Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research (University Assiut, Egypt)
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Productivity of different farm sizes in commercial ewe-lamb production systems in Central Java Province, Indonesia
Full text linkThis study evaluated the productivity and identified factors influencing ewe-lamb production in 40 commercial sheep farms across Central Java Province. A survey method with stratified sampling was employed. At the first level, districts/cities were selected based on three population density categories (high, medium, and low). At the second level, sheep farms within these districts/cities were purposively sampled based on the following criteria: operational for at least two years, maintaining a minimum of 25 ewes, and having at least one lactating ewe. At the third level, individual ewes were purposively selected if they had given birth at least twice and were nursing lambs younger than five months. The results indicate that commercially managed ewe-lamb farms in Central Java Province produced an average of 227.29 ± 67.67 weaned lambs per 100 ewes per year. The average lambing interval, pre-weaning mortality, and twin birth percentage were 9.22 ± 2.49 months, 14.71 ± 16.29%, and 36.00 ± 27.62%, respectively. Farm size and age did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) reproductive performance. Variations in lambing interval, pre-weaning mortality, and twin birth rate contributed 18.6% to the number of weaned lambs per 100 ewes per year (Y = 8.832 + 12.641X₁ + 0.562X₂ + 0.962X₃; R² = 18.6%). In conclusion, commercial ewe-lamb farming in Central Java Province demonstrates satisfactory performance, with lambing interval, pre-weaning mortality, and twin birth rates reaching optimal levels
Impact of vacuum packaging on color and odor in correlation to physicochemical and microbial characteristics of chilled beef during 50 days of refrigerated storage
Full text linkAlthough the production of vacuum-packed chilled beef has been increased significantly, many suppliers are still unfamiliar with how storage affects its quality. Sixty vacuum-packed refrigerated beef Longissimus dorsi samples were collected on the same day of packaging from a large meat processing facility in Egypt, and kept at 4°C for 10, 30, and 50 days post-packaging. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in both color and odor in correlation with microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory qualities to determine the storage stability of vacuum-packed chilled beef. The results showed that all sensory characteristics were significantly impacted during storage. Unacceptable odors were reported, and the redness (a* values) dropped to 14.04. Furthermore, all the microbial populations under investigation increased, and the concentrations of volatile organic chemicals were elevated. Additionally, the purge loss increased, resulting in the loss of nutrients and the release of meat pigments in the package, which generally impacted on its visual impression. Overall, it has been concluded that the quality of vacuum-packed chilled beef needs to be improved, especially the color and odor problems, as well as the shelf life
Impact of heat stress on buffalo production trend and reproductive efficiency in tropical climate and mitigation strategies: A review
Full text linkIncreasing environmental temperatures is one of the extreme conditions resulting from climate change. Temperatures exceeding the thermoneutral zone in livestock can trigger heat stress. This review provides information regarding the effects of heat stress on the productivity and reproduction of buffalo. In tropical countries such as Indonesia, the buffalo species include swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and river buffalo (Murrah buffalo). Buffalo can tolerate environmental temperatures up to 27.6°C, with an ideal environmental temperature range of 16-24°C. The tropical climate data showed that over the past decade, the temperature increased by approximately 0.8°C annually. If this condition continues it will disrupt the thermoregulatory mechanisms of buffalo, triggering hormonal changes, decreasing milk and meat production, and decreasing reproductive efficiency. Mitigation strategies through cooling methods, the use of sensor-based technology and artificial intelligence, also feed supplementation have shown positive results. Genetic selection and assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques are promising approaches for increasing the resilience and productivity of buffalo to heat stress. A comprehensive and solution-based scientific approach is essential to achieving sustainable buffalo farming despite the challenges of global climate change
Linking financial support and technological innovation to farm income: A case of duck farmers in Central Java, Indonesia
Full text linkThis study investigated the effects of multiple factors including age, access to credit, technology utilization, cultivation patterns, feed quality, business sustainability, cage area, flock size, and veterinary inputs on the income of duck farmers in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Research was conducted in purposively selected sub-districts within Brebes Regency that are known for active duck farming operations and high population density. A total of 350 duck farmers were surveyed using purposive sampling through structured, close-ended questionnaires, complemented by on-farm observations and interviews. Primary data were collected on demographic profiles, farm characteristics, and production practices, while secondary data were obtained from local agricultural offices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample t-tests, and multiple linear regression, preceded by normality and classical assumption tests. The results show that access to credit, technology utilization, cage area, and flock size significantly and positively influence income (p < 0.05), while feed, medicines, and age were statistically not significant. Notably, cultivation pattern and sustainability practices had significant but negative associations with income, suggesting short term inefficiencies or implementation gaps. The model demonstrated strong explanatory power with an adjusted R² of 0.948. These findings emphasize the critical role of financial access, digital tools, and farm-scale improvements in enhancing income. Unlike prior studies that focused on isolated variables, this research provides a comprehensive, multi-factor analysis of income determinants in tropical duck farming systems, offering valuable insights for evidence-based rural development policies
Physical characteristics and chemical composition of local rabbit meat and Hycole-local crosses fed different levels of feeding
Full text linkThe demand for rabbit meat as an alternative source of animal protein is increasing along with population growth and public nutritional awareness. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding levels on the physical and chemical quality of local rabbit meat and the results of the Hycole × Local cross. A total of 36 male rabbits (18 local and 18 cross) were used in a randomized block design with three feed levels (6%, 7.5%, and 9%) and six replications. The parameters observed included hot and cold carcass pH, moisture content, ash, meat color, cooking loss, water holding capacity, protein content, fat content, and tenderness. The results showed that most of the physical characteristics and chemical composition parameters were not significantly different (P>0.05) between local rabbits and the Hycole × Local cross, and between feed levels, except for cooking loss and tenderness (P<0.05). The cooking loss values of meat in this study were found to be 17.10 ± 5.23 and 13.75 ± 4.02%; while the tenderness value was 1.48 ± 0.79 and 2.30 ± 1.42 kg/cm2, respectively, for local rabbits and Hycole x local crosses. The cooking loss and tenderness values of rabbit meat fed 9% of body weight were higher than those fed 6 and 7% of body weight, namely 18.66 ± 3.93% and 2.52 ± 1.13 kg/cm2, compared to 15.42 ± 1.06% and 1.89 ± 0.41 kg/cm2. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that increasing the amount of feed to up to 9% of body weight can be done for both local rabbits and Hycole x local crosses, as long as it improves productivity
Isolation and survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in yogurt fortified with pomegranate dibs
Full text linkThis study aimed to study the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 60 random yogurt samples (20 each of plain small-scale, plain large-scale, and fruit yogurts) collected from Assiut City, Egypt from December 2023 to March 2024. Identification of Ps. aeruginosa was performed using biochemical and molecular methods. Pomegranate dibs were applied to evaluate its inhibitory effect on Ps. aeruginosa growth during the manufacture and storage of yogurt in at refrigerator (4°C). Results revealed that Ps. aeruginosa could be isolated from 6 (10 %) of the 60 examined yogurt samples, which were identified by chemical tests. Using PCR, the results indicated that 2 (3.33%) of the examined yogurt samples were contaminated with this bacterium. Unexpectedly, Ps. aeruginosa was isolated from large-scale plain yogurt samples with an incidence of 10%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pomegranate dibs against Ps. aeruginosa growth was 4%. The results of the Pomegranate dibs 6% yogurt samples that inoculated with Ps. aeruginosa was the most effective one in which 6% pomegranate dibs sharply reduced the count of Ps. aeruginosa, until completely inhibited at the 7th day of yogurt storage, compared to the control group, in which the organism still alive until the end of storage period (15th day). The sensory evaluation of yogurt prepared by adding different concentrations of pomegranate dibs revealed that the manufactured yogurt acquired a higher score for flavor, body, and texture than the control, using the natural affordable pomegranate dibs as antibacterial against Ps. aeruginosa growth has been found
Genetic diversity of transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-Β3) gene in Kedu chickens
Full text linkThe aim of this study was to identify the genetic diversity of TGF-β3 gene in Kedu chickens. The materials used consisted of 10 Kedu chickens derived from different maternal parents. These methods included blood collection, DNA extraction, gene amplification, sequencing, and data analysis. The parameters analyzed were the number of segregating sites, types of mutations, amino acid alteration, allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), and heterozygosity values. Data analysis was performed using MEGA12 and DNASP v.6. The results showed that there were four mutation points in TGF-β3 gene in Kedu chickens, namely at sites 26, 89, 191, and 214. The HWE values for mutation point at sites 26 and 191 were 0.311, whereas those mutation points at sites 89 and 214 were 0.028, indicating a deviation from equiblirium. The average heterozygosity value in this study was 0.175, which was considered low. An amino acid alteration was observed at site 214, where Serine was changed to arginine. In conclusion, Kedu chicken population exhibits low genetic diversity based on the TGF-β3 gene, as indicated by the number of segregating sites, genotype and allele frequencies, HWE values, and heterozygosity values. The mutation point at site 214 results in an amino acid substitution and has the potential to serve as a candidate genetic marker for the selection of carcass production traits
Kasturi lime (Citrofortunella microcarpa) waste in quail diet: Effect on early laying performance and egg quality
Full text linkJapanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are efficient egg producers, laying 200–300 eggs annually from 42 days of age. However, their productivity and egg quality are often compromised by Indonesia’s hot tropical climate. Kasturi lime (Citrofortunella microcarpa) waste from local beverage industries still contains bioactive compounds which may help mitigate these stressors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of kasturi lime waste powder (KLWP) in the diets of Japanese quails in the early laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 280 six-week-old female quails were assigned to four dietary treatments: 0% (K0), 2% (K1), 4% (K2), and 6% (K3) KLWP, with seven replicates of ten birds per treatment, and housed in tiered cages for 56 days. The average temperature in the cage was 28-32°C, with a relative humidity of 65-81% and a Heat Stress Index of 95±7.8. There were no differences between the treatments in terms of laying rate, feed conversion ratio, eggshell weight, and yolk index. However, a linear regression was obtained for feed intake, and a quadratic response was observed for egg mass and egg weight. After five days of storage, eggs from the KLWP group retained more weight than those from the control group. KLWP supplementation, especially at 2%, enhanced egg mass and quality without compromising bird health, supporting its potential as a sustainable feed additive
Cellular bioenergetics: Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism pathways
Full text linkCellular bioenergetics is the foundation for understanding how cells acquire, store, and use energy to maintain vital functions. This process primarily involves the metabolic pathways of lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. Glycolysis functions to break down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate and NADH as the initial energy source. The Krebs cycle in the mitochondria subsequently breaks down pyruvate further, generating reductants that aid in oxidative phosphorylation. At this point, the proton gradient is effectively used by the electron transport chain to transform chemical energy into ATP. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are triggered by the massive amounts of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂ that are produced by lipid metabolism through lipolysis and β-oxidation. Energy sensors like AMPK and mTOR are involved in this extremely tight cross-pathway control, which synchronizes the balance between anabolism and catabolism based on the energy condition of the cell. Cells can adapt to a variety of physiological situations, including rest, exercise, and fasting, thanks to the integration of glucose and lipid metabolism. Many metabolic and degenerative diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and mitochondrial disorders, are caused by bioenergetic dysfunctions, such as abnormalities in glycolysis, lipid oxidation, or oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, in addition to being crucial for physiological aspects, a thorough understanding of bioenergetic mechanisms and controls also creates prospects for the development of therapeutic approaches based on metabolism
Feed intake and daily weight gain of madura cattle fed rice straw and basal diet using garlic powder and organic mineral
Full text linkThe research explored the incorporation of garlic powder, organic chromium, and Zn-Lysinate affected Madura cattle with rice straw feed, as well as their average daily gain (ADG), and body condition score (BCS). The study used a real-life experiment with a totally random design, using three different approaches, each tried eight times. The different approaches were: R0: just the regular food; R1: regular food + 250 ppm garlic powder + 1.5 ppm organic chromium; R2: regular food + R1 food + 40 ppm Zn-lysinate. The data showed that adding garlic powder and organic chromium made it easier to digest the fiber and protein in the food. The average daily weight gain for Madura cattle with treatments R0, R1, and R2 were 0.67±0.22 kg/day, 1.07±0.17 kg/day, and 0.70±0.09 kg/day, in that order. The average body condition scores for treatments R0, R1 and R2 were 4.67±1.03; 5.17±0.41 and 4.75±0.76. Adding garlic powder and organic chromium to the food of Madura cattle can make them gain 59.75% more weight each day, however, adding garlic powder, organic chromium, and Zn-lysinate to the food does not effectively improve the daily weight gain or physical condition of Madura cattle