated with neomycin (15 mg/kg B.W). Our results showed that the combination of essential oils was more effective in mitigating the devastating effects of Campylobacter jejuni challenge in broilers than using one EO alone. Growth performance represented by body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly (p<0.05) improved. Campylobacter jejuni shedding was reduced in the challenged treated groups. Also, the biochemical profile was improved. In addition, the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly down regulated in the challenged-treated group. In conclusion, it is highly recommended to use carvacol and thymol EO either alone or in a combination to improve the body performance and to protect broilers against Campylobacter jejuni