Hasanuddin University Graduate School: Open Journal Systems
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Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights against Transnational Corporations in Indonesian Court
Get PDFStates should take appropriate steps to ensure the effectiveness of domestic judicial mechanisms when addressing business-related human rights abuses. These steps may include ways to reduce legal, practical and other relevant barriers that could lead to a denial of access to remedy. To a certain degree, these problems exist in Indonesia’s judicial remedy mechanism. This article examines court decisions in five cases involving Transnational Corporations (TNCs). These decisions are examined to identify challenges and opportunities in bringing a case on ESC rights violations against TNCs. It is found that claim on ESC rights violation may be brought to the court, and the court has jurisdiction to entertain the case. However, of the five cases filed against TNCs, only in one case has the court decided in favour of the plaintiff. Most of the cases were rejected on procedural matters. This situation suggests that it remains burdensome for the victims of ESC rights violations to seek remedy at the court. There are procedural burdens that has to be faced by plaintiff when bringing ESC rights case against corporations, particularly TNCs. Nevertheless, there are new develop-ments in relation with pursuing ESC rights in court. One of the important development is private business contract between the govern-ment and private corporations may be annulled by the court, if the exercise of the contract would violate the government's obligation to fulfil human rights of the citizen
Sorption Effectiveness of Nannochloropsis salina Towards Mn2+ Ion in Different Salinity Waters
Get PDFResearch on sorption effectiveness of Nannochloropsis salina towards Mn2+ ion in different salinity waters has been carried out. This research was conducted to observe the effectiveness of N. salina as biosorbent for Mn2+pollutants in waters. Addition of Mn2+ ion with concentrations of 2, 4, and 8 ppm respectively, was conducted at the beginning of the N. salina growth in Conwy Medium. Those variations were conducted at salinity of 5‰ and 30‰, aeration, continuous illumination, and also at temperature of 20 oC. The N. salina growth after addition of metal ion was observed every day using haemocytometer and the concentration of metal ion after adsorption was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that the optimum time for growth of N. salina as a control was obtained on day 8th at 30‰ salinity while at 5‰ salinity was obtained on day 15th except for 8 ppm Mn2+ was obtained on day 19th. The maximum removal efficiency of Mn2+ with the concentrations of 2; 4; and 8 ppm at 30‰ salinity medium was 52.50; 59.25 and 55.38% respectively and for 5‰ salinity, the maximum removal efficiency of Mn2+ concentrations of  2, 4 and 8 ppm were 65.50; 64.66 and 67.20% respectively. The optimum time for growth of N. salina at 5‰ salinity medium is higher than at 30‰ salinity but the removal efficiency is conversely associated
Electrochemical Capacitance-Voltage (EC-V) of AlGaAs: C Growth by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for Atomic Interdiffusion
Get PDFElectrochemical capacitance-voltage (EC-V) method has been used to investigate the effect of carbon tetrachloride to AlGaAs layer. The AlGaAs layers doped with carbon were grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at temperature growth of 650oC. Electrochemical capacitance-voltage (EC-V) has been used to measure the etchback (the growth rate) AlGaAs layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to confirm the EC-V results to measure the thickness of the AlGaAs:C layers. The samples were grown at various temperatures and CCl4 flow rate on (001) oriented p-GaAs. Based on the EC-V measurement, it was found that the etchback was strongly dependent on growth temperature and CCl4 flow rates. In comparison to the previous results of GaAs:C superlattices, the hole concentration in AlGaAs:C was much higher than in GaAs:C at the same growth condition (growth temperature = 700oC, CCl4 flow = 0.89 µmol/min) with the etchback rate in AlGaAs:C slower than in GaAs:C
The Economic Impact of Renewable Energy Development in Indonesia
Get PDFRenewable energy is believed to play a greater role in addressing climate change, economic development, and energy sustainability. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are similar with two sides of the same coin, that is, cannot be split. Currently, most of the developed countries are implementing energy efficiency while promoting renewable energy sources and technologies at the same time. It is well-known that renewable energy is one of the solutions for the sustainability of global energy system. Efforts to improve the share of renewable energy in transportation, industrial, and power generation sectors have been implemented in some countries. More countries in the world adopt renewable energy as alternative sources of energy in order to improve country’s energy efficiency. Indeed, however, the studies that deeply analyze the linkage between renewable energy and energy efficiency, as well as its economic impact, are still limited. Thus, this study attempts to find this linkage. Keywords: economic impact; renewable energy; GDPÂ
Legal Standing of Customary Land in Indonesia: A Comparative Study of Land Administration Systems
Get PDFProve of land ownership by customary land is generally unwritten, just a confession of the surrounding communities with nature sign boundaries. If land ownership cannot be supported by strong evidence, the land may be registered by someone else who has getting physically for 20 years or more in consecutively and qualified on Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. Proof of old rights derived from the customary land law is rationally difficult to prove because there are no written documents. Customary land law does not know written ownership, only physical possession continually so it is very prone to conflict or dispute. In order to develop land administration in Indonesia, the values of customary land law contained in its principles is expected to be reflected in the land administration so it can reduce land conflict in the community. The role of customary land law has a large portion of the national land law. The role of government or ruling is very important to create a conducive condition in the land sector. A land is not allowed for personal or group interests, its use must be adjusted with the condition and the characteristic of their rights so useful, both for the prosperity and helpful to community and state
Characterization of Some Coal Deposits Quality by Use of Proximate and Sulfur Analysis in the Southern Arm Sulawesi, Indonesia
Get PDFThis paper describes the characteristics of some coal depoasits from Paluda, Padanglampe, Lamuru and Tondongkura (South Sulawesi, Indonesia). The investigation of selected coal deposits in South Sulawesi have been carried out with the aims at elucidation of the coal quality which represented by proximate and total sulfur analyses. Results show that the lower inherent moisture of Paluda coal might be affected by igneous intrusion. In general, the studied coal samples have high ash and sulfur content with the average of 29.01 wt.% and 3.74 wt.% respectively. It was shown that there is no specific trend of the vertical distribution both for ash and sulfur. In term of coal utilization, it is indicated that South Sulawesi coal has constraints and challenging due to the high ash and sulfur. It is therefore suggested to reduce ash and sulfur content as much as possible if the coal is used as direct solid fuel in power plant or industry
PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AMONG RURAL DWELLERS IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFRural livelihood in Nigeria depends largely on natural resources (Land, water, forest etc) which are communally owned. The quality of life in the rural areas and the sustainability of the production system are consequences of how well these resources are managed. Management is a social activity which emphasizes efficient allocation of resources for optimum output, therefore any member of the community irrespective of the gender category with the know-how can be charged with the responsibility of resource utilization for better living standard. However, resource management in the study area has been inequitable as there are obvious cases of male domination. This study, consequently, was undertaken to assess the perceptions of gender issues as they affect sustainable agricultural development. A total of 272 respondents were selected through simple random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire to elicit information for this study, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with one group from each of the communities was also used to compliment the data from the questionnaire. Results show that majority (83%) of the people in the study area did not understand the concept of gender and thus interaction in all issues identified and resource allocation were based on the biological attribute (sex) of the people. Majority (88%) of the respondents identified right to ownership of resources as main gender issues. Forest resource, land, water or rivers and human beings were among the things identified as community resources. It was concluded that the fundamental problem of resource management in the study area was the poor understanding of the concept of gender, consequently, it is suggested that the people should be sensitized well enough about the meaning of gender so that culturally based action in resource allocation can be modified to guarantee equitable and sustainable access to agricultural productive resources
Agroforestry - The Most Resilient Farming System for the Hilly Northwest of Vietnam
Get PDFOver 94% of the land of northwestern Vietnam is classified as sloping. Population growth has exerted pressure on local natural resources, with agricultural expansion on steep slopes resulting in forest degradation, landscape fragmentation and severe environmental consequences. Efforts to restore forest ecosystems have been made by the government, however, as the livelihoods of 80% of the population depend on agriculture, the reconversion of land to forest has proven to be an inappropriate solution. Agroforestry offers a potentially sustainable land-use solution, which could re-establish forests, restore ecosystem services, and stabilize local livelihoods. In this paper, we assess the potential of agroforestry development in the region based on the results of two interrelated surveys conducted in 21 representative villages in six districts of three northwestern provinces: 1) a farming system diagnosis implemented in 17 representative villages; and 2) an agroforestry adoption survey with 210 households practising agroforestry in 14 villages. The analysis was strengthened by four years’ experience in implementing an extensive agroforestry project in the region. The studies focussed on assessing key benefits and constraints of existing farming systems, including agroforestry practices, adopted by farmers and identifying the potential for agroforestry development in the region. The results showed that the dominant farming system in the north-western provinces was monoculture of staple crops on slopes, which provided relatively low economic returns. Soil erosion, land degradation, and water shortages resultant from intensive farming practices were the most significant environmental issues in the area. Tree-based farming systems were rare and mostly a result of spontaneous adoption by farmers. Given the mountainous landscape and the need for soil stabilization, agroforestry was seen by farmers as a viable approach. Improving the existing and adopting new, integrated agroforestry systems were identified as viable ways toward sustainable livelihoods in Northwestern Vietnam
Patterns of Food Consumption and Production of Mountainous Community in Sinjai District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Get PDFFood availability of one area affects its community food consumption patterns. The area will use its natural resources to satisfy all needs of its society. This study aimed to explain the patterns of consumption and production of food in a mountainous area. This research is a descriptive study using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In qualitative approach, the data obtained by indepth-interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), whereas quantitative data obtained through household surveys of 40 households as samples. Field data collection is done systematically through questionnaires and interviews. There are two data sources namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from people in the local area either as informants selected using snowball techniqueor respondents selected purposively. Furthermore, the secondary data were obtained from the literature that correlates with research areas. The result shows that the pattern of food production in the mountainous region is divided into two types based on the land used that is wetland and dry land. The wetland is used by mountainous community to produce food such as rice and corn with a frequency of twice a year. As for the dry land, it is cultivated to produce vegetables that are produced throughout the year as daily necessities. The pattern of consumption in the community correlates with the amount, type and consumptive frequency of the food. In general, people in mountainous areas still consume rice as a staple food by eating vegetables and fish as complementary with a frequency of 2-3 times a day. This is because the access is still relatively easy to obtain these foods
Normativity of Scientific Law in the Perspective of Neo-Kantian Schools of Thought
Get PDFScientific normativity of law conceived as a character inherent in legal science as a sui generis. Jurisprudence basically studies the law, something that initially emerged from the dogmatic belief in philosophy. Dogmatism refuse to alter beliefs one iota. The teachings of dogmatic philosophy stem from the teachings of Plato and reflected in the legal enforceability. Dogmatism in the law is reflected in the Corpus Juris Civilis. Along with the development of post Era Scholastic philosophical thinking, the philosophy synthesizes thought between dogmatic thinking and skeptic has appeared in the Age of Enlightenment. This idea is reflected in Transcendental Idealist philosophy thought of Immanuel Kant. The core idea is that real human beings are given the ability to understand based on empirical experience and actually also able to gain an understanding of the human being that is the essence of symptoms. Transcendental Idealist, thus dynamic, moving to look for values that are useful for life. Transcendental Idealist thought then be adopted Kelsen in the teaching of normativity in legal positivism. Normativity in the teachings of Hans Kelsen’s legal positivism derived from the integration of empirical positivism and idealistic empiricism