Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Comparison of the quantity and quality of cow ovarian oocytes extracted using aspiration, slicing, and flushing medium techniques
Get PDFHigh-quality oocyte basis materials are essential for in vitro embryo formation in animal reproductive biotechnology. Researchers revealed that cow oocytes produced in vitro can grow and develop. Selection of oocytes is crucial to in vitro fertilization success and the production of excellent embryos. The aim of study was about the comparison of the number and morphology of oocytes in bovine ovaries obtained through aspiration, slicing and flushing medium techniques. The study used 300 ovaries derived from the remaining slaughtered female cattle in the Surya Slaughterhouse in Pegirian Surabaya. Data obtained included ovarian weight, number of follicles, number and morphology of oocytes, and were then analysed with the SPSS Mann-Whitney test. The results obtained from the study showed that there were differences in the number and morphology of oocytes between aspiration, slicing and flushing medium techniques with a p-value (0.000) < α (0.05). Therefore, H0 was rejected, leading to the conclusion that there were significant differences in the number and morphology of oocytes extracted using between these techniques. The number of oocytes was found to be higher in the slicing method. Morphology of grade A and B oocytes was found to be more prevalent in the aspiration method
Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats: A systematic review
Get PDFHelminthosis caused by various parasitic nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes is especially important in small ruminant production due to loss of productivity and health challenges caused by infestations. The control of helminthosis in ruminants depends on various types of benzimidazole, macrocyclic lactone, and imidazothiazole anthelmintics. Unfortunately, prolonged indiscriminate use of these drugs has led to anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) if ruminants. AR is a heritable loss of sensitivity of a parasite population to a previously effective anthelmintic. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AR is crucial for sustainable parasite management. This systematic review was conducted to answer the research question: “What is the prevalence, distribution, diagnosis, and molecular basis for anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants?” This paper attempts to present current knowledge on the occurrence, mechanisms, global situation, and diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance in Trichostrongyle nematodes of sheep and goats with reference to the situation in Malaysia. Eligible original research articles published between January 1, 1990, and April 30, 2024, from the Scopus and PubMed databases were retrieved and analyzed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The results of the study showed that benzimidazole, macrocyclic lactone, and imidazothiazole resistance is rampant in 9 different species of gastrointestinal nematodes globally. Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Teladorsagia are the most widely reported anthelmintic-resistant Trichostrongyles in small ruminants globally. In vivo FECRT is still the most widely used method for detecting anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats. Key resistance markers include mutations in the β-tubulin gene for benzimidazole resistance, the acr-8 gene for imidazothiazole resistance, and increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression for macrocyclic lactone resistance. Despite current research efforts, data is lacking on the molecular markers for resistance in many gastrointestinal nematode species and the resistance status of hydropyrimidines, requiring further studies in this area. Therefore, future studies need to focus on developing standardized molecular diagnostics for detecting resistance in prevalent pathogenic Trichostrongyles for more efficient tracking of resistance. Sustainable control using proper dosing of anthelmintics, rotation of anthelmintics, the refugia principle, and combination therapy can slow down the emergence of resistance in nematode populations
Molecular characterization and identification of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus from clinical samples of poultry flocks in Indonesia
Get PDFInfectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens is a significant issue that demands attention in Indonesia. This highly contagious respiratory disease caused by herpes requires urgent study and action. Despite the lack of confirmed ILT virus (ILTV) infection in layer hens in Indonesia, it is crucial to understand and address this potential threat. This study was dedicated to detecting and characterizing ILTV in layer hens from Bogor, Bekasi, Cianjur, and Tangerang districts for the first time in Indonesia, utilizing robust molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Three-layer farms in Bogor, Bekasi, and Cianjur districts, Indonesia, suffered a severe ILT outbreak, and one layer farm in Tangerang district, Indonesia, was declared slightly affected by ILT disease. Clinical and PCR assays were used to diagnose and report all layer farms. There have been reports of this illness in Indonesia, and more recently, outbreaks have been observed in the provinces of Bogor, Bekasi, and Cianjur. The present study used PCR and DNA sequencing methods to examine the ILTV. The work used organs and pooled tracheal swabs from clinically infected and dead chickens to target the envelope gG gene of ILTV. According to the analyses, 15 out of 48 suspicious field samples had isolated positive results. DNA sequencing results revealed that the amplified segment resembled the gene being studied. Information regarding the existence of ILT disease in laying chickens exhibiting respiratory symptoms during the outbreak is provided by this study.
The potential of quails as reservoirs for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria: A public health perspective
Get PDFQuails are included in the group of poultry that are susceptible to various diseases, one of which is colibacillosis. The large and increasing population of quails, if antibiotics are given continuously, will contribute to antibiotic resistance in the livestock sector. extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is an enzyme produced in the plasmid of Gram-negative bacteria that have resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. ESBL is produced by nosocomial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. The quail farming environment is often a reservoir for ESBL bacteria due to several factors, including intensive use of antibiotics for disease prevention and growth, as well as inadequate sanitation. ESBL-producing bacteria in quails can be transferred to humans through several potential routes. Direct contact with quail or consumption of contaminated processed products can be the main route of transmission of ESBL bacteria to humans. In addition, agricultural environments contaminated with livestock waste are also a source of the spread of resistant bacteria to the environment and ultimately to the human population. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector, especially quail, is essential to prevent the spread of difficult-to-treat infections in humans. This includes improving standards of cage and equipment hygiene, good waste management, and restricting access to the farm area. In addition, antibiotic use must be carried out wisely and based on veterinarian recommendations, to avoid selection of resistant bacteria
Challenge of nisin and its nanoparticles in eliminating Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in chilled minced meat
Get PDFNisin, a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, has shown significant potential as a food preservative, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. This study aimed to characterize nisin nanoparticles (NNP) and evaluate their antibacterial activity in minced beef meat during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed shifts in peaks, indicating increased hydrogen bonding in nisin nanoparticles compared to free nisin. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical particles with an average size of 10.34 ± 3.98 nm, exhibiting excellent stability. In antibacterial activity tests, minced meat treated with nisin nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.6 and 1.2 ml/100g showed a significant reduction in L. monocytogenes counts compared to the control (p < 0.01) on the 6th and 3rd days, respectively. However, samples treated with nisin at 1.2 ml/100g spoiled on the 6th day. Sensory evaluation revealed that nisin nanoparticles effectively maintained the sensory quality of minced meat throughout the storage period, with enhanced acceptability on the 6th day. The pH of treated samples remained lower than the control throughout storage, with no significant difference between nisin nanoparticle treatments on the 6th day. TBA values showed that nisin nanoparticles at 0.6 and 1.2 ml/100g inhibited lipid oxidation, with values below 0.78 mg/kg on the 6th day. Overall, nisin nanoparticles showed promising antibacterial and preservative effects in minced beef meat, highlighting their potential as a safe and effective food preservative.Top of For
Epigenetic impact and ameliorative potential role of quercetin or rosemary extract on metalaxy or manganese chloride-induced toxicity via mitigation of microRNA, DNA methylation and regulation of MAPK phosphorylation in rats
Get PDFMetalaxyl fungicide, play an important role in hepatotoxicity and liver damage. High levels of Manganese (Mn) exposure may cause irreversible brain disease. The potential protective role and epigenetic mechanism of Quercetin or rosemary extract in metalaxyl or manganese chloride (MnCl2) toxicity were evaluated. Fifty-sex rats were split into two experiment. Experiment A: Metalaxyl hepetotoxicity 1/10 LD50 (130 mg/kg b.wt) and Experiment B: Manganese chloride neurotoxicity 1/25 LD50 (59.36 mg/kg b.wt). The experiment (A) divided into 4 groups: G1 (control group) given distilled water, G2 (Metalaxyl) received (130 mg/kg b.wt) three times a week for six weeks, G3 (Metalaxyl + Quercetin) given quercetin (50 mg/kg b.wt/day) and metalaxyl. G4 (Metalaxyl + Rosemary extract) given rosemary extract (200 mg/kg b.wt/day) and Metalaxyl. The experiment (B) split also into four equal groups similar the design in experiment (A) but MnCl2 (59.36 mg/kg b.wt) was given five times a week for six consecutive weeks. The results of metalaxyl exposed rats displayed up-regulation of liver MAPK1, miRNA-684 and DNA hypermethylation but, down-regulation of miRNA-7, up-regulation of miRNA-153 were detected in brain of MnCl2 intoxicated rats compared to control. Quercetin or rosmary extract co-treatment with metalaxy significantly down-regulated liver MAPK1 and miRNA-684 with DNA hypomethylation with up-regulation of miRNA-7 and down-regulation of miRNA-153 in brain of MnCl2 exposed rats. In conclusion, quercetin or rosmary extract displayed hepatoprotective and neuroprotective role against metalaxyl or manganese toxicity via mitigation of epigenetic markers MicroRNA, DNA Methylation and regulation of MAPK phosphorylation in liver and brain of rats.
Impact of olive leaf extract coating chitosan on Bacillus cereus and its toxins in refrigerated beef burger
Get PDFThis study aimed to examine the impact of olive leaf extract (OL-E) and olive leaf extract coating chitosan (OL-Ch) on Bacillus cereus and its toxin genes, as well as, the sensory qualities of refrigerated beef burgers. The primary phenolic components of olive leaf extract were oleeuropein and protocatechuic acid, identified by HPLC-DAD analysis. The concentrations of OL-E and OL-Ch that were in vitro effective against B. cereus were 62.5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL, respectively. In burgers treated with OL-E and OL-Ch, viable B. cereus dramatically decreased (p < 0.05) over time during cold storage. The count decreased to 2 log CFU/g in the OL-E group and 1.3 log CFU/g in the OL-Ch group after thirteen days of preservation. The entFM gene expression levels on day thirteen were 0.09 in the OL-Ch group and 0.2 in the OL-E group. Conversely, the cytK gene expression levels in the OL-E and OL-Ch groups were 0.09 and 0.15, respectively. Both supplements could control physicochemical characteristics (pH, volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)) to be 6.12±1.55, 16.1±2.98, and 0.869±0.28, respectively, in the OL-E group during a storage period. Moreover, they were 5.79, 14.3±2.79, and 0.816±0.31 in the OL-Ch group. They also did not appear to affect the average sensory score of burgers. Thus OL-E and OL-Ch could be used as natural food additives to prevent B. cereus contamination in the meat industry
Genetic and non-genetic features of female gender determination in Friesian calves as replacements under Egyptian farm conditions
Get PDFThis study aimed to address the genetic and environmental features that affect the calf’s sex in dairy farms, which favors female birth for extra milk production and efficient replacements. A total of 4913 calves' records from 1047 Friesian cows collected at Sakha dairy farm between 1975 and 2020 were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters and various environmental effects on calf gender, including year and season of mating, first calving year, gestation length, parity, service period, and number of services per conception. Variance components, heritabilities, and repeatability values were estimated using the THRGIBBS1F90 program based on Gibbs sampling. The results showed highly significant effects of the season (P < 0.001) and year of mating, gestation length (P < 0.01), and the others (P < 0.05) on calf gender. For female birth, direct (h2a), sire (h2s), and dam (h2m) heritability and repeatability estimates are 0.13- 0.16, around 0.12, 0.09, and 0.15-0.18, respectively. Short gestational length, few services per conception, plus first and fifth parties were the main predictors of female births. Moderate estimates of female birth and sire heritability demonstrate that genetic manipulation can change additive genetic variability. With only 0.15-0.18% confidence, the moderate repeatability estimates of female birth indicated that previous calf sex can influence calf gender in subsequent pregnancies. By manipulating some management techniques in addition to genetic parameters in dairy cows before mating, it is possible to change the gender proportion of fresh births to a preferred value
Parotid duct sialolith in a male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Get PDFA male camel, aged 11 years, had a solid and mobile mass on the left side of the upper jaw. X-ray imaging showed a distinct, radiopaque and oval-shaped mass at the level of the parotid duct. The condition was diagnosed as left parotid duct sialolithiasis. The sialolith was surgically removed through a transcutaneous approach. The male camel had uneventful recovery without complications. This paper reported a rare case of sialolithiasis in dromedary camel and described its clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and surgical treatment.
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Phylogenetic analysis of infectious bursal disease virus strains delivered from natural infection in last decade during 2013-2022, Egypt
Get PDFInfectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive disease of chickens resulting in global economic losses to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. The emergence of very virulent IBDVs in global epizootics, including those from Egypt, demonstrates how occasionally occurring genetic changes lead to simultaneous evolution of distinct IBDV strains across the world. Upon phylogenetic analysis of Egyptian IBDVs, virus strains from chickens and turkey (n= 146) were clustered within genogroup 3, whereas, twenty nine isolates were closely related to vaccinal strains in genogroup 1. Regarding to sequences from wild birds (cattle egret and green winged teal) were clustered within G1a (n=2) and G3a (n=1) subgen groups. The highest IBDV percentages during 2013-2022 was in 2020 (n=71; 20%) and in Behera Province (n= 54; 15.3%) followed by Sharkia Province (n= 51; 14.4%). The data revealed the characteristic molecular traits of IBDVs circulating in Egypt between 2013 and 2022, which will help in development of effective vaccines subsequently disease prevention. In addition to, it offers helpful insights for carrying out further surveys that are required to increase the understanding of IBDV prevalence in wild migratory and free-living birds