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The maintenance of genetic diversity in a local cattle breed through optimal contribution selection
No full textSubmitted 2020-07-24 | Accepted 2020-09-09 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.287-295The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimum contribution selection (OCS) in a small native cattle breed. In practical animal breeding, the genetic improvement is often accompanied by an increase of inbreeding level due to the preferential use of closely related animals, particularly in small populations. This may lead to a reduction of genetic variability and to detrimental effects on some traits. The OCS maximizes the genetic merit of newborns while putting a restriction on the average relationship of the current generation. Despite the benefits, OCS has not been widely applied in practical breeding plans yet. This study considered the effects of OCS in the dual-purpose Rendena cattle, by applying different penalties to the average relationship of current generation (from 0 to -100,000). The OCS was applied on the candidate bull-dams and bull-sires for the years 2014 to 2019, and compared with simulations of random mating, traditional selection and mating system used by the breeders association. Considering the mating of 2014 and 2015, OCS allowed to obtain a predicted offspring with lower genetic merit than in traditional selection, but also with a lower inbreeding. When OCS was routinely introduced in the breed, in 2016, a reduction in genetic merit but also a consistent reduction in the average relatedness and inbreeding rate were observed. Subsequent years showed the actual effects of the OCS program: after the introduction of the optimization, the inbreeding rate did not increase over years. Moreover, the traditional mating system results were suboptimal in respect to OCS simulations. The study confirmed the benefit of OCS as effective tool for long-term preservation of small local breeds under selection, which is important for biodiversity and sustainable use of the genetic resources.Keywords: optimal contribution selection, native cattle, small population, inbreeding, RendenaReferencesBerg, P., Nielsen, J. and Sørensen, M. K. (2006). EVA: Realized and predicted optimal genetic contributions. In Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 13-18 August, 2006 (pp. 27-09). http://www.wcgalp8.org.brBiscarini, F. et al. (2015). Challenges and opportunities in genetic improvement of local livestock breeds. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00033Clark, S. A. et al. (2013). The effect of genomic information on optimal contribution selection in livestock breeding programs. Genetics Selection Evolution, 45(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-45-44Gandini, G. et al. (2014). Selection with inbreeding control in simulated young bull schemes for local dairy cattle breeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(3), 1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7184Gorjanc, G. and Hickey, J. M. (2018). AlphaMate: a program for optimizing selection, maintenance of diversity and mate allocation in breeding programs. Bioinformatics, 34(19), 3408-3411. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty375Gourdine, J. L., Sørensen A. C. and Rydhmer, L. (2012). There is room for selection in a small local pig breed when using optimum contribution selection: a simulation study. Journal of Animal Science, 90(1), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-3898Guzzo, N., Sartori, C. and Mantovani, R. (2018). Heterogeneity of variance for milk, fat and protein yield in small cattle populations: The Rendena breed as a case study. Livestock Science, 213, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.002Hasler, H. et al. (2011). Genetic diversity in an indigenous horse breed–implications for mating strategies and the control of future inbreeding. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 128(5), 394-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00932.xHenryon, M. et al. (2015). Most of the long-term genetic gain from optimum-contribution selection can be realised with restrictions imposed during optimisation. Genetics Selection Evolution, 47(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-015-0107-7Kjetså, M. H. (2016). Optimal Contribution Selection Applied to the Norwegian Cheviot Sheep Population. Master's thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2399694Kettunen, A. and Berg, P. (2017). Faroese Horse: Population status & conservation possibilities. urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-5822Kohl, S., Wellmann, R. and Herold, P. (2020). Advanced optimum contribution selection as a tool to improve regional cattle breeds: a feasibility study for Vorderwald cattle. Animal, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001484Leroy, G. (2014). Inbreeding depression in livestock species: review and meta‐analysis. Animal Genetics, 45(5), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12178Meuwissen, T. H. E. (1997). Maximizing the response of selection with a predefined rate of inbreeding. Journal of Animal Science, 75(4), 934-940. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.754934xMeuwissen, T. H. E. and Luo, Z. (1992). Computing inbreeding coefficients in large populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 24(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-24-4-305Mwangi, S. I. et al. (2020). Effect of controlling future rate of inbreeding on expected genetic gain and genetic variability in small livestock populations. Animal Production Science. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19123Olsen, H. F., Meuwissen, T. and Klemetsdal, G. (2013). Optimal contribution selection applied to the Norwegian and the North‐Swedish cold‐blooded trotter–a feasibility study. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 130(3), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2012.01005.xSartori, C. et al. (2018). Genetic correlations among milk yield, morphology, performance test traits and somatic cells in dual-purpose Rendena breed. Animal, 12(5), 906-914. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002543Solé, M. et al. (2013). Implementation of Optimum Contributions Selection in endangered local breeds: the case of the Menorca Horse population. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 130(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12023Sonesson, A. K. and Meuwissen, T. H. (2000). Mating schemes for optimum contribution selection with constrained rates of inbreeding. Genetics Selection Evolution, 32(3), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1051/gse:2000116Sørensen, M. K. et al. (2008). Optimal genetic contribution selection in Danish Holstein depends on pedigree quality. Livestock Science, 118(3), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.01.027Wang, Y., Bennewitz, J. and Wellmann, R. (2017). Novel optimum contribution selection methods accounting for conflicting objectives in breeding programs for livestock breeds with historical migration. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-017-0320-7Wellmann, R., Hartwig, S. and Bennewitz, J. (2012). Optimum contribution selection for conserved populations with historic migration. Genetics Selection Evolution, 44(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-44-34Wray, N. R. and Goddard, M. E. (1994). Increasing long-term response to selection. Genetics Selection Evolution, 26(5), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-26-5-43
SIRT1 gene methylation in sperm differs in rams with high and low fertility
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-02 | Accepted 2020-09-04 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.156-161Recently, more evidences of epigenetic impact on the male fertility, particularly on sperm DNA methylation have been reported. Data related to this issue in livestock males is still limited. The present study analyzed the DNA methylation status of the important gene for spermatogenesis, SIRT1, in ram sperm and its correspondence with semen quality and fertilizing ability. The ejaculates of 10 rams (5 rams - 1.5 years old, and 5 rams - 4 years old) from Synthetic Population Bulgarian Milk breed were evaluated and used for the artificial insemination of 174 ewes in breeding season. Two semen samples from each animal were used for DNA extraction followed by bisulfite conversion. The DNA methylation status of SIRT1 was detected through quantitative methylation-specific PCR using two sets of primers designed specifically for bisulfite-converted DNA sequences to attach methylated and unmethylated sites. On the base of age and conception rate the rams were divided in different groups. Data of semen quality, DNA methylation status of SIRT1 and reproductive performances of each group were statistically processed. Results showed a high average value of DNA methylation of SIRT1 in ram sperm (78.5±23.9%) and wide individual variability among investigated animals, with a coefficient of variation of 34.4%. The 1.5 years old animals tended to have a higher level of SIRT1 methylation than 4 years old animals. The rams in group with high fertilizing ability had significantly higher DNA methylation of SIRT1 in sperm than those with low fertilizing ability. In conclusion, results of this study provided evidence that the alteration of sperm SIRT1 methylation is associated with fertility performances of the rams and, probably, with their age.Keywords: sperm DNA methylation, SIRT1, ram fertilityReferencesAHLAWAT, S. et al. (2019). Promoter methylation and expression analysis of Bvh gene in bulls with varying semen motility parameters. Theriogenology, 125, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.001ASTON, K. I. et al. (2015). Aberrant sperm DNA methylation predicts male fertility status and embryo quality. Fertility and Sterility, 104, 1388–1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019AX, R. L. et al. (2000). Semen evaluation. In: Hafez, B., Hafez, E. S. E. (Eds.), Reproduction in Farm Animals, 7 th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 365-375.BELL, E. L. et al. (2014). SirT1 is required in the male germ cell for differentiation and fecundity in mice. Development, 141(18), 3495-3504. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.110627BOISSONNAS, C. C. et al. (2013). Epigenetic disorders and male subfertility. Fertility and Sterility, 99, 624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.124CONGRAS, A. et al. (2014). Sperm DNA methylation analysis in swine reveals conserved and species-specific methylation patterns and highlights an altered methylation at theGNAS locus in infertile boars. Biology of Reproduction, 91(6), 137, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.114.119610COUSSENS, M. et al. (2008). Sirt1 Deficiency Attenuates Spermatogenesis and Germ Cell Function. PLoS ONE, 3(2), e1571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001571DONKIN, I. and BARRES, R. (2018). Sperm epigenetics and influence of environmental factors. Molecular Metabolism, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2018.02.006ISLAM, S. et al. (2020). DNA hypermethylation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) caused by betel quid chewing—a possible predictive biomarker for malignant transformation. Clinical Epigenetics, 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0806-y JENKINS, T. G. et al. (2019). Age-associated sperm DNA methylation patterns do not directly persist trans-generationally. Epigenetics & Chromatin 12,(1), NA https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-019-0323-4JING, H. and LIN, H. (2015). Sirtuins in epigenetic regulation. Chemical Reviews, 115, 2350−2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr500457hKENNEDY, D. (2012). Sheep Reproduction Basics and Conception Rates. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/sheep/facts/12-037.htmKROPP, J. et al. (2017). Male fertility status is associated with DNA methylation signatures in sperm and transcriptomic profiles of bovine preimplantation embryos. BMC Genomics, 18, 280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3673-yLAMBERT, S. et al. (2018). Spermatozoa DNA methylation patterns differ due to peripubertal age in bulls. Theriogenology, 106, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.006LAQQAN, M. et al. (2017). Alterations in sperm DNA methylation patterns of oligospermic males. Reproductive Biology, 17, 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2017.10.007LIU, C. et al. (2017). Sirt1 regulates acrosome biogenesis by modulating autophagic flux during spermiogenesis in mice. Development, 144, 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.147074MARTTILA, S. (2016). Ageing-associated Changes in Gene Expression and DNA Methylation. Academic dissertation. University of Tampere. https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98917/978-952-03-0073-9.pdfMCSWIGGIN, H. M. and O’DOHERTY, A. M. (2018). Epigenetic reprogramming during spermatogenesis and male factor infertility. Reproduction, 156, R9–R21. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-000MOLARO, A. et al. (2011). Sperm methylation profiles reveal features of epigenetic inheritance and evolution in primates. Cell, 146, 1029–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.016NAYAK, K. et al. (2016). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/491/.OAKES, C. C. et al. (2007). Developmental acquisition of genome-wide DNA methylation occurs prior to meiosis in male germ cells. Developmental Biology, 307, 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.05.002OLIVIER, W. J. (2014). Calculation of reproduction parameters. Info pack ref: AP 2014/032, Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute.PERRIER, J. P. et al. (2018). A multi-scale analysis of bull sperm methylome revealed both species peculiarities and conserved tissue-specific features. BMC Genomics, 19, 404. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4764-0RAHMAN S. and ISLAM, R. (2011). Mammalian Sirt1: insights on its biological functions. Cell Communication and Signaling, 9, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-9-11SHARAFI, M. et al. (2017). Epigenetic modulation of ram sperm during cryopreservation. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 52(S3), 133. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13026SCHAGDARSURENGIN, U. and STEGER, K. (2016). Epigenetics in male reproduction: effect of paternal diet on sperm quality and offspring health. Nature Reviews Urology, 13, 584–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2016.157SHOJAEI SAADI, H. A. et al. (2017). Genome-wide analysis of sperm DNA methylation from monozygotic twin bulls. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 29, 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd15384TAKEDA, K. et al. 2019. Age-related changes in DNA methylation levels at CpG sites in bull spermatozoa and in vitro fertilization-derived blastocyst-stage embryos revealed by combined bisulfite restriction analysis. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 65, 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2018-146TANG, Q. et al. (2017). Idiopathic male infertility and polymorphisms in the DNA methyltransferase genes involved in epigenetic marking. Scientific Reports, 7, 11219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11636-98TIBARY, A. et al. (2018). Ram and buck breeding soundness examination. Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques et Vétérinaires, 6(2), 241-255.TOLIC, A. et al. (2019). Absence of PARP‐1 affects Cxcl12 expression by increasing DNA demethylation. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23, 2610–2618. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14154URDINGUIO, R. G. et al. (2015). Aberrant DNA methylation patterns of spermatozoa in men with unexplained infertility. Human Reproduction, 30,(5), 1014–1028. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev053VERMA, A. et al. (2014). Genome-wide profiling of sperm DNA methylation in relation to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull fertility. Theriogenology, 82, 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.06.012WOLFFE, A. P. and GUSCHIN, D. (2000). Review: chromatin structural features and targets that regulate transcription. Journal of Structural Biology, 129, 102–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.2000.4217ZHOU, Y. et al. (2018). Comparative whole genome DNA methylation profiling of cattle sperm and somatic tissues reveals striking hypomethylated patterns in sperm. GigaScience, 7(5), giy039. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy039
Differences in soil organic matter and humus of sandy soil after application of biochar substrates and combination of biochar substrates with mineral fertilizers
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-13 | Accepted: 2020-05-18 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.117-124The effort to achieve the sustainable farming system in arable soil led to the intensive search for a new solution but an inspiration can also be found in the application of traditional methods of soil fertility improvement as it is shown in numerous examples in history. Recently many scientific teams have focused their attention on the evaluation of biochar effects on soil properties and crop yields. Since there are a lot of knowledge gaps, especially in explanations how biochar can affect soil organic matter (SOM) and humus substances, we aimed this study at the solution of these questions. Therefore, the objective of the experiment was to evaluate the impact of two biochar substrates (B1 – biochar blended with sheep manure, and B2 – biochar blended with sheep manure and the residue from the biogas station) at two rates (10 and 20 t ha-1) applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (Urea was applied in 2018, at rate 100 kg ha-1, and Urea at rate 100 kg ha-1 + AMOFOS NP 12-52 at 100 kg ha-1 were applied in 2019) on the quantity and quality of SOM and humus of sandy soil (Arenosol, Dolná Streda, Slovakia). The results showed that application of the biochar substrates together with mineral fertilizers (MF) had more pronounced effect on the organic matter mineralization in the sandy soil which resulted in low accumulation of soil organic carbon (Corg) and labile carbon compared to biochar substrates treatments without MF. The share of humic substances in Corg significantly decreased by 16, 50, 16 and 24% in B1 at 10 t ha-1, B1 at 20 t ha-1, B2 at 10 t ha-1 and B2 at 20 t ha-1 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. A similar tendency was observed for biochar substrates treatments + MF, compared to MF control. The carbon content of humic substances (CHS) was equal to 4.40 – 5.80 g kg-1 and the biochar substrates had statistically significant influence on CHS content. On average, there was a smaller decrease of CHS in B1 at rate 10 t ha-1 than at rate 20 t ha-1 and no effect of B2 compared to control. The carbon content of fulvic acid (CFA) was 9% higher in B1 at 10 t ha-1, and 20 t ha-1, 47% higher in B2 at 10 t ha-1 and 17% higher in B2 at 20 t ha-1 compared to control. As a result of biochar substrates + MF application, the reduction in CFA was observed. The results showed a decrease of CHA : CFA ratio with association to biochar substrates alone application compared to control on one hand, and a wider of CHA : CFA ratio in biochar substrates + MF treatments in comparison to MF control on the other hand. Humus stability was increased in biochar substrates alone treatments compared to control, on the other hand, compared to MF control, the application of biochar substrates + MF resulted in a lower humus stability.Keywords: carbon sequestration, humus quality, Arenosol, biochar, EffecoReferencesBALASHOV, E. and BUCHKINA, N. (2011). Impact of shortand long-term agricultural use of chernozem on its quality indicators. International Agrophysics, 25(1), 1–5.BRADY, B. G. and WEIL, R. R. (1999). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 12 ed. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Inc. Simons and & Schuster A viacon Company.BUCHKINA, N. P. et al. (2017). Changes in biological and physical parameters of soils with different texture after biochar application. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya (Agricultural Biology), 52(3), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2017.3.471engCHENG, H. et al. (2016). Biochar stimulates the decomposition of simple organic matter and suppresses the decomposition of complex organic matter in a sandy loam soil. GCB Bioenergy, 9(6), 1110–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12402DEVINE, S. et al. (2014). Soil aggregates and associated organic matter under conventional tillage, no-tillage, and forest succession after three decades. PLoS One, 9(1), e84988. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084988EL-NAGGAR, A. et al. (2019). Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma, 337, 536–554.FISCHER, D. and GLASER, B. (2012). Synergisms between compost and biochar for sustainable soil amelioration. In Management of Organic Waste. Rijeka: Tech Europe (pp. 167–198).GAIDA, A.M. et al. (2013). Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied. International Agrophysics, 27, 133–141. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0078-7GLASER, B. and BIRK, J. J. (2012). State of the scientific knowledge on properties and genesis of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta de ´ındio). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 82, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gca.2010.11.029GONDEK, K. and MIERZWA-HERSZTEK, M. (2017). Effect of thermal conversion of municipal sewage sludge on the content of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn and phytotoxicity of biochars. Journal of Elementology, 22(2), 427–435. https://dx.doi.org/10.5601/ jelem.2016.21.1.1116GRISHINA, L. G. (1986). Humus formation and humic state of soils. Moscow: MGU. In Russian.HORÁK, J. et al. (2017). Biochar and biochar with N-fertilizer affect soil N2 O emission in Haplic Luvisol. Biologia, 72(9), 995– 1001. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2017-0109HORÁK, J. et al. (2020). Biochar – an Important Component Ameliorating the Productivity of Intensively Used Soils. 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Agriculture (Poľnohospodárstvo), 63(2), 74–85. https:// doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0007LI, H. et al. (2015). Effect of biochar on organic matter conservation and metabolic quotient of soil. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 34, 1467–1472. https://doi. org/10.1002/ep.12122LOGINOW, W. et al. (1987). Fractionation of organic carbon based on susceptibility to oxidation. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 20, 47–52.MARSCHNERA, B. and KALBITZ, K. (2003). Controls of bioavailability and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in soils. Geoderma, 113(3-4), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00362-2MIERZWA-HERSZTEK, M. et al. (2018). Biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative humus compounds parameters. Soil Science Annual, 69(4), 234–242. https://dx.doi. org/10.2478/ssa-2018-0024POLÁKOVÁ, N. et al. (2018). 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Chemical and physicochemical properties of soil humic hubstances as an indicator of anthropogenic changes in ecosystems (localities Báb and Dolná Malanta). Nitra: SUA. In Slovak.TIAN, K. et al. (2015). Effects of long-term fertilization and residue management on soil organic carbon changes in paddy soils of China: a meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 204, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agee.2015.02.008TRUPIANO, D. et al. (2017). The Effects of Biochar and Its Combination with Compost on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Growth, Soil Properties, and Soil Microbial Activity and Abundance. Hindawi International Journal of Agronomy, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3158207VÁCHALOVÁ, R. KOLÁŘ, L. and MUCHOVÁ, Z. (2016). Primary soil organic matter and humus, two componets of soil organic matter. Nitra: SUA. In Czech and Slovak.WHITMAN, T. et al. (2015). Priming effects in biocharamended soils: Implications of biochar-soil organic matter interactions for carbon storage. 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Growth of beef cattle as prediction for meat production: A review
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-12-12 | Accepted: 2020-03-09 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.58-69Increased interest in the breeding of beef cows results from the trends of society, especially in the consumption of quality raw materials of animal origin. Breeding of beef cattle is often encountered as part of a modern rural lifestyle. The good growth ability of calves is a decisive factor in the profitability of breeding of suckling cows and decides on the breeder‘s satisfaction in setting purchase prices. This quantity is expressed mainly by the average daily gains and the live weight of calves under one year of age. In addition to the achieved weight of beef, is very important shaping of individual body parts representing the most valuable meat parts of animal, to which the body measurements of sires must correspond. Weight gains point to the degree of adaptation of a specific breed to the farming conditions. Equally, the genetic basis of an individual influences the achieved weight of animal. Genetic improvement of meat performance depends on breeding programs that exploit genetic variability between breeds and within the breed. Moreover, the breeding conditions and animal handling could influence the increasing of live weight. Breeding efficiency will always be a summary of factors that determine the own cost and the purchase price of weaned calves. In view of the above, this review is focuses on the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the growth characteristics of different cattle breeds as well as its relationship with slaughter characteristics.Keywords: body measurements, body weight, breed, factor, growth characteristicsReferencesALBERTÍ, P. et al. (2005). Carcass characterization of seven Spanish beef breeds slaughtered at two commercial weights. Meat Science, 71(3), 514–521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.04.033ALBERTÍ, P. et al. (2008). 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Performance evaluation of induced mutant lines of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-01-12 | Accepted: 2020-03-02 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.70-77 Present investigation was carried out to explore the possibility of inducing genetic variability for yield and yield contributing traits in well-adapted variety PU-19 of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) following mutagenesis with methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), sodium azide (SA) and hydrazine hydrate (HZ). A considerable increase in mean values for fertile branches per plant, pods per plant and total plant yield was noticed among the mutant lines in M4 and M5 generations. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield components were also recorded to be higher compared to control. MMS followed by SA and HZ showed highest mutagenic potential for improving total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. Treatment concentration 0.3% was found to be most effective in generating significant increase in total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. The increased genetic variability for yield and yield components indicates the ample scope of selection for superior mutants in subsequent generations due to preponderance of additive gene action.Keywords: black gram, mutagenesis, chemical mutagens, genetic variability, yield componentsReferences AHLOOWALIA, B., MALUSZYNSKI, M. and NICHTERLEIN, K.(2004). Global impacts of mutation derived varieties. Euphytica, 135, 187. ANNUAL REPORT (2016–2017). In: Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Directorate of Pulses Development, Vindhyachal Bhavan, India. AUTI, S. G. (2012). Induced morphological and quantitative mutants in mungbean. Biorem. Biodiv. Bioavail., 6 (Special Issue), 27-39. BHATIA, C. R. and SWAMINATHAN, M. S. (1962). 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Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola to fungicides in Slovakia
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-03-04 | Accepted: 2020-05-01 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.147-154The fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. is the one of the most important pathogens on the sugar beet. The frequent application of fungicides with the same mode of action increase a risk of development of resistant strains of the pathogen. Occurrence of C. beticola resistant strains has been never researched in Slovakia. In this work, C. beticola isolates were collected from 10 localities of Slovakia and analysed for fungicide resistance in laboratory conditions. Nine fungicides with different mode of action were tested – trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole, kresoxim-methyl + epoxiconazole, azoxystrobin + cyproconazole, thiophanate-methyl + tetraconazole, thiophanate-methyl, prochloraz + propiconazole, picoxystrobin, tetraconazole, and difenoconazole. The results confirmed, that occurrence of fungicide resistance in C. beticola population was established in Slovakia. Different criteria of assessment of fungicide resistance (based on EC50 and on growth rate – inhibition percentage) showed slightly different results, but both criteria confirmed resistant C. beticola strains to thiophanate-methyl, picoxystrobin and difenoconazole. Fields with higher frequency of application of these fungicides significantly supported the development of resistant strains. Assessment of any C. beticola strains have not confirmed reduced sensitivity to active ingredients tetraconazole and prochloraz + propiconazole. The lowest level of risk of fungicide resistance was confirmed in the locality Oslany. It is very important to focus on anti-resistant strategy and reduce of using fungicides on localities, where the occurrence of resistant C. beticola strains was confirmed – Dolné Saliby (thiophanate-methyl and picoxystrobin) and Senec (picoxystrobin and difenoconazole).Keywords: sugar beet, Cercospora beticola, fungicides, in vitro, resistance, SlovakiaReferences AGGARWAL, N. K. et al. (2014). Mycobiota associated with Parthenium hysterophorus isolated from North India. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 46(2), 155–160.ALMQUIST, C. et al. (2016). Disease risk assessment of sugar beet root rot using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Aphanomyces cochlioides. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 145(4), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-16-0862-5BOLTON, M. et al. (2012). Characterization of CbCyp51 from field isolates of Cercospora beticola. Phytopathology, 102(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-11-0212BOLTON, M. D. et al. (2016). RNA-sequencing of Cercospora beticola DMI-sensitive and-resistant isolates after treatment with tetraconazole identifies common and contrasting pathway induction. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 92, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2016.04.003BRILA, K. et al. (2012). Characterization of cytochrome b from European field isolates of Cercospora beticola with quinone outside inhibitor resistance. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134, 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0029-yBUDAKOV, D. et al. (2014). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates from Serbia to carbendazimand and flutriafol. Crop Protection, 66, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.09.010ČERNÝ, I. et al. (2018). Crop formation and digestion of sugar beet depending on the year and foliar application of biologically active substances and fertilizers. Listy cukrovarnické a řepařské, 134(4), 141–145.ČERNÝ, I. et al. (2019). Crop formation and digestion of sugar beet depending on the various technology of soil preparation. Listy cukrovarnické a řepařské, 135(12), 396–400.DAVIDSON, R. M. et al. (2006). Analysis of β-tubulin gene fragments from benzimidazole-sensitive and tolerant Cercospora beticola. Journal of Phytopathology, 154, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-434.2006.01080.xFORSYTH, F. R. et al. (1963). Cultural and pathogenic studies of an isolate of Cercospora beticola Sacc. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technology, 12, 485–491.FRAC. (2016). Definition of fungicide resistance. FRAC. Retrieved 2.11.2016 from http://www.frac.info/resistance-overviewGAURILČIKIENĖ, I. et al. (2006). Epidemic progress of Cercospora beticola Sacc. in Beta vulgaris L. under different conditions and cultivar resistance. Biologija, 4, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.vi4.698GIANNOPOLITIS, C. N. (1978). Occurrence of strains of Cercospora beticola resistant to triphenyltin fungicides in Greece. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 205–208.GRASSO, V. et al. (2006). Characterization of the cytochrome b gene fragment of Puccinia species responsible for the binding site of QoI fungicides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 84(2), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.05.005GROENEWALD, M. et al. (2008). Indirect evidence for sexual reproduction in Cercospora beticola populations from sugar beet. Plant Pathology, 57, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01697.xHAJYIEVA, H. and SOROKA, S. (2008). Phytosanitary situation in sugar beet crops in Belarus. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 95(3), 65–73.HARVESON, R. M. and BOLTON, M. D. (2013). First Evidence of a Binucleate Rhizoctonia as the Casual Agent of Dry Rot Canker of Sugar Beet in Nebraska. Plant Diseaes, 97(11), 1508. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0375-PDNHUDEC, K. and ROHÁČIK, T. (2002). Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler-new pathogen on sugar beet leaf in Slovakia. Plant Protection Science, 38(2), 81–82.KARADIMOS, D. A. and KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. (2006). Comparative efficacy, selection of effective partners and application time of strobilurin fungicides for control of Cercospora leaf-spot of sugar beet. Plant Disease, 90(6), 820– 825. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0820KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. and THANASSOULOPOULOS, C. C. (2003). Cross-resistance patterns among sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides (SBIs) in Cercospora beticola. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109(9), 929–934.KARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. et al. (2003). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to fentin-acetate, benomyl and flutriafol in Greece. Crop Protection, 22(5), 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00036-XKARAOGLANIDIS, G. S. et al. (2002). Changes in sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to steroldemethylation-inhibiting fungicides during a 4-year period in northern Greece. Plant Pathology, 51(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.x-i2KHAN, J. et al. (2009). Fluctuations in number of Cercospora beticola conidia in relationship to environment and disease severity in sugar beet. Phytopathology, 99(7), 796–801. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-796KIRK, W. W et al. (2012). First report of strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Michigan and Nebraska, USA. New Disease Reports, 26, 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.026.003MAHLEIN, A. K. et al. (2012). Hyperspectral imaging for small-scale analysis of symptoms caused by different sugar beet diseases. Plant Methods, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-8-3MAHMOUD, A. F. (2016). Suppression of sugar beet damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani using bacterial and fungal antagonists. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 49(19–20), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2016.1245052MALANDRAKIS, A. A. et al. (2006). Biological and molecular characterization of laboratory mutants of Cercospora beticola resistant to Qo inhibitors. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 116(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9052-1NIKOU, D. et al. (2009). Molecular characterization and detection of overexpressed C-14 alpha-demethylase-based DMI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 95(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.014PISZCZEK, J. et al. (2017). First report of G143A strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Poland. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 125(1), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-119-3RUSSELL, P. E. (2002). Sensitivity baselines in fungicide resistance research and management. Brussels: Crop Life International FRAC Monograph. SETIAWAN, A. et al. (2000). Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100(8), 1176–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051421SHRESTHA, S. K. et al. (2017). Genetic diversity, QoI fungicide resistance, and mating type distribution of Cercospora sojina – Implications for the disease dynamics of frogeye leaf spot on soybean. Plos One, 12(5), 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177220SMITH, G. A. and GASKILL, J. O. (1970). Inheritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in sugarbeet. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists, 16(2), 172–180.TEDFORD, S. L. et al. (2017). Relationships among airborne Cercospora beticola conidia concentration, weather variables, and cercospora leaf spot severity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2017.1410726TRKULJA, N. et al. (2013). Characterisation of benzimidazole resistance of Cercospora beticola in Serbia using PCR-based detection of resistance-associated mutations of the β-tubulin gene. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 135(4), 889–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0135-xTRKULJA, N. et al. (2015). Occurrence of Cercospora beticola populations resistant to benzimidazoles and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Serbia and their impact on disease management. Crop Protection, 75, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.05.017TÜMBEK, A. et al. (2011). Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations in Turkey to flutriafol, mancozeb, and fentin acetate. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0910-24ÚKSÚP. (2016). List of authorized plant protection products and plant protection products authorized for parallel trade. Bratislava: UKSÚP. 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Amino and fatty acid profile, chemical composition and pork quality in entire males, castrates and gilts
No full textArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-28 | Accepted: 2020-05-25 | Available online: 2020-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.167-173Forty-two pigs, entire males, surgical castrates and gilts, was randomly selected for the experiment. After reaching the average live weight of 105 kg, pigs were slaughtered. Significant differences (P <0.05) in contents of water and crude fat in muscle between entire males and castrates (74.44 vs 73.93%, 2.52 vs 3.14%), resp. of cholesterol between entire males, gilts and castrates (0.31, 0.33 vs 0.41%) were found. Significantly higher contents (P <0.05) of almost the all amino acids in entire males and gilts compared to castrates were observed. In muscle, castrates had more eicosanoic fatty acid than entire males, and vaccenic than gilts whilst gilts and entire males had higher content of linolenic acid than castrates (P <0.05). In adipose tissue, entire males had lower content (P <0.05) of myristic, stearic, palmitic, and total saturated fatty acids than castrates or both castrates and gilts (1.39 vs 1.45%, 14.88 vs 16.90%, 25.41 vs 26.83 and 26.27%, 43.40 vs 46.70 and 45.53%). At the same time, they showed greater amounts of oleic (36.71 vs 34.95%), total monounsaturated (43.58 vs 41.35%), linoleic (10.29 vs 9.45 and 9.56%), linolenic (0.65 vs 0.59%), total polyunsaturated (12.06 vs 11.06%), n-6 (10.69 vs 9.83%) and n-3 (0.78 vs 0.71 and 0.72%) fatty acids than castrates or both castrates and gilts. Also, PUFA/SFA ratio was more desirable in entire males than those of castrates and/or gilts (0.28 vs 0.24 and 0.25). Based on these results, meat and adipose fat from entire males seems to be more beneficial from the human health point of view. Keywords: pigs, amino and fatty acids, chemical composition, pork qualityReferencesALONSO, V. et al. (2009). Effect of crossbreeding and gender on meat quality and fatty acid composition in pork. Meat Science, 81(1), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.07.021ALUWÉ, M. et al. (2013). Effect of surgical castration, immunocastration and chicory-diet on the meat quality and palatability of boars. Meat Science, 94(3), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.015BONNEAU, M. and SQUIRES, E. (2004). Boar taint. Causes and measurement. In Encyclopedia of meat sciences. Oxford: Elsevier. CAI, Z. et al. (2010). Comparison of muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition of castrated and uncastrated male pigs at different slaughter ages. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 9(2), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2010.e33CARBONARO, M. and NUCARA, A. (2010). Secondary structure of food proteins by Fourier transform spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. Amino Acids, 38, 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0274-3CHEN, G. et al. (2007). Regulation of CYP2A6 protein expression by skatole, indole and testicular steroids in primary cultured hepatocytes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 36, 56–61.CUTRIGNELLI, M. et al. (2008). Effects of two protein sources and energy level of diet on the performance of young Marchigiana bulls. 2. Meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 7, 271–285.DE SMET, S. et al. (2004). Meat fatty acid composition as affected by fatness and genetic factors: A review. Animal Research, 53, 81–98.DOSTÁLOVÁ, A. and KOUCKÝ, M. (2008) Methods: Fattening of entire males under condition of ecological agriculture – Metodika: Výkrm kanečků v podmínkách ekologického Zemědělství. Praha-Uhříněves: Výzkumný ústav živočišné výroby (in Czech).EC Declaration. (2010). European declaration on alternatives to surgical castration of pigs. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/farm/initiatives.en.htmFERNANDEZ, M. and WEST, K. (2005). Mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids modulate plasma lipids. Journal of Nutrition, 135(9), 2075–2078. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.9.2075FONT I FURNOLS, M. et al. (2003). Acceptability of boar meat by consumers depending on their age, gender, culinary habits, sensitivity and appreciation of androstenone smell. Meat Science, 64(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00212-7FONT I FURNOLS, M. et al. (2008). Consumer´s sensory acceptability of pork from immunocastrated male pigs. Meat Science, 80, 1013–1018.FONT I FURNOLS, M. et al. (2019). Intramuscular fat content in different muscles, locations, weights and genotype-sexes and its prediction in live pigs with computed tomography. Animal, 13(3), 666–674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002021GRANDHI, R. and NYACHOTI, C. (2002). Effect of true ileal digestible dietary methionine to lysine ratios on growth performance and carcass merit of boars, gilts and barrows selected for low backfat. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 82, 399–407.GRELA, E. et al. (2013). Performance, pork quality and fatty acid composition of entire males, surgically castrated or immunocastrated males, and female pigs reared under organic system. Polish Journal of Veterinary Science, 16, 107–114.HALLENSTVEDT, E. et al. (2010). Fish oil in feeds for entire male and female pigs: Changes in muscle fatty acid composition and stability of sensory quality. Meat Science, 85(1), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.023HOFFMAN, L. et al. (2007). Meat quality characteristics of springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis). 3. Fatty acid composition as influenced by age, gender and production region. Meat Science, 76(4), 768–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.019JATURASITHA, S. et al. (2006). The effect of gender of finishing pigs slaughtered at 110 kilograms on performance, and carcass and meat quality. Science Asia, 32, 297–305.LATORRE, M. et al. (2004). The effects of gender and slaughter weight on the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality characteristics of heavy pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 82(2), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.822526xLIU, X. et al. (2017). Fatty acid composition and its association with chemical and sensory analysis of boar taint. Food Chemistry, 231, 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.112MACKAY, J. et al. (2013). Fatty acid composition and lipogenic enzyme protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male pigs vaccinated against boar taint, barrows, and entire boars. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 395–404. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4685OKROUHLÁ, M. et al. (2006). Amino acid composition of pig meat in relation to live weight and sex. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 51, 529–534.PAULY, C. et al. (2008). Performances, meat quality and boar taint of castrates and entire male pigs fed a standard and a raw potato starch-enriched diet. Animal, 2(11), 1707–1715. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108002826PAULY, C. et al. (2009). Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of group-penned surgically castrated, immunocastrated (Improvac®) and entire male pigs and individually penned entire male pigs. Animal, 3(7), 1057– 1066. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109004418PURCHAS, R. et al. (2009). Chemical composition characteristics of the longissimus and semimembranosus muscles for pigs from New Zealand and Singapore. Meat Science, 81(3), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.10.008RAZMAITÉ, V. et al. (2008). Pork fat composition of male hybrids from Lithuanian Indigenous Wattle pigs and Wild boar intercross. Food Science and Technology International, 14, 251–257.ROY, R. et al. (2005). Genomic structure and alternative transcript of bovine fatty acid synthase gene (FASN): Comparative analyses of the FASN gene between monogastric and ruminant species. 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Backfat composition in pigs: Differences between fat thickness groups and sexes. Livestock Production Science, 22, 351–362.WOOD, J. and ENSER, M. (2008). Factors influencing fatty acids in meat and the role of antioxidants in improving meat quality. British Journal of Nutrition, 78, S49–S60.ZHU, H. et al. (2007). The comparison analysis of the boar meat and pork in nourishment composition. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 4, 828–865
Inbreeding evaluation in Latvian local cattle breeds
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-26 | Accepted 2020-08-18 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.52-57In this study, inbreeding and effective population size of the Latvian gene conservation cattle breeds Latvian Brown (LB) and Latvian Blue (LZ) were analysed. The study was based on the pedigree data of 319 LB and 712 LZ cows that were alive at the time of data selection. The inbreeding level in LB and LZ has been increasing during the last decade and at the end of the year 2019, it was 2.61% and 5.20% for LB and LZ, respectively. The average increase of inbreeding from 2010 to 2019 was 1.80% for LB and 2.26% for LZ. The proportions of inbred animals with an inbreeding level greater than 10% were 0.60% and 2.14% in LB and LZ, respectively. Effective population size based on the rate of inbreeding decreased and was close or within the minimum range of recommended effective population size. The current study demonstrates that the inbreeding has increased, and the effective population size decreased in both populations. Therefore, the breeding organizations have to monitor and control the rate of inbreeding in LB and LZ populations over time.Keywords: inbreeding, Latvian Brown, Latvian Blue, native breedReferencesAddo, S., Schäler, J., Hinrichs, D. and Thaller, G. E. (2017). Genetic diversity and ancestral history of the German Angler and the Red-and-White dual-purpose cattle breeds assessed through pedigree analysis. Agricultural Sciences, 8, 1033-1047. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2017.89075Doekes, H. P., Veerkamp, R. F., Bijma, P., de Jong, G., Hiemstra, S. J. and Windig, J. J. (2019). Inbreeding depression due to recent and ancient inbreeding in Dutch Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 51(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-019-0497-zFAO. ©2019. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS). Retrieved May 2, 2020 from http://www.fao.org/dad-is.Grīslis, Z. (2006). Blue cows in Vidzeme. Jelgava. BŠSA “Zilā govs”, 1–36. In Latvian.Grīslis, Z. and Šimkevica, D. (2018). Latvian Blue selection. BŠSA “Zilā govs”, Jelgava, 1–43. In Latvian.Grīslis, Z., Markey, L. and Zutere, R. (2005). The inbreeding analysis in Latvian Blue cow population. Proceedings of the 11th Baltic animal breeding and genetics conference, Lithuania, 65–69.Groeneveld, E., Westhuizen, B.v.d., Maiwashe, A., Voordewind, F. and Ferraz, J. B. S. (2009). POPREP: a generic report for population management. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8(3), 1158–1178. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol8-3gmr648Jonkus, D., Paura, L. and Cielava, L. (2020). Longevity and milk production efficiency of Latvian local breeds during last decades. Agronomy Research, 18(S2), 1316–1322. https://doi.org/10.15159/ar.20.064LDC. (2019). Latvian brown cow conservation program from 2019 and nearest future. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from https://www.ldc.gov.lv/upload/doc/doc20.pdf. In LatvianMäki-Tanila, A., Fernandez, J., Toro, M. and Meuwissen, T. (2010) Assessment and management or genetic variation. In Mäki-Tanila, A. et al. (eds.) Local cattle breeds in Europe. Development of policies and strategies for self-sustaining breeds. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers (pp. 98–119)Mc Parland, S., Kearney, F. and Berry, D. P. (2009). Purging of inbreeding depression within the Irish Holstein-Friesian population. Genetics Selection Evolution, 41, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-41-16Mc Parland, S., Kearney, J. F., Rath, M. and Berry, D. P. (2007). Inbreeding effects on milk production, calving performance, fertility, and conformation in Irish Holstein-Friesians. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4411–4419. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0227Oldenbroek, K. and Van der Waaij, L. (2015). Animal Breeding and Genetics for BSc students. Centre for Genetic Resources and Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from https://wiki.groenkennisnet.nl/display/TAB/Sørensen, A. C., Sørensen, M. K. and Berg, P. (2005). Inbreeding in Danish dairy cattle breeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(5), 1865–1872. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72861-7Zutere, R., Grīslis, Z. and Sjakste, T. 2006. Breeding programs in Latvian livestock. Proceedings of the 12th Baltic animal breeding conference. Jurmala, Latvia, 6–13.
Impact of Interbeef on national beef cattle evaluations
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-02 | Accepted 2020-08-22 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.144-155International evaluation models for beef cattle allow to compare animals’ estimated breeding values (EBV) across different countries, thanks to sires having offspring in more than one country. In this study we aimed to provide an up-to-date picture of the Interbeef international beef cattle evaluations from a national perspective, considering both large and small populations. Limousin age-adjusted weaning weight (AWW) phenotypes were available for 3,115,598 animals from 10 European countries, born between 1972 and 2017. EBV and reliabilities were obtained using a multi-trait animal model including maternal effects where AWW from different countries are modelled as different traits. We investigated the country of origin of the sires with internationally publishable EBV and, among them, the country of origin of the top 100 sires for each country scale. All countries had 20 to 28,557 domestic sires whose EBV were publishable, according to Interbeef’s rules, on the scale of other countries. All countries, except one, had domestic sires that ranked among the top 100 sires on other country scales. Across countries, inclusion of information from relatives recorded in other countries increased the reliability of EBV for domestic animals on average by 9.6 percentage points for direct EBV, and 8.3 percentage points for maternal EBV. In conclusion, international evaluations provide small countries access to a panel of elite foreign sires with EBV on their country scale and a more accurate estimation of EBV of domestic animals, while large countries obtain EBV for their sires on the scale of different countries which helps to better promote them.Keywords: international breeding values, genotype-by-environment interaction, Interbeef, reliabilities, weaning weightReferencesBonifazi, R., Vandenplas, J., Napel, J. ten, Matilainen, K., Veerkamp, R. F., & Calus, M. P. L. (2020). Impact of sub-setting the data of the main Limousin beef cattle population on the estimates of across-country genetic correlations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 52(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-020-00551-9Bouquet, A., Venot, E., Laloë, D., Forabosco, F., Fogh, A., Pabiou, T., Coffey, M., Eriksson, J-A., Renand, G., & Phocas, F. (2009). Genetic Structure of the European Limousin Cattle Metapopulation Using Pedigree Analyses. Interbull Bullettin, 40, 98–103.Durr, J., & Philipsson, J. (2012). International cooperation: The pathway for cattle genomics. Animal Frontiers, 2(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2011-0026Fikse, W. F., & Philipsson, J. (2007). Development of international genetic evaluations of dairy cattle for sustainable breeding programs. Animal Genetic Resources, (41), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1014233900002315Goddard, M. (1985). A method of comparing sires evaluated in different countries. Livestock Production Science, 13(4), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(85)90024-7Interbeef. (2020). Interbeef Working Group, ICAR. Retrieved August 20, 2020, from https://www.icar.org/index.php/technical-bodies/working-groups/interbeef-working-group/Jorjani, H., Emanuelson, U., & Fikse, W. F. (2005). Data Subsetting Strategies for Estimation of Across-Country Genetic Correlations. 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Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve soil chemical properties, growth and symbiotic N2 -fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars under field condition with low phosphorus availability
Get PDFAArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-30 | Accepted: 2020-06-16 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.182-191 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in nutrition of most plants as well improving soil fertility. The present study investigated the effects of different AMF isolates (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and control on soil chemical properties, growth and nitrogen (N2 ) fixation in two soybean cultivars (TGx 1448-2E and TGx 1440-1E) in phosphorus (P)-deficient soil. The study was laid in split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed increased root colonization (up to 76%) with AMF inoculation compared to uninoculated control. The inoculation of the AMF isolates enhanced the growth parameters, nodulation and dry weights, which resulted in increased number of pods, 100-seed weight and seed yield. More pronounced effects were observed with F. mosseae and R. intraradices inoculation compared to C. etunicatum. In addition, similar trend was observed for P and N content in the plants as well the N2 fixation activities, which resulted in increased total N fixed in both cultivars (up to 27.9 and 27.4 kg ha-1 respectively). After harvest, the results showed improved soil fertility in terms of soil N, available P, soil pH, organic carbon as well as exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) with AMF inoculation. TGx 1448-2E inoculated with F. mosseae gave the highest seed yield (1,773 kg ha-1). The findings from this study suggest that R. intraradices or F. mosseae could be used to enhance N2 -fixation, soil fertility and productivity of soybean in phosphorus-deficient soils.Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil phosphorus, relative ureide abundance, soil fertility, soybean productivityReferences ADEYEMI, N. O. et al. (2020). 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