Hasanuddin University Graduate School: Open Journal Systems
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Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
Full text linkSmart contracts have shed light on a new era of contract law, which necessitates a proper legal response to address their unique characteristics, including automation, self-enforcement, coded, immutability, and irreversibility. While these features offer significant legal and practical benefits, they raised critical legal questions. The study aims to identify the legal challenges resulting from the implementation of smart contracts through an in-depth examination of various key aspects. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted qualitative research utilising the library method and analysing data descriptively and analytically. The study revealed that applying the current conventional contract laws is inadequate and would create a bundle of unprecedented legal questions related to all the life cycle of the contracts, such as legal existence, formation and enforcement, jurisdictional issue, mechanism, unlawful activities, as well as the third parties. The study recommended establishing a specialised framework to address various issues, including the establishment of a regulatory and supervisory body, legislative clarification on various aspects of smart contracts’ such as exchange of will, place, and time, coding language and coding errors, essential functions, jurisdiction and enforcement, ADR, external partners such as Oracle and coding experts, in addition to other matters pertaining to validity and admissibility. Future studies may focus on using these questions as a way to measure the viability of their law to address the emergence of smart contracts.
The Artist’s Resale Right: Global Perspectives and Vietnam’s Path to Protection under the EVFTA
Full text linkThe artist’s resale right, enabling visual artists to receive royalties from secondary market sales, is a pivotal intellectual property mechanism with varied global adoption. This article traces its historical evolution from early 20th-century legislation to its inclusion in international frameworks, contrasting the European Union and United Kingdom’s harmonized approaches with the United States’ rejection due to differing copyright philosophies. It examines the resale right provisions in a new-generation free trade agreement, analyzing Vietnam’s current legal gap under its intellectual property framework and the feasibility of incorporation. The article evaluates arguments for and against the resale right, highlighting its role in promoting artist equity and creative incentives against concerns of market distortion and administrative burdens. It argues that Vietnam should adopt the resale right to align with global standards, proposing solutions to legal, cultural, economic, and political challenges. This analysis offers insights for jurisdictions navigating intellectual property integration in trade agreements
Design of The New Upper Structure Comba Bridge in Jayapura Regency Using Prestressed Concrete
Full text linkComba Bridge is located in the main road of Jayapura Regency. This bridge has some damages due to the density of the traffic on the bridge. In order to increase the level of service, it is necessary to figure out the solution. One of the solution is designing a new bridge beside the old bridge. The aim is to design a new bridge using prestressed concrete girder as the main structure and figure out the general construction method for this bridge. Stressing method for the main structure is post tensioning method. The new bridge has two 25 meters spans. Designing includes secondary structure design and main structure design. The analysis result show that pedestrian barrier consists of two galvanized steel railing, H-profile steel column, concrete deck slab and pavement slab using reinforced concrete with 22 cm thickness. Main structure using Precast Concrete I Girder (PCI Girder) has 4500 kN initial prestressed force and 4 cables that consist of 7-wire strand super grade. Erection method of the girder using launcher machine
Determination of the Effectiveness of Drainage of National Road Sections Based on DIS Data in Maluku Province
Full text linkEvery five years, periodic maintenance is required for damage to parts of the road, where samples are taken from each location every year to measure the damage weight value and obtain the PPI value, in order to determine whether parts of the road or other supporting buildings need to be preserved periodically or not. IRI survey to measure unevenness components, PCI/SDI survey to measure pavement surface conditions, Benkelmen beam to measure remaining pavement life, Topographic survey, drainage effectiveness ranking to measure ED components and other surveys that support the availability of primary data and secondary data which of course require a lot of time and cost. To determine the ED index value (Effectiveness of Drainage), an approach is needed through PCI data and ED (Effectiveness of Drainage) will be determined or analyzed using the data that has been collected/downloaded, then the data that has been processed after that will be useful for BPJN agencies or the Bina Marga Service/sub- service related to roads/bridges or road implementation because the ED component is an important part of the PPI component. Based on the research results, the ranking is obtained from the calculation of the ED (Effectiveness of Drainage) ranking rang
Biomass and Chlorophyll Responses of Corn Plants (Zea mays L.) to Varying Abmix Concentrations in A Hydroponic Environment
Full text linkCorn (Zea mays L.) is the second most important agricultural commodity in Indonesia, after rice. Corn plays an important role as a raw material for animal feed, bioenergy (biofuel), and various other industrial products. However, corn productivity is highly dependent on the availability of nutrients in the growing medium. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of various AB Mix concentrations on the biomass and chlorophyll of corn (Zea mays L.) plants in a hydroponic system. The experimental design used a simple randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor, namely the AB Mix concentration (1/2x, 1x, and 2x) and correlation analysis using R-Studio version 2025. At 6 WAP, differences in shoot, root, and total biomass between treatments were still significant. 2x AB Mix concentration again produced the highest biomass, namely 29.67 g. Variations in AB Mix concentration have a significant effect on biomass yield (biomass of shoots at 5-6 WAP, biomass of roots at 6 WAP, and total weight at 5-6 WAP) and chlorophyll a, b content, chlorophyll a+b ratio in corn leaves
Synergistic Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Corn Cob Biochar on Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Full text linkChili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is an economically important horticultural crop, but its productivity in Indonesia has declined due to soil fertility degradation, excessive use of inorganic fertilizers, and unfavorable climatic conditions. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and corn cob biochar on the growth and yield of chili pepper. A field experiment was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 at Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, using a split-plot design with three levels of biochar (0, 7.5, and 15 t ha⁻¹) and three concentrations of PGPR (0, 10, and 20 g L⁻¹). Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by LSD at α = 0.05. Results indicated that neither PGPR nor biochar alone had significant effects on most growth parameters. However, their interaction significantly enhanced yield-related traits. The combination of 15 t ha⁻¹ biochar with 20 g L⁻¹ PGPR (M2P2) produced the highest fruit number (69.17 fruits plant⁻¹), fresh fruit weight (72.30 g plant⁻¹), and yield (3.62 t ha⁻¹). These findings demonstrate the synergistic role of biochar and PGPR in improving chili productivity and highlight their potential as eco-friendly inputs for sustainable chili cultivation
AI Revolution: The Legal Battle Between Indonesia and the European Union to Protect Copyright from Artificial Intelligence
Full text linkThe global surge in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has triggered unprecedented legal complexities in copyright protection. This article examines how Indonesia and the European Union (EU) approach the challenges posed by AI driven content creation and potential copyright infringement. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, this study explores regulatory frameworks, liability questions, and enforcement mechanisms in both jurisdictions. The analysis reveals that Indonesia's Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 remains anthropocentric, lacking recognition of AI generated works and mechanisms for regulating AI training using copyrighted materials. By contrast, the EU has developed a more comprehensive approach through the EU Copyright Directive and the AI Act, which incorporates risk-based AI governance and explicit opt out rights for copyright holders. The study identifies significant regulatory asymmetries between the two jurisdictions and examines potential areas for legal development. Drawing on international frameworks such as the OECD AI Guidelines, this research suggests that Indonesia could benefit from adopting more anticipatory regulatory approaches similar to the EU's principle-based strategy. The findings indicate that proactive legal reforms are necessary to address emerging AI copyright challenges in developing legal systems. This study contributes to the growing body of comparative legal scholarship on AI governance and offers insights for policymakers navigating the intersection of artificial intelligence and intellectual property law
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law and Peacebuilding in Post-Conflict Kosovo
Full text linkUnprecedented violent conflicts occurred worldwide during the 20th century. Millions of lives lost, infrastructure destroyed, and generational effects on post-conflict nations. Meanwhile, international humanitarian law was developed to reduce conflict damage. Government parties to International Humanitarian Law (IHL) conventions have enforceable obligations to implement, promote, and perform their duties, helping to promote their wider recognition and enforcement. During the Kosovo conflict, Serbian military commanders and the police violated international humanitarian law by breaking fundamental precepts. The study of the Kosovo conflict prioritizes criminal accountability and historical documentation over the enduring societal consequences of violations of IHL. There are not many studies that look at how not following IHL affects transitional justice after a conflict. The findings indicate that successful post-conflict reconciliation necessitates enhanced domestic implementation and enforcement of transitional justice frameworks. This includes ensuring accountability for significant violations, fostering victim-centered truth, and institutionalizing IHL education to avert recurrence and facilitate enduring interethnic reconciliation. The article examines the major transgressions of IHL amidst the war in Kosovo (1998–1999), and their effects on post-conflict interethnic reconciliation. Utilizing qualitative, quantitative, and legal-dogmatic methods shows that non-adherence to IHL during armed conflict directly affects transitional justice and severely impacts reconciliation efforts
Reimagining Legal Approaches to Technology-Facilitated Violence Against Women in India
Full text linkDigital technology has expanded women’s opportunities for expression and participation, while simultaneously enabling new and intensified forms of gender-based violence. In India, technology-facilitated violence against women (TFVW) has increased in scale and complexity, yet existing legal frameworks remain inadequately equipped to address its multidimensional harms. This article identifies a significant gap in Indian law, arguing that the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and the Information Technology Act (IT Act) insufficiently recognise psychological harm, informational privacy violations, and non-sexual online abuse, while continuing to rely on patriarchal notions of consent, modesty, and public morality. Adopting a doctrinal legal research methodology informed by feminist jurisprudence, the article examines statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and enforcement practices governing TFVW in India. It demonstrates how current laws prioritise bodily integrity and obscenity-based regulation, thereby marginalising women’s digital autonomy and reinforcing victim-blaming narratives. Drawing on constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and privacy, the article advances a feminist legal framework that shifts the analytical focus from consent and morality to harm, agency, and structural inequality. The article contributes to feminist legal scholarship by reconceptualising TFVW as a constitutional rights violation and argues for transformative legal reform to address the systemic nature of digital violence against women
Utilization of North Minahasa Local Aggregates for Cost-Efficient Concrete Laboratory Practice in Vocational Engineering Education
Full text linkConcrete laboratory practice plays a crucial role in vocational civil engineering education by providing hands-on understanding of material behavior and concrete production processes. However, concrete laboratory activities at the State Polytechnic of Manado have long relied on aggregates sourced from outside the region, resulting in relatively high procurement and transportation costs. North Minahasa Regency has local aggregate resources, including sand and gravel, that are geographically closer and more accessible. This study aims to evaluate the technical feasibility of using local aggregates as an alternative material for cost-efficient concrete laboratory practice. The research methodology involved sampling aggregate materials from several districts in North Minahasa, followed by laboratory testing of their physical characteristics, including specific gravity, silt content, gradation, and abrasion value. Concrete specimens were then produced using selected mix proportions and tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results demonstrate that local aggregates meet the fundamental quality requirements for concrete production after washing samples with high silt content. The concrete produced achieved the intended strength and reduced logistical material costs. These findings indicate that local aggregates are feasible for use in educational concrete laboratory activities and support more efficient learning based on local resource potential