Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Antioxidative status, immune response, and disease resistance of Clarias gariepinus fed on Azolla pinnata and Moringa oleifera supplemented diets
Get PDFThe current study aims to supplement fish feed with two plants (Azolla pinnata and Moringa oleifera) in order to combat the disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda bacterium. Four groups of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were set up: fish fed on supplementary feed at 5% Azolla pinnata and 5% Moringa oleifera/kg diet for groups 1 and 2, the positive control, group 3, and negative control, group 4, received non-supplemented diets. After a two-week feeding period, all groups (except group 4) received an intraperitoneal injection containing a lethal dosage of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from a local outbreak with LD50 3×104. Non-specific immune parameters and antioxidant indicators were estimated at the serum level of all experimental fish before and after the Edwardsiella tarda challenge. Furthermore, tissue expression levels of some immune and antioxidant-related genes were evaluated in the spleens of experimental fish before and after the Edwardsiella tarda challenge. Results recorded that supplemented feed groups showed relative percent survival of 75% and 66.67% for groups 1 and 2 against Edwardsiella tarda with normal serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase hepatic enzymes. The high survivability was accompanied by elevated serum levels of the measured non-specific immune parameters and antioxidant indicators, particularly after challenge. Also, transcription analyses showed upregulation of expression levels of GPX, SOD1, IL-1β, and MHC-IA genes in the spleens of experimental fish, indicating enhanced innate immune response of Clarias gariepinus fed on supplementary feed at 5 % Azolla pinnata and 5 % Moringa oleifera / kg diet for two weeks.
Association between selected metabolic parameters and chronic digital dermatitis in Holstein dairy cows
Get PDFThe objective of the present study was to investigate the association between chronic digital dermatitis (DD) and the selected metabolic and hematological parameters in Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, thirty-eight parturient dairy cows investigated. Of all, 19 cows were suffering from chronic digital dermatitis, and 19 cows were clinically healthy. Cows were examined clinically and those with chronic DD were selected. Subjective evaluation of cows with DD was performed by one person and the score was recorded. Blood samples were obtained from diseased and control cows for measurement of metabolic profile. β-HB showed a significant increase in cows with DD in comparison to control health cows (p< 0.01). But glucose showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Regarding the macro- and micro elements, there was a significant decrease of calcium (p < 0.0) and phosphorus (p < 0.01) level in cows with DD in comparison with healthy control cows. while serum Mg showed non-significant changes between groups. Serum mineral values of Zn, and Cu were statistically significantly decreased (p <0.01) in cows with chronic DD in comparison with the control cows. Total leukocytic counts, neutrophils and neutrophils lymphocyte ration were significantly increased in diseased cases compared with control (p < 0.01). But lymphocytes were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that DD may affect greatly the metabolic status of the diseased cows with consequent occurrence of other metabolic diseases. The biochemical and hematological changes may highly be related to inflammatory stress. 
Molecular detection and first characterization of Ehrlichia canis from Gajapati in Odisha
Get PDFEhrlichia canis (E. canis), a rickettsial pathogen transmitted by tick vectors, causes canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, a significant infectious disease in dogs worldwide. The Gajapati region in Odisha is characterized by warm and humid climate, providing a conducive environment for the proliferation of ticks. Despite this, there has been no documentation on the genetic diversity of E. canis in this region. So, this study was taken up to detect and molecularly characterize E. canis from the Gajapati district in Odisha, India. A total of 64 blood samples were collected from the dogs showing clinical signs consistent with ehrlichiosis. All the samples were preliminarily screened by Giemsa blood smear examination followed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA of E. canis. Of the 64 samples tested, 15 (23.4%) were positive by Giemsa staining and PCR analysis revealed a higher prevalence, with 35 (54.7%) samples testing positive, suggesting its superior sensitivity. Two of the isolates namely GEC-1, and GEC-2 were sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two study isolates were clustered together at bottom and form a distinct clade indicating distinct lineage from other reported strains. The present study is the first study on molecular characterization of E. canis from this region to our knowledge and whole genome sequencing has to be done for better understanding of the divergence.
Analysis of the hemagglutinin polypeptide of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from backyard ducks and commercial chickens in Egypt
Get PDFHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype garner global attention due to their severe impact on the poultry industry and the risk of human infections with high fatality rates. This study aimed to identify and characterize HPAI H5 viruses circulating in two major poultry production sectors: commercial farms and backyard flocks. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 75 flocks (57 farms and 18 backyard flocks) representing various domestic species and age groups, all exhibiting respiratory and/or nervous symptoms with high mortality rates. Real-time PCR results identified 24 positive samples for avian influenza virus (AIV) (24/75, 32%), which were further subtyped into 8 HPAI H5 (8/75, 10.66%) and 16 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9 (16/75, 21.33%) cases. Among HPAI H5 infections, a higher detection rate was observed in backyard ducks (5/8, 62.5%) compared to chickens and turkeys on commercial farms. Three H5 viruses were isolated, and their hemagglutinin (HA) genes were sequenced using primers designed for this study. Sequence analysis revealed 96.5–97.1% and 97.8–98.6% identity with A/Common-coot/Egypt/CA285/2016 (the original H5N8 Egyptian virus), and 97.4–98.2% and 97.7–99% identity with A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 (the first H5N8 human isolate) at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Several unique mutations were identified in the HA polypeptide of the duck isolates. Analysis of receptor binding sites (RBS) indicated a probable dual receptor-binding affinity in the H5 isolates studied. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the H5 isolates within clade 2.3.4.4b, showing close relatedness to Russian viruses. The mutational findings suggest the potential emergence of H5N8 escape mutants from backyard ducks
Surgical management of severe tail injury by partial caudectomy in a long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Get PDFA male long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was found to have a severe tail injury during a clinical examination prior to vasectomy at the Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. The injury involved an open wound with areas of necrosis and fracture. Based on the tail condition, the animal was treated with a partial caudectomy. Prophylactic treatment prior to surgery with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory was carried out using amoxicillin and ketorolac tromethamine, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained using propofol. Postoperatively, the anesthesia reversal agent atipamezole was administered. After the macaque exhibited clear signs of recovery from anesthesia, it was transported in a cage back to the capture site and released into its original social group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case report describing partial caudectomy in macaques
Molecular and phylogenetic characterization to assess the evolutionary dynamics of the Spike gene Hypervariable regions of recent Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) isolates in Egypt
Get PDFInfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a significant threat to poultry production despite the widespread use of vaccination, resulting in considerable economic losses due to its genetic variability. Our study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and evolution of IBV field isolates from Egyptian broiler and layer flocks during the period of 2023 to 2024, focusing on the sequences of hypervariable regions of the S1 gene. In this study, 17 samples were collected from various poultry flocks across three Governorates between 2023 and 2024. Of these 17 samples, six tested positive for IBV using RT-qPCR. Virus propagation was conducted for the RT-qPCR positive samples in the allantoic sac of SPF-ECES. Additionally, five isolates undergo genetic characterization through RT-PCR targeting the S gene hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Findings can be summarized as follows: three isolates were found to cluster with the variant II (Egy/var-II) strain, while two aligned with the classic vaccine strains of the Massachusetts serotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergence between field and vaccine strains, highlighting the significance of mutations in the S1 gene in viral evolution. These results underscore the necessity for continuous surveillance to monitor IBV variants and assess vaccine efficacy in Egypt.
Molecular identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in canaries (Serinus canaria) imported from Malaysia
Get PDFKlebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium known to cause serious infections in humans and animals and has the ability to develop resistance to various antibiotics. One of the most concerning resistance mechanisms is the production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes, which can hydrolyze the latest generation of β-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to identify the presence of ESBL-encoding genes, specifically blaTEM and blaSHV, in K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from imported canaries (Serinus canaria). A total of 150 fresh fecal samples were collected from imported canaries in Malang Regency and analyzed using conventional microbiological methods. Identification was carried out through colony morphology characterization, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (IMViC, SIM, TSIA). Isolates identified as K. pneumoniae were then tested for sensitivity to five types of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and continued with molecular detection of ESBL genes using PCR techniques. The results showed that 12 samples (8%) were positive for K. pneumoniae, and of these, 10 isolates (83.3%) showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antibiotics, categorized as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Molecular detection revealed that 6 isolates carried the blaTEM gene and 1 isolate carried the blaSHV gene. These findings indicate that imported canaries have the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance across species. Surveillance and early detection efforts are needed within the context of a One Health approach to prevent the risk of zoonoses and the spread of resistance in the global environment
Camelpox: The hidden threat to camel farming
Get PDFCamelpox is an infectious disease brought on by the camelpox virus (CMLV), a member of the Poxviridae family's Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus. In 1909, camelpox was initially identified in India. It is believed that CMLV only spontaneously infects camels from the Old World. Since camels are utilized for transportation, racing, nomadic herding, and the production of milk, wool, and meat, camelpox is found in camel-breeding regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia north of the equator. The skin is typically where CMLV enters the body. The virus travels to local lymph nodes after local replication and the development of primary cutaneous lesions, resulting in leukocyte-associated viremia, which may be accompanied by fever. Genes that control or circumvent host immune responses, host cell apoptosis, and cell or tissue tropism are found in the CMLV genome. Postmortem examination of camels that died of a severe camelpox illness revealed several smallpox-like lesions on the mouth, respiratory (particularly the trachea and lungs), and digestive tract mucous membranes. One to three days after the fever starts, skin lesions such as erythematous macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusts from ruptured pustules start to show up. For the diagnosis of camelpox, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cell culture isolation, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, immunohistochemistry, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies are some of the suggested tests. Three ways exist for CMLV to spread: direct contact, indirect contact, and insect vectors. As an alternate treatment, antiviral medications might be used, particularly for young camels. A preventative method to stop the spread of camelpox in enzootic nations is the camelpox vaccine
The effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) on the sustainable poultry nutrition production systems
Get PDFThe rapid increase in humans’ population, changing dietary patterns, and increasing competition between food and feed production spotlight the crucial need for the search of new sustainable food production chains. Intensive research has been carried out on the use of different protein sources as in the livestock diets, however, there are still limits on the suitability of amino acid profiles, nutrient availability, and yield. Consequently, there is a necessity for new, sustainable, and easy-to-produce substitute protein sources for the modern industry production. Insects do not compete with humans for resources, and they efficiently utilize organic waste to grow. Recently, insect products have gained increasing attention as a new animal’s protein and fat alternative for the animal’s feed. In this line, the black soldier fly (BSF) meals have been highlighted as a solution in the livestock, particularly, poultry production. In the poultry feeding systems, BSF could be directly incorporated in diets as larva, powder, or oil to improve the general health conditions of birds. Therefore, this article was designed to investigate the different impacts of adding BSF to the diets of poultry regarding the performance, carcass traits, gut health, mortalities, blood parameters, immunity, as well as the oxidant and microbial status of the fed birds
Regenerating effects of platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate on sciatic nerve injuries in dogs
Get PDFIn dogs, the sciatic nerve is prone to damage from pelvic fractures due to trauma, or from internal fixation of pelvic fractures due to iatrogenic injury. It had been the goal of previous studies to find a way to accelerate nerve regeneration functionally. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow (BM) aspirate on the functional healing of surgically severed sciatic nerve in dogs after its end-to-end anastomosis. Fifteen adult healthy mongrel dogs of both sexes were included in this study. They had been anesthetized and prepared for aseptic surgery as usual. The sciatic nerve was exposed midway between the ischiatic tuberosity and the sacrococcygeal joint. It was severed and anastomosed by end-to-end fashion using three to four interrupted stitches. Dogs were then randomly allocated into three groups; A, B, and C. In group A (control), the sutured nerve was left without treatment. In group B, 1 ml of PRP was injected into the epineurium and around the nerve at the suture site. In group C, 1 ml of BM aspirate was injected into the epineurium and around the nerve at the suture site. In all groups, the muscular incision, subcutis, and skin were sutured routinely. Animals were evaluated at monthly intervals for 3 months through the recording of physiological parameters, neurological examination findings (postural reactions, and spinal reflexes), and laboratory examination, while the histopathological examination was carried out at the end of study. Data were statistically analyzed and expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences were statistically significant at P<0.05. The results showed a moderate degree of lameness, persistent knuckling, and dropped hock in the control group (A). The dogs of the PRP group (B) did not show lameness, knuckling, or dropped hocks. There was a slight degree of lameness, intermittent knuckling, and occasional dropping of the hock in the BM group (C). There were significant differences in hopping, extensor thrust, between groups A and both groups B and C but the righting reaction was varied substantially between groups A and C. There was not a significant variation in the biochemical tests between different groups except the creatine kinase, which was high in the BM group relative to PRP and control groups. Histopathological examination revealed variations between groups in the architectural pattern of the repaired nerves, which was better in the PRP group. It could be concluded that the addition of the PRP and BM aspirate to the injured nerve after its suturing promotes the healing microscopically with little functional improvement within months. Platelet rich plasma and Bone marrow aspirate are useful biological materials when are used in the acute injury or rupture of the peripheral nerves in animals