Hasanuddin University Graduate School: Open Journal Systems
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RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ FOOD INSECURITY AND COPING STRATEGIES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
No full textFood insecurity is a challenge in developing countries, especially in the rural areas of Nigeria. It remains a global challenge and continues to be a major public policy in Nigeria and other developing nations. Despite these, COVID-19 set in and posed a serious threat to food system and security globally. This study, therefore, assessed the level of food security among the rural farming households and how they cope with the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data for the study were collected primarily from 200 farming households with the use of questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, food security index and Likert scale. The findings showed that the level of food insecurity was very high during the pandemic as 69.5% were food insecure with a high concentration among those with large household size. The widely adopted coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among the rural farming households were eating less expensive food (=2.7), reducing rational consumption (=2.68), allowing children to eat first (=2.56), engaging in additional small scale productivity activities (=2.27), skipping meal within a day (=2.26), buying food on credit (=2.05) and borrowing money to buy food (=2.01). The study recommends effective and urgent policy measures which will support rural households’ food availability to boost their food security status. Also, enlightenment of the rural households on the important of modern family planning on their food security status is needed
Analysis of the Effect of Climate Change on Rice Production in Nigeria
Get PDFThe Nigerian economy largely depends on agriculture which is vulnerable to unfavorable climatic conditions. Consequently, rice is a very important staple crop, widely cultivated and consume by millions of people in the country. Nigerian government policy heavily protects rice in order to stimulate it local production. There is still scanty empirical evidence on the effect of climate change on rice production in Nigeria. This study was carried out to fill this gap. This study specifically examined the effect of climate change on rice output in Nigeria. This study utilized climate data (rainfall and temperature) from Nigerian Meteorological Center, Carbon dioxide data from FAOSTAT, and information on the country’s` milled rice from USDA (1970-2016). The analytical tools employed in the data analysis were Descriptive, Trend analysis, Unit root test, Co-integration and Regression model. Findings of the study revealed that there is variation in the trend of the climatic factors and also variation in rice output over the period of study. The result also shows that that annual rainfall, and temperature contributes significantly to rice output in Nigeria. Rainfall had positive coefficient and significant 5%, temperature had negative coefficient and significant at 1%. The area of land cultivated had positive coefficient and significant at 1%. The study concluded that climate change significantly influence rice output in Nigeria. The study recommended that consideration be given to climate change in the formulation of agricultural policies for the attainment of food security and national aspiration for sustainability in the production of rice production in Nigeria
Viability of Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin in Some Alternative Media and Different Shelf-Life
Get PDFPest control by using chemical pesticides continuously can harm the environment. Therefore it is necessary to look for environmentally friendly technologies, one of which is the use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae. The alternative media should be easy to obtain and has a good shelf life so the growth of M. anisopliae  should be optimum. This research aimed to obtain alternative media that provide the best growth and development at each different shelf-life. The research method used was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial and it was repeated 4 times. The media factors were from PDA, bran, green beans, and maize. The shelf-life factors were at 21 and 42 days old (d-old). The diameter on maize media gave the highest diameter value of 8.57 cm at 42 d-old. Green bean media gave the best spore density results of 2.08×107. Whereas the germination capacity of the media ranged from 63.94% to 94.23%. Germination showed no significant difference at 21 and 42 d-old. Therefore, green beans and maize media were effectively used for propagation of M. anisopliae  as a substitute for synthetic media
Development of IoT Based Smart Irrigation System with Programmable Logic Controller
Get PDFSmart irrigation system is an automatic irrigation and monitoring system on agricultural land with a sensor, automation, and control technology based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This system can reduce the agricultural activities that were previously performed manually into an automatic system with a reduced human supervision. Smart Irrigation systems that are widely developed used Arduino as the controller. Arduino still lacks in response, low durability, and sensitivity to temperature change, hence requiring frequent maintenance to avoid weather disturbances, insects, and others. This paper presents a development of a smart irrigation system using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as the controller and a soil moisture sensor as a humidity condition measurement tool. The advantage of using PLC as a controller is more stable and has sensor compatibility with higher accuracy. Hence the results are more consistent and accurate. The PLC system is expandable, allowing for the inclusion of more channels for sensors and other measurement instruments. The developed system can collect data on soil moisture conditions, trigger valves, and perform auto irrigation using sprinklers, reducing or even eliminating the need for human intervention. The IoT collects data from sensors and updates the data into a database system, allowing users to monitor the land conditions in real-time. The developed system was predicted to save manpower (20%) and water usage (42.47%) compared to the conventional method. Keywords: Smart Irrigation; IoT; PLC; Moisture Sensor; Sprinkle
Legal Problems of Environmental Impact Assessment in Thailand Calling for Law Revision
Get PDFThe Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is well-known and widely used as an essential tool for environmental management. Over the past 40Â years, there have been problems and obstacles in law enforcement and prosecutions in many cases under the EIA laws related to national development projects in Thailand. For this reason, this article aims to present the results of a study of the legal measures on the EIA process in Thailand. This study was conducted through reviewing concepts and theories concerning the EIA and related laws both in Thailand and abroad. The main objective of this study was to analyze the condition of problems and obstacles caused by attempts made in the law enforcement. The importance of the study would result in revision of the laws related to the EIA process to achieve sustainable development goals
Tendering in Assignment of the Administrative Contract: A Comparison of Egyptian Tender Law and Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law
Get PDFAdministrative contracts are conducted to meet government agencies' requirements in terms of procurement, which is done by tendering. The government infrastructure demand and day-to-day other needs are contracted with vendors, who render their services by applying the announced tender. Hence, the legal framework related to tendering is very important, which protects the legal rights of tender authority and vendors. This present research aims to explore the tendering law in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, having a close legal framework regarding tendering. Egypt is carrying the tender law of 1998, which is updated in 2018 recently. Moreover, tendering in Saudi Arabia depends on the Government Tenders and Procurement Law (GTPL) of 2019, which is updated from the previous version of GTPL 2006. The research explores the basic structure of the procurement system and tendering in both systems, including the discussions on procurement agency, tendering methods, basic tendering regulations, public-private partnership, transparency issue, and tendering with foreigners' bidders. Also, the recent improvements in both tendering systems are discussed. The research traces many similarities and differences in both tendering systems and suggests taking help from each other's experiences
The effect of Ni2+ substitution on CoFe2O4 based on natural iron sand using co-presipitation method
Get PDFMagnetic nanoparticles of Cobalt Nickel Ferrite (Co1-xNixFe2O4) have been synthesized by the co-precipitation method with various concentrations of moles of Ni2+ as a constituent in Co1-xNixFe2O4 (x = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75). The Co1-xNixFe2O4 structured shows the single phase of crystal was formed with a cubic spinel structure. The crystallite size estimated using the Scherer formula was found that the crystallite size decreased with increasing concentration of Ni2+. The samples with various concentration of Ni2+ showed coercivity and saturation magnetization was decreased by the increasing of concentration of Ni2+
The Level Of Place Attachment At The Community In Disaster Prone Areas In Tallo Sub-District, Makassar
Get PDFThe attachment of a community to its residence can be catalyst or barrier to their ability to adapt and face threats due to disaster. By conducting a study of 323 households living in urban-village that were affected by recurrent floods in Tallo Sub-district, Makassar City, this research aims to measure the level of community’s place attachment, and aspects that affecting the form of their bonding based on respondents’ response. Descriptive statistics using the SPSS application were applied as a measurement method. The results of this study indicate that the level of place attachment at the community in Tallo Sub-district is in the high category. The societal aspect is the most powerful factor that influences the forms of high level of place attachment at the community in that place
PERCEIVED EFFECT OF MICROFINANCE SERVICES IN SAN JOSE, OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in alleviating poverty among households of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. Particularly, this study aimed to: (1) characterize microfinance household clients in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, in terms of: socio- demographic, economic and communication; (2) determine the driving forces of clients to avail microfinance services; (3) identify the household-clients’ frequently availed/accessed/paid microfinance services; and (4) determine the household clients’ perceived effect of microfinance services in terms of: economic, social and personal. A total of 200 randomly selected household MFI clients, both from rural and urban barangays of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro were interviewed for this study. Descriptive statistics such as mean, weighted mean, frequency and percentage distribution were used in analysing and presenting the data. The results of the study revealed that most of the respondents are female, married and literate. They have other sources of income. Among the most common driving forces of household clients in availing microfinance services are financial security, health-related concerns and education. The frequently availed services of household clients are savings, insurance and loans and their most common microfinance service provider is the Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Incorporated (CARD Bank). The household clients experienced reduced poverty and increased acquisition of assets as economic effect of microfinance services, while they had improved lifestyle and improved relationships with other people as social effects and increased self-confidence and fulfillment as personal effects of microfinance services
Letter of Credit Disputes from an Arbitration Perspective
Get PDFIn a recent study, it might not be possible to refer letter of credit fraud cases to arbitration instead of litigation. Alavi’s research suggested that there could be some obstacles, such as obtaining banks’ response and cooperation; the different and high standards of proof of fraud required; and the difficulty in obtaining an injunction. His study answered a question proposed by Blodgett and Mayer as to whether arbitration would ever take place in letter of credit disputes.  This short research paper will answer this question, but from a different angle: whether arbitration will provide more appropriate judgments (award) than litigation regarding letter of credit disputes. This question arises from the writer’s observation that, in the past twenty years, different judgments have been issued for similar disputes