Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Sources of variation of antimicrobial use in Charolaise and Limousine beef breeds in Veneto region (Italy)
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-03 | Accepted 2020-09-03 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.180-189 The development of antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem which jeopardises both human and animal health. Livestock sector is generally blamed as principal contributor due to the over-use of antimicrobials to treat animals. Hence, new strategies to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) are necessary. Little is still known on potential factors affecting AMU in beef production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the impact of farm, breed, sex and season on AMU in Charolaise and Limousine breeds. Data on body weight, breed, sex and AMU were collected from 10 specialized beef farms (543 batches) located in Veneto region (Italy). Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated and AMU data were used to calculate a treatment incidence (TI100it) through the Defined Daily Dose Animal based on Italian dosage. An ANOVA was performed to investigate sources of variation of ADG and TI100it. Overall, farms differed significantly for both ADG and TI100it. The ADG was greater for Charolaise than Limousine breed (P <0.05). Limousine had greater TI100it than Charolaise (P <0.05), and males had greater TI100it than females (P <0.05), likely due to their higher susceptibility to respiratory diseases. Differences among seasons were also observed, with the coldest periods of the year having greater TI100it compared to summer and spring (P <0.05). Findings of the present study shed a light on potential risk factors of AMU in beef cattle, which will be useful to develop new strategies for the reduction of antimicrobials.5Keywords: antimicrobial, beef cattle, treatment incidenceReferencesAACTING. (2019). Guidelines for collection, analysis and reporting of farm-level antimicrobial use, in the scope of antimicrobial stewardship. Version 1.2_2019-07-02. AACTING. 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Impact of bovine respiratory disease on lung lesions, slaughter performance and antimicrobial usage in French beef cattle finished in North-Eastern Italy. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(4), 1065-1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1426395Cernicchiaro, N. et al. (2012a). Associations between weather conditions during the first 45 days after feedlot arrival and daily respiratory disease risks in autumn-placed feeder cattle in the United States. Journal of Animal Science, 90, 1328-1337. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4657Cernicchiaro, N. et al. (2012b). Associations between the distance traveled from sale barns to commercial feedlots in the United States and overall performance, risk of respiratory disease, and cumulative mortality in feeder cattle during 1997 to 2009. Journal of Animal Science, 90, 1929-1939. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4599Cozzi, G. (2007). Present situation and future challenges of beef cattle production in Italy and the role of the research. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(1), 389-396. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.389Diana, A. et al. (2020). Use of antimicrobials in beef cattle: an observational study in the north of Italy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 181, 105032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105032Edwards, T. A. (2010). Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.03.005EMA. (2014). Veterinary medicines division principles on assignment of defined daily dose for animals (DDDvet) and defined course dose for animals (DCDvet). EMA. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/principles-assignment-defined-daily-dose-animals-dddvet-defined-course-dose-animals-dcdvet_en.pdfEMA. (2016). Defined daily doses for animals (DDDvet) and defined course doses for animals (DCDvet). European surveillance of veterinary antimicrobial consumption (ESVAC). EMA. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/principles-assignment-defined-daily-dose-animals-dddvet-defined-course-dose-animals-dcdvet_en.pdfEMA. (2018). Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. EMA. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-30-european-countries-2016-trends-2010-2016-eighth-esvac_en.pdfEMA. (2019). Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 31 European countries in 2017. EMA. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-31-european-countries-2017_en.pdfFabbri, M. C. et al. (2019). Population structure and genetic diversity of Italian beef breeds as a tool for planning conservation and selection strategies. Animals, 9, 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110880Gallo, L. et al. (2014). A survey on feedlot performance of purebred and crossbred European young bulls and heifers managed under intensive conditions in Veneto, northeast Italy. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 13, 798-807. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3285Herve, L. et al. (2020). To what extent does the composition of batches formed at the sorting facility influence the subsequent growth performance of young beef bulls? A French observational study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 176, 104936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104936Jones, P. J. et al. (2015). Factors affecting dairy farmers’ attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in cattle in England and Wales. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 121, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.010Keane, M. P. et al. (2017). Effect of space allowance and floor type on performance, welfare and physiological measurements of finishing beef heifers. Animal, 11, 2285-2294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001288Mader, T. L. (2014). Animal welfare concerns for cattle exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Journal of Animal Science, 92, 5319-5324. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7950Magrin, L. et al. (2019). Health, behaviour and growth performance of Charolais and Limousin bulls fattened on different types of flooring. Animal, 13, 2603-2611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111900106XMarvin, D. M. et al. (2010). Knowledge of zoonoses among those affiliated with the Ontario swine industry: a questionnaire administered to selected producers, allied personnel, and veterinarians. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2009.0352Mounier, L. et. al. (2006). Mixing at the beginning of fattening moderates social buffering in beef bulls. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96, 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.015Muggli-Cockett, N. E. et al. (1992). Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory disease in beef calves during the first year of life. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 2013-2019. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7072013xMurphy, C. P. et al. (2018). Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project). Zoonoses and Public Health, 65(8), 957-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12515Noyes, N. et al. (2016a). Characterization of the resistome in manure, soil and wastewater from dairy and beef production systems. Scientific Reports, 6, 24645. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24645Noyes, N. et al. (2016b). Resistome diversity in cattle and the environment decreases during beef production. eLife, 5, e13195. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13195.001Sanderson, M. W. et al. (2008). Risk factors for initial respiratory disease in United States’ feedlots based on producer-collected daily morbidity counts. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49, 373-378.Scherpenzeel, C. G. M. et al. (2018). Veterinarians’ attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 6336-6345. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13591Simčič, M. et al. (2006). Different parameters affecting body weights of Charolais and Limousine calves from birth to weaning. Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis, 10, 127-133.Speksnijder, D. C. et al. (2015). Reduction of veterinary antimicrobial use in the Netherlands. The Dutch success model. Zoonoses and Public Health, 62(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12167Stanger, K. J. et al. (2005). The effect of transportation on the immune status of Bos indicus steers. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 2632-2636. https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.83112632xSturaro, E. et al. (2005). Factors affecting growth performance in beef production: an on farm survey. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 3, 128-131. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.3s.128Tarakdjian, J. et al. (2020). Antimicrobial use on Italian pig farms and its relationship with husbandry practices. Animals, 10, 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030417Taylor, J. D. et al. (2010). The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors? Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 1095-1102.Timmerman, T. et al. (2006). Quantification and evaluation of antimicrobial drug use in group treatments for fattening pigs in Belgium. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 74, 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.10.003Van Boeckel, T. P. et al. (2015). Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(18), 5649-5654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112Vieira, A. R. et al. (2011). Trends in slaughter pig production and antimicrobial consumption in danish slaughter pig herds, 2002-2008. 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Phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape in selected and semi-domesticated genotypes as new tool of Argania spinosa L. Skeels breeding
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-03-28 | Accepted: 2020-05-22 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.125-138Leaves are part of the plant organs that are important to sustain its life. These organs are sensitive to climate changes and may present phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. However, affirmation of the leaves morphological plasticity and their regulation in different environments is still little studied up to date. In the present research, we evaluated performance of 20 different groups of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels genotypes (half-sibling). Each group contains 3 half-sibs. Genotype × environment interactions (GxE) were evaluated as well, for shape and size leaves. To perform this, geometric morphometric principles were applied to analyze genotypes morphology in three locations (Central, North-Western and South-Western of Morocco). Univariate and multivariate analysis was used for data analysis. Results showed significant variation of symmetric and asymmetric components for genotypes, half-sibling and location with relatively high variation coefficient (ca 60%). Shape and size differences among genotypes, suggest that they were the main source in leaf morphology variation. Canonical Variate Analysis of leaf shapes reveals that the regions are clearly distinct from each other. For symmetric component analysis, Mahalanobis distances values among locations reached 35.53 between South-Western and North-Western locations, 21.88 North-Western and Central locations and 18.29 for South-Western and Central location. The differentiation between the groups using the Canonical Variations value showed a significant effect of the environment on the studied argan tree genotypes. Small leaves and narrow blades were observed in Central location compared to others. However, leaves originated from South-Western location had mainly an ovate shape. The same genotypes presented a high spectrum of shape variation varying from obovate to ovate in the other regions. This study highlights the strong correspondence between leaf morphology and genotype within different environments, and demonstrates that GxE interaction shave an impact to take into consideration in breeding programs.Keywords: adaptation, Argania spinosa, environment, genotype, geometric morphometrics, leaf morphologyReferences BENGOUGH, A.G. et al. (2011). Root elongation, water stress, and mechanical impedance: a review of limiting stresses and beneficial root tip traits. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq350BLOOM, A. J. et al. (1985). Resource limitation in plants An economic analogy. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 16, 363–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.002051BRUSCH, P. et al. (2003). Within and among tree variation in leaf morphology of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. 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Textured vs pelletted feed impact on dairy heifers pre-weaning
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-03 | Accepted 2020-08-08 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.197-204The first three months of life is the most critical period for the young calf, and nutrition plays an essential role for a successful weaning program. The effects of starter feed physical form have been widely investigated in the last decades, but results are variable and often inconsistent. We compared the impact of texturized and pelleted starters on growth performances during the artificial pre-weaning period on replacement female dairy calves. A total of 16 calves were divided in two independent groups, fed with pelleted or texturized starter and monitored from 2 to 44 days of life. Morphometric traits as well as health status, growth performances, feed intake and efficiency were recorded weekly. An interesting significance (p=0.013) was found for the weight increment, that starting from 5th week showed higher values in animals fed with texturized rather than pelleted feedstuff, although no differences were obtained for the feed efficiency. Despite the lack of significant differences, the trends observed for weight increment and health status, suggest some advantages in the use of texturized feedstuff during the pre-weaning period.Keywords: calves pre-weaning nutrition, texturized feed, growth performancesReferencesBach, A. et al. (2007) Effects of physical form of a starter for dairy replacement calves on feed intake and performance. Journal of Dairy Science. 90, 3028–3033. doi:https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-761Baldwin, R. L. VI et al. (2004) Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and post-weaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science. 87(E Suppl.): E55–E65. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70061-2Boulton, A. C. et al. 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A. et al. (2011) Invited Review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 94, 1071–1081. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3733Khan et al. (2016) Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 9, 885–902. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9975Larson, L. L. et al. (1977) Guidelines toward more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data. Journal of Dairy Science. 60, 989–991.Lassiter, C.A. et al. (1955) The nutritional merits of pelleting calf starters. Journal of Dairy Science. 38, 1242-1245.Mirzaei, M. et al. (2016) Interactions between the physical form of starter (mashed versus textured) and corn silage provision on performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Science. 94(2):678-686. doi: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9670Newman P.E. and Savage E.S. (1938) Use of Yeast in Calf Meals and Pellets. Journal of Dairy Science. 21: 161-167.Olynk. N. J. and Wolf, C. A.(2008) Economic analysis of reproductive management strategies on US commercial dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science. 91, 4082–4091. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0858Pazoki, A, et al. (2017) Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Development of Calves During Transition From Liquid to Solid Feed: Effects of Physical Form of Starter Feed and Forage Provision. Animal feed science and technology, 234, 173-185. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.004Porter, J. C. et al. (2007) Effect of fiber level and physical form of starter on growth and development of dairy calves fed no forage. Professional Animal Scientist. 23, 395–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30994-3Quigley, J. D., et al. (2018). 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(2015) Interaction between the physical form of the starter feed and straw provision on growth performance of Holstein calves, Journal of Dairy Science, 98(2), 1101-1109. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8151von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. et al. (1998) A comparison of textured versus pelleted concentrates on rumen degradability, dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 78(2), 219-224
Essential and toxic elements concentrations in animal tissues of sheep from two different regions of Slovakia
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-09-23 | Accepted: 2020-10-05 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.217-223Animal products and meat from farm animals are consumed daily and it is very good source of animal proteins, but consumer´s information about exposure to heavy metals in meat and it´s health risk is in general low. The main goal of the present work was to determine essential and toxic elements in offal and meat of sheep from two different regions of Slovakia with different environmental load. In present study 11 elements (essential elements: calcium, zinc, magnesium, selenium, iron, copper; toxic elements: arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel) have been analysed. Statistically significant differences (P <0.01) were noted between the concentrations of Ca, Zn, Cu in the liver, Zn and Se in the kidneys of animals, Ca, and Mg in muscle. In the liver of sheep, statistically significant differences (P <0.05) was detected in concentration of Fe and in the case concentration of Se in the mammary gland and muscle of animals. Chemical analyses between the control and experimental group of animals indicated increased concentrations of Cd in the liver and kidney of animals in both monitored groups, which exceeded the maximum residual limit. Results of this also showed statistically significant correlations between some elements in animal tissue samples.Keywords: tissues, sheep, essential elements, toxic elementsReferencesBILANDŽIĆ, N., ĐOKIĆ, M. and SEDAK, M. (2010). Survey of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead in kidney of cattle, horse, sheep, and pigs from rural areas in Croatia. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 3, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.503194BLANCO-PENEDO, I., CRUZ, J.M., LÓPEZ-ALONSO, M., MIRANDA, M., CASTILLO, C. and HERNÁNDEZ, J. (2006). Influence of copper status on the accumulation of toxic and essential metals in cattle. Environment International, 32(7), 901– 906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.012CAI, Q., LONG, M.L., ZHU, M., ZHOU, Q.Z., ZHANG, L. and LIU, J. (2009). Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead-zinc smelter in Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 157(11), 3078–3082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.048CHEN, H., GIRI, N.C., ZHANR, R., YAMANE, Y., ZHANG, X., MARONEY, M. and COSTA, M. (2017). Nickel ions inhibit histone demethylase JMJD1A and DNA repais enzyme ABH2 by replacing the ferrous iron in the catalyst centres. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292(10), 7374–7383. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.058503COSTA, M., SALNIKOW, K., SUTHERLAND, J.E., BORDAY, W., PENG, Q., ZHANG, X. and KLUTZ, T. (2002). The role of oxidative stress in nickel and chromate genotoxicity. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 234, 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015909127833DAS, K.K., DAS, S.N. and DHUNDASI, S.A. (2008). Nickel, its adverse health effects, and oxidative stress. Indian Journal of Medicine Research, 128, 412–425.EL-BOSHY, M.E. (2015). Protective effects of selenium against cadmium induced haematological disturbance, immunosuppressive, oxidative stress and hepatorenal damage in rats. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 29, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.009EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/SK/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006R1881&from=ENGERBER, N., BROGIOLI, R., HATTENDORF, B., SCHEEDER, M.R.L., WENK, C. and GÜNTHER, D. (2009). Variability of selected trace elements of different meat cuts determined by ICP- MS and DRC-ICPMS. 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Selenium and 17 other largely essential and toxic metals in muscle and organ meats of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) – Consequences to human health. Environment International, 37(5), 882–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.017LAVERY, T.J., BUTTERFIELD, N., KEMPER, C.M., REID, R.J. and SANDERSON, K. (2004). Metals and selenium in the liver and bone of three dolphin species from South Australia, 1988–2004. Science of the Total Environment, 390(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.016LÓPEZ ALONSO, M., PRIETO MONTAÑA, F., MIRANDA, M., CASTILLO, C., HERNÁNDEZ, J. and LUIS BENEDITO, J. (2004). Interactions between toxic (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) and nutritional essential (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn) elements in the tissues of cattle from NW Spain. Biometals, 17(4), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOM.0000029434.89679.a2McLACHLAN, D.J., BUDD, K., CONNOLLY, J., DERRICK, J., PERNOSE, L. and TOBIN, T. (2016). Arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle in Australian sheep. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 50, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.015OKAREH, O.T. (2015). Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Tissues and Organs of Slaughtered Cattle from Akinyele Central Abattoir, Ibadan. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(11),124–129.OLLSON, I.M., JONSSON, S. and OSKARSON, A. (2010). Cadmium and zinc in kidney, liver, muscle, and mammary tissue form dairy cows in conventional and organic farming. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3(5), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1039/B104506GOYMAK, T., IBRAHIM ULUSOY, H., HASTAOGLU, E., YILMAZ, V. and YILDIRIM, S. (2017). Some heavy metal contents of various slaughtered cattle tissues in Sivas-Turkey. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, 4(3), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.292601ROGGEMAN, S., de BOECK, G., DE COCK, H., BLUST, R. and BERVOETS, L. (2014). Accumulation and detoxification of metals and arsenic in tissues of cattle (Bos taurus), and the risks for human consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 466– 467:175–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.007SLAMEČKA, J., JURČÍK, R., TATARUCH, F. and PEŠKOVIČOVÁ, D. (1994). Kumulácia ťažkých kovov v orgánoch zajaca poľného (Lepus europaeus, Pall.) na juhozápadnom Slovensku. Feolia Venatoria, 24, 77–87.SUTTLE, N.F. (2010). Mineral nutrition of livestock. 4th edition. UK: CABI, Oxford.TOMZA-MARCINIAK, A., PILARCZYK, B., BAKOWSKA, M., PILARCZYK, R., WÓJCIK, J. and MARCINIAK, A. (2011). Relationship between selenium and selected heavy metals concentration in serum of cattle form a nonpolluted area. Biological Trace Element Research, 144(1–3), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9075-0TUNEGOVÁ, M., TOMAN, R. and TANČIN, V. (2016). Heavy metals – Environmental contaminants and their occurrence in different types of milk. Slovak Journal of Animal Sciences, 49(3), 122–131.TUNEGOVÁ, M., TOMAN, R., TANČIN, V. and JANÍČEK, M. (2018). Occurrence of selected metals in feed and sheep´s milk from areas with different environmental burden. Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 12(1), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.5219/920WANG, Y., OU, Y.L., LIU, Q.Y., XIE, Q., LIU, Q.F. and WU, Q. (2012). Correlation of trace element levels in the diet blood, urine and faces in the Chinese male. Biological Trace Element Research, 145(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9177-8WANG, Y., WU, Y., LUO, K., LIU, Y., UHOU, M., YAN, S., SHI, H. and CAI, Y. (2013). The protective effects of selenium on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via mitochondria pathway in mice kidney. 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Early training of hens: effects on the animal distribution in an aviary system
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-23 | Accepted 2020-08-12 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.269-275The study aimed at evaluating if the training of hens at their arrival in the production farm affected the distribution of animals in the aviary. Training consisted in raising by hand animals found on litter after turning off the light during the first two weeks. A total of 1,800 hens, aged 17 weeks, were allocated in 8 pens of the aviary and assigned to the trained or untrained groups. From 18 to 26 weeks of age, two operators recorded the number of animals on the different parts of the aviary at two observation hours (morning and afternoon). The training decreased the rate of hens on the floor (23.5% vs. 24.5%; P<0.05) and increased the rate of those on the third level (9.26% vs. 8.73%). The rate of animals on the floor (24.4% vs. 23.6%; P=0.05) and on the second tiers (36.9% vs. 33.2%; P<0.001) was significantly higher at morning hours compared to afternoon, whereas the rate of animals on the first tiers (29.6% to 33.7%; P<0.001) and on the perches of the third level (8.84% to 9.25%; P<0.05) was lower. As the age advanced, the rate of hens on the floor significantly increased (21% to 25% from week 18 to 26); animals at the first tiers decreased from week 18 (35.3%) to weeks 20-25 to reach the minimum value at week 26 (27.9%); differences in animals on the second tiers were erratic; rate of animals on the third level was the lowest (7.13%) at week 18 and the highest (11.7%) at week 26.Keywords: aviary, laying hens, space use, nest lighting, observation hourReferencesAli, A. et al. (2016). Influence of genetic strain and access to litter on special distribution of 4 strains of laying hens in an aviary system. Poultry Science, 95, 2489–2502. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew236Ali, A. et al. (2019a). Daytime occupancy of resources and flooring types by 4 laying hen strains in a commercial-style aviary. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 31, 59–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.03.010Ali, A. et al. (2019b). Later exposure to perches and nests reduces individual hens’ occupancy of vertical space in an aviary and increases force of falls at night. Poultry Science, 98, 6251–6262. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez506Appleby, M.C. et al. (1984). The effect of light on the choice of nests by domestic hens. Applied Animal Ethology, 11, 249–254. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3762(84)90031-2Brendler, C. and Shrader, L. (2016). Perch use by laying hens in aviary systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 182, 9–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.06.002Channing, C. et al. (2001). Spatial distribution and behaviour of laying hens housed in an alternative system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72, 335–345. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00206-9Colson, S. et al. (2007). Motivation to dust-bathe of laying hens housed in cages and in aviaries. Animal, 1, 433–437. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731107705323HY-LINE BROWN (2016). Alternative Systems, Management Guide. Hy-Line International, 49 p.Hunniford, M.E. et al. (2014). Evidence of competition for nest sites by laying hens in large furnished cages, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 161, 95–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.08.005Hunniford, M.E. and WidowskI, T.M. (2016). Rearing environment and laying location affect pre-laying behaviour in enriched cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 181, 205–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.013Hunniford, M.E. and Widowski, T.M. (2017). Nest alternatives: Adding a wire partition to the scratch area affects nest use and nesting behaviour of laying hens in furnished cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 186, 29–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.10.018Hunniford, M.E. et al. (2017). Nesting behavior of Hy-Line hens in modified enriched colony cages. Poultry Science, 96, 1515–1523. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew436Janczak, A.M. and Riber, A.B. (2015). Review of rearing-related factors affecting the welfare of laying hens. Poultry Science, 94,1454–1469. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev123Kjaer, J.B., and Vestergaar, K.S. (1999). Development of feather pecking in relation to light intensity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62, 243–254. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00217-2Kruschwitz, A. et al. (2008). Prelaying behaviour of laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in different free range settings. Archiv für Geflügelkunde72, 84–89.Li, G. et al. (2018). Design and evaluation of a lighting preference test for laying hens. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 147, 118–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.01.024Ma, H. et al. (2016). Assessment of lighting needs by W36 laying hens via preference test. Animal 10, 671–680. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731115002384Maclachlan, S.S. et al. (2020). Influence of later exposure to perches and nests on flock level distribution of hens in an aviary system during lay. Poultry Science, 99, 30–38. DOI: /10.3382/ps/pez524Mathews, W. and Sumner, D. (2014). Effects of housing system on the costs of commercial egg production. Poultry Science, 94, 552–557. DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu011Odén, K. et al. (2002). Behaviour of laying hens in two types of aviary systems on 25 commercial farms in Sweden. British Poultry Science, 43, 169–181. DOI: 10.1080/00071660120121364Oliveira, J.L. et al. (2019). Effects of litter floor access and inclusion of experienced hens in aviary housing on floor eggs, litter condition, air quality, and hen welfare. Poultry Science, 98, 1664–1677. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey525Sibanda, T.Z. et al. (2020). Flock use of the range is associated with the use of different components of a multi-tier aviary system in commercial free-range laying hens. British Poultry Science, 61, 97–106. 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Animal Reproduction Science, 183, 21–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.006
Effects of THI changes on milk production and composition of three dairy cattle farms in Mugello from 2010 to 2018: a preliminary study
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-03 | Accepted 2020-09-09 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.167-173Global warming is already affecting several areas and a further increase of 1.5°C is expected by 2050. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to high temperature. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits, considering changes of climatic parameters in the different seasons from 2010 to 2018. The study was conducted in 3 farms located in a hilly-mountainous area of Tuscany, the Mugello, situated from 220 to 450 m above sea level. Data on average daily milk yield and composition were monthly collected in the 3 farms from 2010 to 2018, while climatic parameters were recorded by a climatic station located in the area of the farms. As regards the climatic parameters, no significant variations have been observed in the last decade. The THI calculated thanks to the recording of temperature and humidity of the weather station, during the warmest months, was high enough to cause heat stress. The milk quality traits declined when THI increased. In conclusion, there was not any evidence that global warming has been affecting Mugello, but, despite its altitude, high THI usually reached during spring and summer seasons are already high enough to cause heat stress and a further increase could worsen farm productivity.Keywords: climate change, milk quality, heat stress, dairy cowReferencesAmamou, H. et al. (2019). Thermotolerance indicators related to production and physiological responses to heat stress of Holstein cows. Journal of Thermal Biology, 82, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.016André, G. et al. (2011). Quantifying the effect of heat stress on daily milk yield and monitoring dynamic changes using an adaptive dynamic model. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(9), 4502–4513. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4139Bartolini, G. et al. (2012). Mediterranean warming is especially due to summer season. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107, 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0481-1Baumgard, L. H. and Rhoads, R. P. (2007). The effects of hyperthermia on nutrient partitioning. In: Proceedings of Cornell Nutrition Conference, Ithaca, New York, 93–104.Bertocchi, L. et al. (2014). Seasonal variations in the composition of Holstein cow’s milk and temperature-humidity index relationship. Animal, 8(4), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000032Bohmanova, J., Misztal, I. and Cole, J. B. (2007). Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(4), 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-513Bouraoui, R. et al. (2002). The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research, 51(6), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2002036Das, R. et al. (2016). Impact of heat stress on health and performance of dairy animals: A review. Veterinary World, 9(3), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.260-268Fabris, T. F. et al. (2019). Effect of heat stress during early, late, and entire dry period on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(6), 5647–5656. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15721Gauly, M. and Ammer, S. (2020). Review: Challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate changes. Animal, 14(S1), S196–S203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003239Hossein-Zadeh, N. G., Mohit, A. and Azad, N. (2013). Effect of temperature-humidity index on productive and reproductive performances of Iranian Holstein cows. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 14(2), 106-112. https://dx.doi.org/10.22099/ijvr.2013.1583Herbut, P., Angrecka, S. and Godyń, D. (2018). Effect of the duration of high air temperature on cow’s milking performance in moderate climate conditions. Annals of Animal Science, 18(1), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0017Javed, K. et al. (2004). Environmental factors affecting milk yield in Friesian cows in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 24, 4-7.Polsky, L. and von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2017). Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(11), 8645–8657. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12651Renaudeau, D. et al. (2012). Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production. Animal, 6(5), 707–728. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111002448Rhoads, M. L. et al. (2009). Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(5), 1986–1997. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1641Rojas-Downing, M. M. et al. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16, 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001Silanikove, N. and Koluman, D. N. (2015). Impact of climate change on the dairy industry in temperate zones: Predications on the overall negative impact and on the positive role of dairy goats in adaptation to earth warming. Small Ruminant Research, 123(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.005Spiers, D. E., et al. (2004). Use of physiological parameters to predict milk yield and feed intake in heat-stressed dairy cows. Journal of Thermal Biology, 29(7-8 SPEC. ISS.), 759–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.051Thornton, P. K. et al. (2009). The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agricultural Systems, 101(3), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002Zampieri, M. et al. (2016). Global assessment of heat wave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 1330–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008
A new systemic approach to characterize agroecological systems
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-27 | Accepted 2020-08-20 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.319-325The agricultural models put in place to meet food demand in the 1950s are now showing their limits. Strong impacts on the environment or animal welfare issues require a change in the agricultural model. Agroecology is a response to these ecological and societal crises. The theoretical definition of this agricultural model is explained in literature. However, it remains important to clarify what is an agroecological farm in the field: how does the farming system work? Which indicators are used? What are the worldviews of the farmers? For that, systemic approach can be useful. The aim of this article is to advance a fuller understanding of the management of agroecological systems in the field through a new systemic approach. A new definition of the systemic approach is proposed with three pillars (functioning system, decision-making system and thinking system) to allow a more detailed analysis of production systems by using a specific method, crossing biotechnical sciences, humanities and social sciences. Consideration of all three pillars can explain what an agroecological system is in practice, with identification of specific indicators and worldview.Keywords: systemic approach, agroecology, thinking system, functioning system, decision-making systemReferencesALTIERI, M. and PIMPERT, M. P. (1986). L’agroécologie: bases scientifiques d’une agriulture alternative. Debard.ALTIERI, M. (1995). Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd ED. Westvies Press. Boulder, Colorado.BEAVER, A., PROUDFOOT, K. L. and VON KEYSERLINGK, M. A. (2020). Symposium review: Considerations for the future of dairy cattle housing: An animal welfare perspective. 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Different animal welfare orientations towards some key research areas of current relevance to pastoral dairy farming in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.958117WEZEL, A. and PEETERS, A. (2014). Agroecology and herbivore farming systems – principles and practices. Options Meditérranéennes A, 109(7), 753-767
Assessment of genetic drift and migration in six cattle breeds
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-22 | Accepted 2020-07-25 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.46-51Slovak Spotted cattle represents an endangered breed with cultural importance in Slovakia. The study was based on the panel of 34,604 SNPs that were used for genotyping of 451 individuals. We used a combination of two arrays Illumina BovineSNP50v2 BeadChip and ICBF International Dairy and Beef v3, for estimation of gene flow and genetic drift. Based on the admixture results, a gene flow network across the analysed breeds was created. Our result showed that the Jersey population was involved in the grading-up of the analysed breeds. Analysed breeds were not confirmed to influence genetic make-up of Jersey. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis of the six cattle breeds revealed that Jersey is separated from the others. In contrast, the other breeds showed a close relationship with each other according to the maximum‐likelihood tree. Migration edges reached weight values below 0.2, apart the one observed among the Ayrshire/Swiss Simmental breeds into Jersey (0.4), reflecting that the donor population has made a significant contribution to the recipient population.Keywords: Bayesian Population Structure Analysis, genetic drift, gene flow, Slovak Spotted, TreeMixReferencesASSOCIATION OF SLOVAK SPOTTED CATTLE BREEDERS – COOPERATIVE (2020). HISTORY OF BREED ORIGIN, Year 2020. ASSOCIATION OF SLOVAK SPOTTED CATTLE BREEDERS – COOPERATIVE, Retrieved Jun 11, 2020 from https://www.simmental.sk/o-plemene/historia-vzniku-plemena.htmlBanks, S.C., Cary, G.J., Smith, A.L., Davies, I.D., Driscoll, D.A. Gill, A.M., Lindenmayer, D.B., Peakall, R. (2013). How does ecological disturbance influence genetic diversity? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(11), 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.08.005Bulla, J., Polák, P., Chrenek, P. (2013). Pinzgauer cattle in Slovakia. Slovak J. Anim. 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BMC genomics, 16(1), 677.Karimi, K., Strucken, E.M., Moghaddar, N., Ferdosi, M.H., Esmailizadeh, A., Gondro, C. (2016). Local and global patterns of admixture and population structure in Iranian native cattle. BMC Genet 17, 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-016-0416-zKasarda, R., Moravčíková, N., Trakovická, A., Mészáros, G., Kadlečík, O. (2015). GENOME-WIDE SELECTION SIGNATURES IN PINZGAU CATTLE. Potravinarstvo, 9 (1), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.5219/478Kasprzak-Filipek, K. Sawicka-Zugaj, W., Litwinczuk, Z., Chabuz, W., Šveistienė, R., Bulla, J. (2019). Assessment of the genetic structure of Central European cattle breeds based on functional gene polymorphism, Global Ecology and Conservation, 17, e00525, ISSN 2351-9894Kijas, J.W., Townley, D., Dalrymple, B.P., Heaton, M.P., Maddox, J.F., McGrath, A., Wilson, P., Ingersoll, R.G., McCulloch, R., McWilliam, S., Tang, D., McEwan,J., Cockett, N., Oddy, V.H., Nicholas, F.W., Raadsma, H. (2009). 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Molecular and population genetics tools for farm animal genetic resources conservation: brief overview. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 48, 95–102.Troy, C. S., MacHugh, D.E., Bailey, J.F., Magee, D.A., Loftus, R.T., Cunningham, P., Chamberlain, A.T., Sykes, B.C., Bradley, D.G. et al (2001). Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origins of European cattle. Nature, 410,1088–1109Upadhyay M., Bortoluzzi C., Barbato M., Marsan P.A., Colli L., Ginja C., Sonstegard, T.S., Bosse, M., Lenstra, J.A., Groenen, M.A.M., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A. et al. (2019). Deciphering the patterns of genetic admixture and diversity in southern European cattle using Genome-wide SNPs. Evol Appl. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111); 2019.Wright, S. (1929). The evolution of dominance. Am. Nat. 63, 556–561.
Index selection as a key in the selection process for pigs
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-30 | Accepted 2020-08-09 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.74-78Farrowing records of the Duroc, Hampshire and Pietrain breed were analysed by means of a three-trait repeatability animal model. The examined traits were number of piglets born alive (NBA), number of weaned piglets (NWE) and litter weight at weaning (LWWE). Heritability estimates were 0.10, 0.08 and 0.12 for NBA, NWE and LWWE, respectively. The ratios of the permanent environmental variance to the phenotypic variance were 0.08, 0.05 and 0.03 for NBA, NWE and LWWE, respectively. Using the estimated breeding values a desired index was constructed in order to improve each trait by one additive genetic standard deviation. NWE and NBA have a high correlation and range within breeds from 0.87 to 0.91, but LWWE had poor to moderate correlation with NBA and NWE (0.13 to 0.59). Animals ranking based on index showed better genetic merit for Duroc breed and the index scores ranged from 49.77 to 186.56. In the case of Hampshire and Pietrain breeds somewhat lower index scores (30.92 to 165.97) were observed. The estimated genetic trend for NBA was highest for the Pietrain breed (0.02), but for Duroc and Hampshire breeds the estimates were zero and negative (-0.01). For NWE the estimated genetic trends were practically zero for Duroc and Pietrain breeds and it was 0.02 for Pietrain. LWWE showed highest genetic trend for Duroc breed (0.17) but it was lower (0.09) for Pietrain and and negative (-0.24) for Hampshire.Keywords: pig, selection, breeding value, desired gain index, aggregate genotypeReferencesBrascamp E.W. (1984). Selection indices with constraints. Animal Breeding Abstracts 52, 645-654.Groeneveld E, Kovac M, Mielenz N. (2008). VCE User’s guide and reference manual. Version 6.0. Neustadt, Germany: Institute of Farm Genetics; p. 1–125.Groeneveld E. (1990). PEST Users’ manual. Institute of animal husbandry and animal behaviour Neustadt: Federal Research Centre.Hamann, H., Steinheuer, R., & Distl, O. (2004). Estimation of genetic parameters for litter size as a sow and boar trait in German herdbook Landrace and Pietrain swine. Livestock Production Science, 85(2-3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00135-0Hungarian Pig Breeders Association (2017). Pig performance testing code. Budapest, 1-39.Chen, P., Baas, T. J., Mabry, J. W., Koehler, K. J., & Dekkers, J. C. M. (2003). Genetic parameters and trends for litter traits in US Yorkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, and Landrace pigs. Journal of animal science, 81(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81146xIrgang, R., Favero, J. A., & Kennedy, B. W. (1994). Genetic parameters for litter size of different parities in Duroc, Landrace, and Large White sows. Journal of Animal Science, 72(9), 2237-2246. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.7292237xNagy, I. (2017). Quantitative genetic studies in multiparous species. DSc. Thesis. 1-150.Nath, M., Singh, B.P., Kataria, M.C. Singh, R.V. (2002). MIX: A software for construction of multi-trait selection index. In: Proc. of the 7th World’s Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. August 19–23, 2002, Montpellier, France.Skorupski, M. T., Garrick, D. J., & Blair, H. T. (1996). Estimates of genetic parameters for production and reproduction traits in three breeds of pigs. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(3), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1996.9513198
Grass intake and meat oxidative status of geese reared in three different agroforestry systems
Get PDFThe agroforestry system could be considered a dynamic management of the natural resource based on the integration of trees with crops or livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the grass intake and the oxidative status of meat of geese reared in three different agroforestry systems: apple orchard (AO), olives trees (OT) and vineyard (V). Eighty one-day old Romagnola geese of both sexes were divided in four homogeneous groups: control (C), with indoor density of 5 geese/m2 and without pasture access, and the three agroforestry systems (AO, OT, V), with 1 hectare of pasture each. The geese were reared inside a poultry house until 20 days of age. At 21 days of age the animals belonging to AO, OT and V were allowed to outdoor access (pasture), whereas geese of the C group were kept indoor. At 150 days of age, the geese were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. After 24 h of storage at +4°C the breast and drumstick muscles were analysed to determine the fatty acid profile, the antioxidants content and the oxidative status. All the data were statistically analysed with ANOVA. The results showed that the grazing activity of geese improved the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content, the n-6/n-3 ratio and the antioxidant content, especially in geese kept in the agroforestry systems enriched with trees (AO and OT). Indeed, the presence of trees make animals feel protected and stimulated them to explore the pasture and consequently to consume more grass. However, the best oxidative status was exhibited by the C geese. In the other groups the higher antioxidants intake through grass was not able to counteract the higher oxidative thrust and consequently, the meat of outdoor reared geese was characterized by a worst oxidative status. Further research is needed to identify new possible strategies to increase the antioxidant content in the muscle in order to reduce the lipid oxidation.Keywords: geese, agroforestry system, PUFA, oxidative statusReferencesBACH, E. et al. (2020). Soil biodiversity integrates solutions for a sustainable future. Sustainability, 12(7), 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072662BROOM, D. M. (2019). Animal welfare complementing or conflicting with other sustainability issues. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 219, 104829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.06.010CARTONI MANCINELLI, A. et al. (2019). Rearing Romagnola geese in vineyard: pasture and antioxidant intake, performance, carcass and meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1530960CARTONI MANCINELLI, A. et al. (2020). Performance, behavior, and welfare status of six different organically reared poultry genotypes. 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