Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Genetic diversity and production potential of animal food resources
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-05-21 | Accepted: 2020-06-02 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.102-108The submission aims to present results of the five-year research project, oriented on the evaluation of genetic diversity of selected populations of economically important animal species in Slovakia, their sustainable adaptation and production potential in the context of preservation of genetic resources and food safety. Under the supervision of Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra run between 2015- 2019 project called Molecular-genetic diversity and production potential of animal genetic resources in Slovakia (APVV-14-0054). Considering the difficulty and complexity of studied issues was research realized in close collaboration with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) and Zagreb University. Erosion of genetic diversity represents the main threat for food safety of mankind. Individuals of economically important animal species groups accumulate risks and threats of loss of sustainable adaptation as a reaction to the environment due to intense selective breeding. It is therefore important and needed to focus on permanent monitoring and evaluation of diversity of economically important breeds based on the diverse parameter and suitable methods.Keywords: Genetic diversity, economically important breeds, Animal genetic resources, SlovakiaReferencesKADLEČÍK, O., HAZUCHOVÁ, E., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KUKUČKOVÁ, V. (2017b). Genetic diversity in Slovak spotted breed. AGROFOR, 2(3), 124–131.KADLEČÍK, O., HAZUCHOVÁ, E., PAVLÍK, I. and KASARDA, R. (2016). Genetická diverzita slovenského strakatého a holštajnského dobytka (1. vyd). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KADLEČÍK, O., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KASARDA, R. (2017a). Biodiverzita populácií zvierat. Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., KADLEČÍK, O. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019b). Genetická diverzita slovenského pinzgauského plemena (1. vyd). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019c). Genomic and pedigree-based inbreeding in Slovak Spotted cattle. AGROFOR, 4(1), 102–110.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2016d). Spatial structure of the Lipizzan horse gene pool based on microsatellite variations analysis. AGROFOR, 1(2), 125–132.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2018d). Genetic structure of warmblood horses on molecular-genetic level. Agriculture and Forestry, 64(1), 7–13.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and POKORÁDI, J. (2016a). Manažment farmového chovu a biodiverzita jeleňa lesného na Slovensku. Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and VLČEK, M. (2018b). Genetic parameters of claw traits and milk yield in Slovak Holstein cattle. V Genetic days 2018 (s. 24). České Budějovice: University of South Bohemia.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., CANDRÁK, J., MÉSZÁROS, G., VLČEK, M., KUKUČKOVÁ, V. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017b). Genome-wide mixed model association study in population of Slovak Pinzgau cattle. Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 82(3), 267–271.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., HALO, M., HORNÝ, M., LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B., BUJKO, J. and CANDRÁK, J. (2019e). Trend vývoja genomického inbrídingu v populácii plemena lipican. V Aktuálne smerovanie v chove koní (1. s. 32– 36). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and CANDRÁK, J. (2018a). The impact of artificial selection on runs of homozygosity in Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau cattle. Slovak journal of animal science, 51(3), 91–103.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., HALO, M. and CANDRÁK, J. (2019a). Level of inbreeding in Norik of muran horse: Pedigree vs. Genomic data. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67(6), 1457–1463.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., ŽITNÝ, J., TERPAJ, V.P., MINDEKOVÁ, S. and NEUPANE MLYNEKOVÁ, L. (2019d). Common origin of local cattle breeds in western region of Carpathians. Danubian Animal Genetic Resource, 4, 37–42.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and MÉSZÁROS, G. (2016c). Evidence of selective sweeps through haplotype structure of Pinzgau cattle. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(5), 160–164.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2016b). Progress in methodology of genetic diversity monitoring in pinzgau cattle. Slovak journal of animal science, 49(4), 176.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017a). Characterization of Slovak dual-purpose cattle breed diversity based on genomic data. Slovak journal of animal science, 50(4), 165.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MÉSZÁROS, G. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2015). Genome-wide selection signatures in Pinzgau cattle. Potravinárstvo, 9(1), 268–274.KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., VOSTRÁ, L., KRUPOVÁ, Z., KRUPA, E., LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., NÁDASKÝ, R., ŽIDEK, R., BELEJ, Ľ., GOLIAN, J. and POLÁK, P. (2020). Fine-scale analysis of six beef cattle breeds revealed patterns of their genomic diversity. Italian Journal of Animal Science, in review.KASARDA, R., VLČEK, M., CANDRÁK, J. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2018c). Estimation of heritability for claw traits in Holstein cattle using Bayesian and REML approaches. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 19(4), 784–790.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2017a). Genomic characterisation of Slovak pinzgau cattle (1st ed). Praha: Wolters Kluwer.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., CURIK, I. and FERENČAKOVIC, M. (2016a). Extent of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium in Pinzgau cattle. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 17(1), 294–302.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., KASARDA, R., ŽITNÝ, J. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2018a). Genetic markers and biostatistical methods as appropriate tools to preserve genetic resources. AGROFOR, 3(2), 41–48.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KASARDA, R. (2016c). Genomic determination of the most important father lines of Slovak Pinzgau cows. AGROFOR, 1(3), 110–118.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., CURIK, I., SIMČIČ, M., MÉSZÁROS, G. and KASARDA, R. (2018b). Genetic diversity of local cattle. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 65(3), 421–424.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., FERENČAKOVIĆ, M., SIMČIČ, M., MÉSZÁROS, G., SÖLKNER, J., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O., CURIK, I. and KASARDA, R. (2017b). Genomic characterization of Pinzgau cattle: genetic conservation and breeding perspectives. Conservation Genetics, 18(4), 893–910.KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2016b). Genetic differentiation of Slovak Pinzgau, Simmental, Charolais and Holstein cattle based on the linkage disequilibrium, persistence of phase and effective population size. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(Suppl. 5), 37–40.LEHOCKÁ, K., KASARDA, R., OLŠANSKÁ, B., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019b). Different ways to compute genomic inbreeding. V Scientific conference of PhD. students of FAFR and FBFS with international participation (1., s. 18). Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture.LEHOCKÁ, K., KASARDA, R., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019a). Genomic diversity and level of admixture in the Slovak Spotted cattle. V AgroSym 2019, 1607– 1612. Bosna: University of East Sarajevo.LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B., KASARDA, R., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2020). The genetic structure of slovak spotted cattle based on genomewide analysis. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 68(1), 57–61.MILUCHOVÁ, M., GÁBOR, M., CANDRÁK, J., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and CANDRÁKOVÁ, K. (2018). Association of HindIIIpolymorphism in kappa-casein gene with milk, fat and protein yield in holstein cattle. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 65(3), 403–407.MILUCHOVÁ, M., GÁBOR, M., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and CANDRÁKOVÁ, E. (2018). Polymorphism and genetic structure CSNSI gene in Lacaune sheep population. V Genetic days 2018 (s. 59). České Budějovice: University of South Bohemia.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., CANDRÁK, J., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and KASARDA, R. (2018e). Genome-Wide Association Study for milk production traits in Slovak spotted cattle. V Genetic days 2018 (s. 21). České Budějovice: University of South Bohemia.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KADLEČÍK, O., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and KASARDA, R. (2018d). Autozygosity island resulting from artificial selection in Slovak spotted cattle. Agriculture and Forestry, 64(1), 21–28.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017a). Genetic improvement of cattle through low density SNP panels. V AgroSym 2017 (s. 2212–2219). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajev.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017b). The degree of genetic admixture within species from genus cervus. Agriculture and Forestry, 63(1), 137–143.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R., HALO, M., LEHOCKÁ, K., OLŠANSKÁ, B. and CANDRÁK, J. (2019a). Vplyv selekcie na genóm slovenského teplokrvníka. V Aktuálne smerovanie v chove koní (1., s. 48–52). Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R., KUKUČKOVÁ, V. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2017d). Effective population size and genomic inbreeding in Slovak Pinzgau cattle. Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 82(2), 97–100.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., VOSTRÝ, L. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2016). Genetic diversity of old Kladruber and Nonius horse populations through microsatellite variation analysis. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(Suppl. 5), 45–49.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KASARDA, R., ŽITNÝ, J., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. and KADLEČÍK, O. (2018a). Validation of bovine 50K SNP chip transfer ability into non-model wild animals. Slovak journal of animal science, 51(4), 180.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., MÉSZÁROS, G., SÖLKNER, J., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2017c). Assessing footprints of natural selection through PCA analysis in cattle. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 20(2), 23–27.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., SIMČIČ, M., MESZÁROŠ, G., SÖLKNER, J., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., VLČEK, M., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2018c). Genomic response to natural selection within alpine cattle breeds. Czech journal of animal science, 63(4), 136–143.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2018b). Bioinformatics tools for analysis of livestock genetic diversity. V Preveda 2018 (s. 9). Banská Bystrica: Občianske združenie Preveda.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., TRAKOVICKÁ, A., KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2019b). Genomic signatures of selection in cattle throught variation of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 20(2), 576–580.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., ŽIDEK, R., KASARDA, R., JAKABOVÁ, D., GENČÍK, M., POKORÁDI, J., MAJKO, P. and FERIANCOVÁ, E. (2020). Identification of genetic families based on mitochondrial D-loop sequence in population of the Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica). Biologia, 75(1), 121–128.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. and KASARDA, R. (2017). Casein polymorphism in relation to the milk production traits of Slovak spotted cattle. Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 82(3), 255–258.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., KUKUČKOVÁ, V., NÁDASKÝ, R. and KASARDA, R. (2016). The associations of lepr and H-FABP gene polymorphisms with carcass traits in pigs. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(Suppl. 5), 189–194.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., NÁDASKÝ, R. and KASARDA, R. (2018a). Polymorphisms in candidate genes for beef quality in Pinzgau cattle. AGROFOR, 3(1), 5–10.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., NAVRÁTILOVÁ, A. and KASARDA, R. (2016). Carcass and meat quality in relation to the polymorphism in porcine MYF4 gene. Agriculture and Forestry, 62(4), 95–100.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., VAVRIŠÍNOVÁ, K., MILUCHOVÁ, M., GÁBOR, M. and KASARDA, R. (2018b). Effect of Calpastatin gene polymorphism on meat quality in cattle. V Genetic days 2018 (s. 69). České Budějovice: University of South BohemiaTRAKOVICKÁ, A., VAVRIŠÍNOVÁ, K., GÁBOR, M., MILUCHOVÁ, M., KASARDA, R. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2019). The impact of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 gene polymorphism on carcass traits in cattle. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 20(1), 12–18.TRAKOVICKÁ, A., VAVRIŠÍNOVÁ, K., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., MILUCHOVÁ, M., GÁBOR, M. and KASARDA, R. (2018c). The impact of polymorphism in thyroglobulin gene on beef quality. V AgroSym 2018, 1797–1801. Bosna University of East Sarajevo 2018: Bosna University of East Sarajevo.VLČEK, M. and KASARDA, R. (2017a). Genetic parameters of claw conformation in Slovak Holstein cows. V AgroSym 2017, 2208–2211. Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajev.VLČEK, M. and KASARDA, R. (2017b). Metabolic status related to claw disorders. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 20(1), 6–9.VLČEK, M., CANDRÁK, J. and KASARDA, R. (2016a). Fat-toprotein ratio: evaluation of metabolic disorders and milk yield. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(Suppl. 5), 76–79.VLČEK, M., TOMKA, J. and KASARDA, R. (2017c). Evaluation of claw conformation by using two methods of measuring-by ruler and image analysis. Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 82(2), 193–196.VLČEK, M., ŽITNÝ, J. and KASARDA, R. (2016b). Changes of fat-to-protein ratio from start to the mid-lactation and the impact on milk yield. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 17(4), 1194–1203.VOSTRÁ VYDROVÁ, H., VOSTRÝ, L., HOFMANOVÁ, B., MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N., VESELÁ, Z., VRTKOVÁ, I., NOVOTNÁ, A. and KASARDA, R. (2018). Genetic diversity and admixture in three native draught horse breeds assessed using microsatellite markers. Czech journal of animal science, 63(3), 85–93
Effect of two rearing systems on quality of Cinta Senese sausages
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-02 | Accepted 2020-09-04 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.124-131Meat and fat of 24 Cinta Senese pigs were used to produce frankfurter-type sausages. The animals were raised in two rearing systems: i) fenced area with concentrate as exclusive feed (C, n=12) and ii) wood/pasture fenced area and grazing on natural available resources (acorn and herbaceous pasture) (P, n=12). Physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of the frankfurter-type sausages were assessed. Both sausages from C and P groups showed high fat content (> 23%) likely due to the high level of intramuscular fat of Cinta Senese meat. Frankfurter-type sausages obtained from P group had higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and lower percentage of saturated fatty acids than the C group, probably due to the availability of grazing resources during the fattening period. However, in both types of sausages, the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio was higher than the recommended lower limit of 0.40. Regarding the physical traits, differences between groups were found for the colour traits: P frankfurter-type sausages had lower lightness and higher redness and yellowness than C frankfurter-type sausages, likely due to the physical exercise associated to grazing activity of P animals. Texture parameters did not differ between groups for hardness and cohesiveness, whereas chewiness and springiness were higher in C than P samples. Feeding systems changed the perception of some sensorial properties, in particular taste and odour. Overall, Cinta Senese frankfurter-type sausages could represent an innovative product for local farms, allowing, in addition, the use of second-choice meat portions, once acquitted some improvements in the recipes.Keywords: frankfurter-type sausage, extensive farming, pasture, meat quality, pigReferencesAlirezalu, K. et al. (2019). Combined effect of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds during refrigerated storage of nitrite-free frankfurter-type sausage. Food Research International, 120, 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.048Andrés, A. I. et al. (2001). Oxid stability and fatty acid composition of pig muscles as affected by rearing system, crossbreeding and metabolic type of muscle fibre. Meat Science, 59, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00050-xAOAC. (2019). Official methods of analysis. 21th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.Ayo, J. et al. (2007). 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Free range rearing of pigs with access to pasture grazing – effect on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation products. Meat Science, 58, 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00164-9Okuyama, H. and Ikemoto, A. (1999). Needs to modify the fatty acids composition of meat for human health. In: the Proccedings of the 45th ICoMST, Yokohama, Japan. Vol. II, 638–640.Parrini, S. et al. (2020). Effect of replacement of synthetic vs. Natural curing agents on quality characteristics of Cinta Senese frankfurter-type sausage. Animals, 10, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010014Pugliese, C. et al. (2005). Performance of Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoors and indoors. 1. Meat and subcutaneous fat characteristics. Meat Science, 69, 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.09.001Pugliese, C. et al. (2009). Effect of pasture in oak and chestnut groves on chemical and sensorial traits of cured lard of Cinta Senese pigs. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.131Pugliese, C. and Sirtori, F. (2012). Quality of meat and meat products produced from southern European pig breeds. Meat Science, 90(3), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.09.019Pugliese, C. et al. (2013). Quality of fresh and seasoned fat of Cinta Senese pigs as affected by fattening with chestnut. Meat Science, 93(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.006Ranucci, D. et al. (2018). Frankfurters made with pork meat, emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schübler) and almonds nut (Prunus dulcis Mill.): evaluation during storage of a novel food from an ancient recipe. Meat Science, 145, 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.07.028SAS. (2007). SAS/STAT® 9.3 User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.Sirtori, F. et al. (2011). Effect of sire breed and rearing system on growth, carcass composition and meat traits of Cinta Senese crossbred pigs. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 10(47), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2011.e47Sirtori, F. et al. (2014). Effect of dietary protein level on carcass traits and meat properties of Cinta Senese pigs. Animal, 8(12), 1987–1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114002006Sousa, S. C. et al. (2017). Quality parameters of frankfurter-type sausages with partial replacement of fat by hydrolyzed collagen. LWT -Food Science and Technology, 76, 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.034Stanley, R. E. et al. (2017). Influence of sodium chloride reduction and replacement with potassium chloride based salts on the sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of pork sausage patties. Meat Science, 133, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.05.021Wood, J. D. et al. (2004). Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: A review. Meat Science, 66, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00022-
Combining total and differential somatic cell count to screen for mastitis
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-30 | Accepted 2020-07-23 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.88-96Somatic cell count (SCC) has been extensively used as indicator of udder health and milk quality. Recent developments in milk-testing technology have led to cell differentiation in milk in a high throughput manner. Information on the proportion of the different cell types in milk would represent a valuable asset for a more precise definition of udder health status. The aim of the present study was to apply receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis to define the most accurate thresholds of milk differential somatic cell count (DSCC), which represents the percentage of neutrophils plus lymphocytes in the total SCC. The dataset accounted for 117,482 test-day records of 60,009 Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental cows. Different thresholds were defined so that DSCC trends were analysed throughout the lactation, considering also the classification factors of breed and parity. Finally, cows were classified as healthy, susceptible, mastitic or chronic on the basis of their health status, which was defined combining the information of SCC (below or above 200,000 cells/mL) and DSCC (below or above the specific cut-off). Our findings offered new insights for a practical use of DSCC to screen for mastitis, in order to help farmers make decisions to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the herd.Keywords: differential somatic cell count; receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve; cut-off; mastitis; cattleReferencesAdkins, P.R.F. and Middleton, J.R. (2018) Methods for diagnosing mastitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 34, 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.07.003Bobbo, T. et al. (2016) The nonlinear effect of somatic cell count on milk composition, coagulation properties, curd firmness modeling, cheese yield, and curd nutrient recovery. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 5104-5119. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10512Bobbo, T. et al. (2019) Short communication: Genetic aspects of milk differential somatic cell count in Holstein cows: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 102, 4275–4279. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-16092Bobbo, T. et al. (2018) Alternative somatic cell count traits exploitable in genetic selection for mastitis resistance in Italian Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 10001–10010. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14827Cecchinato, A. et al. (2018) Genetic variation in serum protein pattern and blood β-hydroxybutyrate and their relationships with udder health traits, protein profile, and cheese-making properties in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 11108-11119. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14907Cassandro, M. et al. (2008) Genetic parameters of milk coagulation properties and their relationships with milk yield and quality traits in Italian Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 371-376. https://10.3168/jds.2007-0308.Damm, M. et al. (2017) Differential somatic cell count - A novel method for routine mastitis screening in the frame of Dairy Herd Improvement testing programs. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 4926–4940. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12409Dohoo, I.R. and Leslie, K.E. (1991) Evaluation of changes in somatic cell counts as indicators of new intra-mammary infections. Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 10, 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(91)90006-N.Kamarudin, A.N. et al. (2017) Time-dependent ROC curve analysis in medical research: current methods and applications. BMC Medical Research and Methodology, 17, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0332-6Kehrli, M.E. and Shuster, D.E. (1994) Factors affecting milk somatic cells and their role in health of the bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 619–627. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)76992-7Kirkeby, C. et al. (2019) Differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for intramammary infections in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 1759-1775. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16523Lee, C.S. et al. (1980) Identification properties and differential counts of cell populations using electron microscopy of dry cow secretions, colostrum and milk from normal cows. Journal of Dairy Research, 47, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900020860Leitner, G. et al. (2008) Milk leucocyte population patterns in bovine udder infection of different aetiology. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, 47, 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00388.xLiu, H. and Wu, T. (2003) Estimating the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for repeated measures design. Journal of Statistical Software, 8, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v008.i12.Lopez-Raton, M. et al. (2014) OptimalCutpoints: An R package for selecting optimal cutpoints in diagnostic tests. Journal of Statistical Software, 61, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v061.i08Michael, H. et al. (2019) The ROC curve for regularly measured longitudinal biomarkers. Biostatistics, 20, 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxy010Pilla, R. et al. (2012) Microscopic differential cell counting to identify inflammatory reactions in dairy cow quarter milk samples. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 4410–4420. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5331Pilla, R. et al. (2013) Differential cell count as an alternative method to diagnose dairy cow mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 1653–1660. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6298Pillai, S.R. et al. (2001) Application of differential inflammatory cell count as a tool to monitor udder health. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70173-7R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.Ruegg, P.L. and Pantoja, J.C.F. (2013) Understanding and using somatic cell counts to improve milk quality. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 52, 101-117.Schukken, Y.H. et al. (2003) Monitoring udder health and milk quality using somatic cell counts. Veterinary Research, 34, 579-596. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2003028Schwarz, D. et al. (2011) Microscopic differential cell counts in milk for the evaluation of inflammatory reactions in clinically healthy and subclinically infected bovine mammary glands. Journal of Dairy Research, 78, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029911000574Schwarz, D. et al. (2019) Investigation of differential somatic cell count as a potential new supplementary indicator to somatic cell count for identification of intramammary infection in dairy cows at the end of the lactation period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 172, 104803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104803Viale, E. et al. (2017) Association of candidate gene polymorphisms with milk technological traits, yield, composition, and somatic cell score in Italian Holstein-Friesian sires. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 7271–7281. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12666Wall, S. K. et al. (2018) Differential somatic cell count in milk before, during, and after artificially induced immune reactions of the mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 5362–5373. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14152Youden, W.J. (1950) An index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3, 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(1950)3:13.0.CO;2-3Zecconi, A. et al. (2019) Assessment of subclinical mastitis diagnostic accuracy by differential cell count in individual cow milk. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18, 460-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1533391
The effect of genotype and sex on growth and carcass traits of lambs
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-24 | Accepted 2020-08-31 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.276-281The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of genotype and sex on growth and carcass traits of grazing lambs. A total of 32 lambs (16 Improved Jezersko-Solčava - JSR and 16 crossbreds with Texel - JSRT, 8 males and 8 females within each genotype) were included in the study. The lambs were grazed together with their dams from the beginning of the grazing period and had free access to commercial concentrate from the age of 10 days. Lambs were weaned at the average body weight of 22.9 kg. Feeding with a concentrate was finished when lambs achieved 35 kg of body weight and were slaughtered. Daily gains from birth to slaughter and from weaning to slaughter were calculated. Several carcass traits were determined. JSRT lambs had significantly higher daily gain from birth to slaughter, hot and cold carcass weights, and dressing percentages compared to JSR lambs. Carcass conformation was higher in JSRT than JSR carcasses. Also, carcasses of JSRT were shorter and wider than JSR carcasses. Rib eye muscle areas of JSRT lambs were significantly larger, and the colour was significantly lighter. Males had significantly higher average daily gain from birth to slaughter and from weaning to slaughter than females. Females had higher dressing percentages and subcutaneous and internal fatness scores than males. Females had significantly higher amount of kidney fat. The colour of males’ meat was significantly lighter than that of females. Crossbreeding with Texel rams improved growth and carcass traits of lambs, and males had better growth performance and several carcass traits than females.Keywords: lambs, commercial crossbreeding, sex, growth, carcass traitReferencesBlasco, M. et al. (2019). Effect of Texel crossbreeding on productive traits, carcass and meat quality of Segureña lambs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99, 3335-3342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9549Cardoso, M. T. M. et al. (2013). Performance and carcass quality in three genetic groups of sheep in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(10), 734-742. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982013001000007Claffey, N. A. et al. (2018). Effect of breed and castration on production and carcass traits of male lambs following an intensive finishing period. Translational Animal Science, 2, 407-418. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy070Do Prado Paim, T. et al. (2013). Performance, survivability and carcass traits of crossbred lambs from five paternal breeds with local hair breed Santa Inês ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 112, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.024Facciolongo, A. M. et al. (2018). Effect of diet lipid source (linseed vs. soybean) and gender on performance, meat quality and intramuscular fatty acid composition in fattening lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 159, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.11.015Freitas-de-Melo, A. et al. (2019). Behavioral pattern in Texel x Corriedale terminal crossbreeding: Maternal behavior score at birth, lambs’ feeding behaviors, and behavioral responses of lambs to abrupt weaning. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 30, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.10.007Nunes, I. A. et al. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics, and centesimal composition of meat from Santa Inês lambs and Texel crossbred lambs (Santa Inês × Texel). Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 99(2), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0231Perez, P. et al. (2007). Gender and slaughter weight effects on carcass quality traits of suckling lambs from four different genotypes. Small Ruminant Research, 70, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.01.013SAS. (2014). SAS/STAT® 13.2 User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Scales, G. H. et al. (2000). Effect of sire breed on growth, carcass, and wool characteristics of lambs born to Merino ewes in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 43(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2000.951341
Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activities and soil microbial properties in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) rhizosphere
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-03-31 | Accepted: 2020-04-28 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.109-116Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help in promoting plant growth and mediating key belowground processes, however, AMF responses to the continuous increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is yet elusive. This has led to considerable interest in the impacts elevated CO2 on AMF and belowground processes in recent years. The present study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on AMF sporulation and root colonization and soil microbial properties in the rhizosphere of soybean. The pot experiment consisted of two levels of CO2 (ambient; 350 ppm and elevated; 550 ppm) and three soybean cultivars (TGx 1440-1E, TGx 1448-2F and TGx 1480-2F) conducted in open top chambers, laid out in randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. The results showed that elevated CO2 increased the AMF spore density and root colonization of the soybean cultivars. Elevated CO2 increased the microbial biomass carbon (34.2–45.4%), microbial biomass nitrogen (44.6–54.9%), soil nitrogen (30.3–50.6%), available phosphorus (20.8–45.7%) in the rhizosphere of the soybean cultivars compared to the ambient CO2 . These could have resulted in increased plant biomass, pod number, 100-seed weight and seed yield under elevated CO2 . From the results of this study, increased atmospheric CO2 regulates AMF activities, microbial properties and improve soybean performance. Thus, this study may help to a better understanding of the responses of AMF and belowground process with increasing atmospheric CO2.Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, climate change, CO2 enrichment, microbial biomass, open top chambersReferencesADEYEMI, N.O. et al. (2020). Effect of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculant on growth and yield of soybean under controlled and natural field conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(4), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1685101ADEYEMI, N.O. et al. (2019). Identification and relative abundance of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with oil-seed crops and maize (Zea mays L.) in derived savannah of Nigeria. Acta fytotechn zootechn, 22(3), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.84-89ADEYEMI, N., SAKARIYAWO, O. and ATAYESE, M. (2017). Yield and yield attributes responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to elevated CO2 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in the humid transitory rainforest. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9210002AINSWORTH, E. A. and ROGERS, A. (2007). The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2 ]: Mechanisms and environmental interactions. 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Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil, 320, 37–77.BUTTERLY C.R. et al. (2016). Long-term effects of elevated CO2 on carbon and nitrogen functional capacity of microbial communities in three contrasting soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 97, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.010CAIRNEY, J.W.G. (2012). Extramatrical mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi as moderators of carbon dynamics in forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 95, 198–208.CANNELL, M.G.R. and THORNLEY, H.M. (1998). N-poor ecosystems may respond more to elevated [CO2 ] than N-rich ones in the long term. A model analysis of grassland. Glob. Change Biol., 4, 431–442.CARRILLO, Y. et al. (2014). Plant rhizosphere influence on microbial C metabolism: the role of elevated CO2 , N availability and root stoichiometry. Biogeochemistry, 117, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9954-5CHENG, L. et al. (2011). Soil microbial responses to elevated CO2 and O3 in a nitrogen-aggrading agroecosystem. Plos One, 6, e21377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021377COMPANT, S. et al. (2010). Climate change effects on beneficial plant–microorganism interactions. Microbiology Ecology, 73, 197–214.COTTON, T.E. et al. (2015). Fungi in the future: interannual variation and effects of atmospheric change on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol., 205, (4), 1598– 1607. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13224DENEF, K. et al. (2007). Community shifts and carbon translocation within metabolically-active rhizosphere microorganisms in grasslands under elevated CO2 . Biogeosciences, 4, 769–779DRIGO, B. et al. (2013). Impacts of 3 years of elevated atmospheric CO2 on rhizosphere carbon flow and microbial community dynamics. Glob. Change Biol., 19(2), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12045DRISSNER, D. et al. (2007). Nine years of enriched CO2 changes the function and structural diversity of soil microorganisms in a Grassland. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 58, 260–269.FANG, H.J. et al. (2015). Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration stimulates soil microbial activity and impacts water-extractable organic carbon in an agricultural soil. Biogeochemistry, 122, 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-0039-2GAVITO M.E. et al. (2000) Atmospheric CO2 and mycorrhiza effects on biomass allocation and nutrient uptake of nodulated pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. J Exp Bot, 51,1931–1938.GHANNOUM, O. et al. (2010). Exposure to preindustrial, current and future atmospheric CO2 and temperature differentially affects growth and photosynthesis in Eucalyptus. Global Change Biology, 16, 303–319.GIOVANETTI, M. and MOSSE, B. (1980). An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84, 489–500.GOICOECHEA, N. et al. (2014) Increased photosynthetic acclimation in alfalfa associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and cultivated in greenhouse under elevated CO2 . Journal of Plant Physiology, 171(18), 1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.027HAUGWITZ, M.S. et al. (2014). Soil microorganisms respond to five years of climate change manipulations and elevated atmospheric CO2 in a temperate heath ecosystem. Plant Soil, 374, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104013-1855-1HUANG, X. et al. (2014). Changes of soil microbial biomass carbon and community composition through mixing nitrogen– fixing species with Eucalyptus urophylla in subtropical China. Soil Biol. Biochem., 73, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.021INEICHEN, K. WIEMKEN, V. and WIEMKEN, A. (1995). Shoots, roots and ectomycorrhiza formation of pine seedlings at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ., 18, 703–707.IPCC (2013). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.JIN, J. et al. (2013). Elevated CO2 temporally enhances phosphorus immobilization in the rhizosphere of wheat and chickpea. Plant Soil, 368, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1516-9JOHNSON, N.C. et al. (2013). Predicting community and ecosystem outcomes of mycorrhizal responses to global change. Ecology Letters, 16(Suppl. 1), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12085JOHNSON, N.C. et al. (2005). Species of plants and associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate mycorrhizal responses to CO2 enrichment. Global Change Biology, 11, 1156–1166.JOHNSON, N.C. and GEHRING, C.A. (2007). Mycorrhizas: symbiotic mediators of rhizosphere and ecosystem processes. In: Cardon, Z.G., Whitbeck, J.L. (Eds.). The Rhizosphere: An Ecological Perspective. London: Elsevier Academic Press (pp. 31–56).KABIR Z. et al. (1997). Seasonal changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by tillage practices and fertilization: hyphal density and mycorrhizal root colonization. Plant Soil. 192(2), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004205828485KUMAR, A. et al. (2019). Effects of water deficit stress on agronomic and physiological responses of rice and greenhouse gas emission from rice soil under elevated atmospheric CO2 . Sci. Total Environ., 650, 2032–2050KUZYAKOV, Y. et al. (2018). Review and synthesis of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil processes: No changes in pools, but increased fluxes and accelerated cycles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 128, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.005LIU, S. et al. (2018). Climatic role of terrestrial ecosystem under elevated CO2 : a bottom-up greenhouse gases budget. Ecology Letters, 21(7), 1108–1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13078MATAMALA, R. and DRAKE, B.G. (1999). The influence of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant–soil nitrogen interactions in a wetland plant community on the Chesapeake Bay. Plant Soil, 210, 93–101.McCARTHY, H. R. et al. (2010). Re-assessment of plant carbon dynamics at the Duke free-air CO2 enrichment site: Interactions of atmospheric CO2 with nitrogen and water availability over stand development. New Phytologist, 185(2), 514–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03078.xMORAN, K.K. and JASTROW, J.D. (2010). Elevated carbon dioxide does not offset loss of soil carbon from a corn-soybean agroecosystem. Environmental Pollution, 158(4), 1088–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.005NIE, M. et al. (2013). Positive climate feedbacks of soil microbial communities in a semi-arid grassland. Ecol. Lett., 16(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12034OLIVEIRA V.F. et al (2010). Elevated CO2 atmosphere promotes plants growth and inulin production in the cerrado species Vernonia herbacea. Funct Plant Biol, 37, 223–231.PANNEERSELVAM P. et al. (2019). Influence of elevated CO2 on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community elucidated using Illumina MiSeq platform in sub-humid tropical paddy soil. Applied Soil Ecology, 145, 103344, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.08.006PENDALL, E. et al. (2013). Warming reduces carbon losses from grassland exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. PLoS One, 8, e71921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071921PHILLIPS, J.M. and HAYMAN D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. British Mycology Society, 55, 150–160.PROCTER, A.C. et al. (2014). Fungal community responses to past and future atmospheric CO2 differ by soil type. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 80, 7364–7377. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02083-14REINSCH, S. et al. (2013). Impact of future climatic conditions on the potential for soil organic matter priming. Soil Biol. Biochem., 65, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.013RILLIG, M.C. and ALLEN, M.F. (1999). What is the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant-to-ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 ? Mycorrhiza, 9, 1–8.ROGERS A, Y. et al. (2006). Increased C availability at elevated carbon dioxide concentration improves N assimilation in a legume. Plant, Cell and Environment, 29, 1651–1658.SAITOH Y et al. (2004). Yeast generated CO2 as a convenient source of CO2 for adult mosquito sampling. Journal of American Mosquitoes Control Association, 20, 261–264.SAKARIYAWO O.S. et al. (2016). Growth, assimilate partitioning and grain yield response of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrrill) varieties to carbon dioxide enrichment and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the humid rainforest. Agro-science, 15(2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v15i2.5SCHORTEMEYER, M. et al. (2000). Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in C and N pools and rhizosphere processes in a Florida scrub oak community. Glob. Change Biol., 6, 383–391.SILLEN, W.M.A. and DIELEMAN W.I.J. (2012). Effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on plant and soil carbon pools of managed grasslands: a meta-analysis. Biogeosciences, 9, 2247–2258. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-22472012SINGH, S.B. et al. (2017). Impact of secondary forest fallow period on soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity dynamics under shifting cultivation in North Eastern Hill region, India. Catena, 156, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.03.017SINGH, L.P., GILL, S.S. and TUTEJA, N. (2011). Unravelling the role of fungal symbionts in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Signal. Behav., 6(2), 175–191. https://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.2.14146SMITH, S.E. and READ, D.J. (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press (pp. 316e319).VANCE E.D. (1987). An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol. Biochem., 19, 703–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-717(87)90052-6WEIGEL, H.J. et al. (2005). Carbon turnover in a crop rotation under free air CO2 enrichment (FACE). Pedosphere, 15, 728–738.WIPF, D. et al. (2019). Trading on the arbuscular mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common mycorrhizal networks. New Phytol., 223(3), 1127–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15775WU, D.X. et al. (2004). Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, water use, yield and grain quality of wheat under two soil water levels. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(3), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.018YANG, L. et al. (2006). Seasonal changes in the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on dry matter production and distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Field Crops Research, 98, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.11.003ZISKA, L. H. (2000). The impact of elevated CO2 on yield loss from a C3 and C4 weed in field-grown soybean. Global Change Biology, 6, 899–905
Genetic variability analysis of 26 sheep breeds in the Czech Republic.
Get PDFIn this study, the intra- and inter-population level of genetic diversity of 26 transboundary and local sheep breeds reared in the Czech Republic was analysed. A total of 14,999 animals genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers were included to describe the gene pool of the breeds. The level of genetic diversity was derived from the proportion of heterozygous animals among and within breeds. The average polymorphic information content (0.745) and Shannon’s index (1.361) showed a high genetic variability of the applied set of genetic markers. The average observed heterozygosity (0.683 ± 0.009), as well as FIS index (-0.025 ± 0.004), pointed to a sufficient proportion of heterozygotes concerning the loss of genetic diversity. The deficit of heterozygotes was most evident in Cameroon sheep (FIS = 0.036). The Nei's genetic distances and Wright's FST indexes showed that the analysed breeds are genetically differentiated to separate clusters with Cameroon sheep as the most genetically distant breed. Individual variation accounted for 83.2 % of total diversity conserved across breeds, whereas 16.8 % of genetic similarity resulted from the inter-population reduction in heterozygosity.Keywords: microsatellite analysis, genetic diversity, sheep, transboundary and local breedReferencesBravo, S. et al. (2019). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among araucana creole sheep and Spanish sheep breeds. Small Ruminant Research, 172, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.007Chessa, B. et al. (2009). Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations. Science, 324(5926), 532–536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170587Faigl, V. et al. (2012). Artificial insemination of small ruminants - A review. 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Genetic diversity and population structure of local and exotic sheep breeds in Jordan using microsatellites markers. Veterinary World, 11(6), 778–781. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.778-781Jyotsana, B. et al. (2010). Genetic features of Patanwadi, Marwari and Dumba ssheep breeds (India) inferred bymicrosatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 93(1), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.008Kalinowski, S. T., Taper, M. L. and Marshall, T. C. (2007). Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology, 16(5), 1099–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03089.xLoukovitis, D. et al. (2016). Genetic diversity of Greek sheep breeds and transhumant populations utilizing microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 136, 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.008Mahmoud, A. H. et al. (2020). Genetic variability of sheep populations of Saudi Arabia using microsatellite markers. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(4), 409-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-775Moravčíková, N. et al. (2016). Genetic diversity of Old Kladruber and Nonius horse populations through microsatellite variation analysis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5, 45–49.Naqvi, A. N. et al. (2017). Assessment of genetic diversity and structure of major sheep breeds from Pakistan. Small Ruminant Research, 148, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.032Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89(3), 583-590.Neubauer, V. et al. (2015). Genetic diversity and population structure of Zackel sheep and other Hungarian sheep breeds. Archives Animal Breeding, 58(2), 343–50. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-343-2015Niu, L. L. et al. (2012). Genetic variability and individual assignment of Chinese indigenous sheep populations (Ovis aries) using microsatellites. Animal Genetics, 43(1), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02212.xOcampo, R. J. et al. (2017). Genetic characterization of Colombian indigenous ssheep. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 30(2), 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n2a03Othman, O. E. M. et al. (2016). Sheep diversity of five Egyptian breeds: Genetic proximity revealed between desert breeds: Local sheep breeds diversity in Egypt. Small Ruminant Research, 144, 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.10.020Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E. (2012). GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics, 28(19), 2537–2539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E. (2006). Genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. 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Farming largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radicchio (Cichorium intybus) in aquaponics: effects of stocking density on fish growth and quality, and vegetable production
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-30 | Accepted 2020-09-01 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.79-87The present study assessed the effects of two initial stocking densities (low – LD, 4.23 kg m-3, moderate – MD, 8.05 kg m-3) on growth, health and fillet quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and on yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radicchio (Cichorium intybus group Rubifolium) produced in a low-tech recirculating aquaponic system. A total of 104 largemouth bass (initial body weight: 236 ± 38 g) were randomly stocked in eight 500 L tanks (four per stocking density) and monitored during a 70-day period. Vegetables yield was similar in LD and MD groups. Lettuce yield (6.33 kg m-2) was in line with typical values, whereas radicchio showed a negligible yield (1.34 kg m-2). Likewise, fish final weight (263 g, on average), specific growth rate (0.17% d-1), feed conversion ratio (2.72), and mortality (4.8%) did not differ between treatments. Fish morphometric indices, slaughter results and fillet quality were not affected by stocking density. In conclusion, the production of lettuce was successful in the tested system, whereas the production of radicchio did not achieve satisfactory results. Growth performances of the largemouth bass were poor and further investigations are required to optimize the rearing of this fish species in low-tech aquaponic systems.Keywords: largemouth bass, lettuce, radicchio, water quality, flesh qualityReferencesBAßMANN, B. et al. (2017). Stress and welfare of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) in a coupled aquaponic system. Water, 9(7), 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070504BROWN, T. G. et al. (2009). Biological synopsis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2884, v + 27 p.CHAVES-POZO, E. et al. (2019). An overview of the reproductive cycle of cultured specimens of a potential candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture, Umbrina cirrosa. Aquaculture, 505, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.02.039CHEN, Y. et al. (2020). Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil and L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism and liver health of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture, 516, 734596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734596PANTANELLA, E. et al. (2012). Aquaponics vs. hydroponics: production and quality of lettuce crop. Acta Horticulturae, 927, 887-893. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.927.109RAHMAN, M. M (2015). Role of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in aquaculture production systems. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(4), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2015.1045629RAKOCY, J. E. (2012). Aquaponics: integrating fish and plant culture. In: Tidwell J.H. (Ed), Aquaculture production systems. India: Wiley-Blackwell (pp. 343–386). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118250105.ch14SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2013. SAS/STAT(R) 9.2 User’s Guide, second ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63033/HTML/default/viewer.htm#glm_toc.htmSOMERVILLE, C. et al. (2014). Small-scale aquaponic food production. Integrated fish and plant farming. Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 589. Retrieved May 15, 2020 from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdfSUÁREZ, M. D. et al. (2014). Influence of dietary lipids and culture density on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh composition and quality parameter. Aquaculture Engineering, 63, 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.09.001SUN, J.-L. et al. (2020). Interactive effect of thermal and hypoxia on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) gill and liver: Aggravation of oxidative stress, inhibition of immunity and promotion of cell apoptosis. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 98, 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.056TIDWELL, J. H. et al. (2000). Species profile – Largemouth bass. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center 722. Retrieved May 20, 2020 from http://aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/aquaculture-publications/12TIDWELL, J. H. et al. (2007). Effect of stocking density on growth and water quality for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides growout in ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 29, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00302.xTYSON, R. V. et al. (2004). Reconciling water quality parameters impacting nitrification in aquaponics: the pH levels. In: Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 117, 79–83. Retrieved May 20, 2020 from https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/858557_11VITULE, J. R. S. et al. (2006). Introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) into Southern Brazil. Biological Invasions, 8, 677–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-2535-8WANG, Y. et al. (2019). Effect of stocking density on growth, serum biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes activity and antioxidant status of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51(4), 1509–1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.4.1509.1517WATTS, C. et al. (2016). Evaluation of stocking density during second‐year growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, raised indoors in a recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47(4), 538–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12315YILDIZ, H. Y. et al. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces—A review. Water, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013YUAN, J. et al. (2019). Analysis of the growth performances, muscle quality, blood biochemistry and antioxidant status of Micropterus salmoides farmed in in-pond raceway systems versus usual-pond systems. Aquaculture, 511, 734241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734241
Relationship between feed protein content and faeces nitrogen content in early lactation dairy cows
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-26 | Accepted 2020-09-02 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.313-318The increase of milk production at the farm level requires an accurate balancing of the diet and the nitrogen supply also to minimise the possible environmental pollution deriving from dairy farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary protein utilization at different crude protein (CP) levels and to predict nitrogen content in faeces on the basis of nutritional parameters and milk urea nitrogen content (MUN, mg dL-1). The study was conducted on three groups (A, B, C) of lactating dairy cows (8 cows per group, including Latvian Brown and Holstein Black and White breeds) from 10 to 30 days in milk. Total mixed rations containing different levels of CP (approximately 18.0%, 17.5% and 17.0% for A, B and C, respectively) were fed. The amount of feed consumed by each cow was measured and feed samples collected during the trial. Milk yield (kg d-1-1) and faeces amount were recorded, and samples were collected at day 21 of the study for further analysis. Feed samples were analysed for CP, net energy for lactation (NEL, MJ kg-1) and other parameters. Milk samples were analysed for fat (%), total protein (%), casein (%) and urea content (mg dL-1). The statistical investigation was conducted using ANOVA, and correlation and regression analyses. The results showed that milk yield, fat, total protein, casein, urea, and MUN were not significantly different among groups being not affected by the dietary CP levels. The correlation between faecal nitrogen content and CP content in feed was moderately positive and statistically significant (r=0.44, P=0.03), while the correlation between faecal nitrogen content and MUN was moderately negative and showed tendency towards significance (r=-0.39, P=0.06). The regression analysis showed that feed CP explained approximately 20% of faeces nitrogen content.Keywords: dairy cow, milk urea, faeces nitrogen, feed crude proteinReferencesAmanlou, H., Farahani, T. A. and Farsuni, N. E. (2017). Effects of rumen undegradable protein supplementation on productive performance and indicators of protein and energy metabolism in Holstein fresh cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 3628-3640. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11794J. A. D. R. N., Judy, J. V., Kebreab, E. and Kononoff, P. J. (2016). Prediction of drinking water intake by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 7191–7205. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10950Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Burton, S. A. and Lissemore, K. D. (2008). Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary parameters and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy herds. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 449-453.Bijgaart, H. van den. (2003). Urea. New applications of mid-infra-red spectrometry. Bulletin of IDF, 383, 5-15.Broderick, G. and Huhtanen, P. (2020). Application of milk urea nitrogen values. Retrieved on June 30, 2020 from https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/15797/PDFBucholtz, H., Johnson, T. and Eastridge, M. L. (2007). Use of milk urea nitrogen in herd management. In: Tri–State Dairy Nutrition Conference. Proceedings. Ft. Wayne, Indiana, p. 63-67.Colmenero, J. J. O. and Broderick, G. A. (2006). Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 1704-1712. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-XDijkstra, J., Oenema, O. and Bannink, A. (2011). Dietary strategies to reduce N excretion from cattle: implications for methane emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.008Kalscheur, K. F., Vandersall, J. H., Erdman, R. A., Kohn, R. A. and Russek-Cohen, E. (1999). Effects of dietary crude protein concentration and degradability on milk production responses of early, mid, and late lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 545-554. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75266-5Kidane, A., Overland, M., Mydland, L. T. and Prestlokken, E. (2018). Interaction between feed use efficiency and level of dietary crude protein on enteric methane emission and apparent nitrogen use efficiency with Norwegian Red dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 96, 3967–3982. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky256LVS. (2004). Soil improvers and growing media - Determination of nitrogen - Part 1: Modified Kjeldahl method. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia.LVS. (2008). Soil improvers and growing media - Sample preparation for chemical and physical tests, determination of dry matter content, moisture content and laboratory compacted bulk density. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia.Ng-Kwai-Hang, K. F., Hayes, J. F., Moxley J. E. and Monardes, H. G. (1985). Percentages of protein and nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic cells in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1257-1262. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80954-1NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9825Powell, J. M. and Rotz, C. A. (2015). Measures of nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss from dairy production systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.07.0299Recktenwald, E. B., Ross, D. A., Fessenden, S. W., Wall, C. J. and Van Amburgh, M. E. (2014). Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 1611-1622. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7162Rotz, C. A., Satter, L. D., Mertens, D. R. and Muck, R. E. (1999). Feeding strategy, nitrogen cycling, and profitability of dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2841-2855. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75542-6Spiekers, H. and Obermaier, A. (2007). Milchhrnstoffgehalt und N-Aussheidung.L SuB Heft 4-5/07, 2007. S. III-4 bis III-8.Straalen, W. M. (1995). Modelling of nitrogen flow and extraction in dairy cows. PhD thesis. Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen. ISBN 90-5485-475-8.
Effect of production system on fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Ile de France lambs
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-03 | Accepted 2020-08-18 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.174-179 A study was conducted on the effect of two different lamb production systems on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat of 40 purebred Ile de France lambs. In the first production system, ewes and lambs grazed on pasture without concentrate (GS), whereas in the second production system, ewes and lambs were housed indoor and fed silage/hay and concentrate (IS). Twenty lambs (7 females and 13 males) were included in each group. Lambs were slaughtered at 28.75 ± 2.76 kg. The FA were determined by gas chromatography and analysed through ANOVA by considering the following fixed effects: production system, sex and the interaction between production system and sex. Subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of C18:3n-3 (P <0.001), C22:5n-3 (P <0.05) and C22:6n-3 (P <0.05) than IS lambs, which resulted in a higher sum of n-3 polyunsaturated FA in GS compared to IS lambs (2.00 vs. 1.15 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Moreover, subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of c9,t11-C18:2 (P <0.001) and sum of detected conjugated linoleic acid isomers than IS lambs (2.21 vs. 0.67 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Females had significantly greater proportion of C18:2n-6 (P <0.05) and C18:3n-6 (P <0.001) than males. We can conclude that the GS system where lambs are raised under grazing conditions may provide carcasses with a more acceptable subcutaneous fat, as far as a human health and nutrition perspective is concerned.Keywords: lamb, production system, subcutaneous fat, fatty acid compositionReferencesAckman, R. G. (2002). The gas chromatograph in practical analyses of common and uncommon fatty acids for the 21st century. Analytica Chimica Acta, 465(1-2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00098-3Araba, A., Bouarour, M., Bas, P., Morand-Fehr, P., El Aich, A., Kabbali, A. (2009). Performance carcass characteristics and meat quality of Timahdite-breed lambs finished on pasture or on hay and concentrate. Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens, 85, 465-469.Aurosseau, B., Bauchart, D., Calichon, E., Micol, D., Priolo, A. (2004). Effect of grass and concentrate feeding systems and role of growth on triglyceride and phospholipid and their fatty acids in the M. Longissimus thoracis of lambs. Meat Science, 66(3), 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00156-6Binnie, M. A., Barlow, K., Johnson, V., Harrison, C. (2014). Red meats: Time for a paradigm shift in dietary advice. Meat Science, 98(3), 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.024Cividini, A., Levart, A., Zgur, S. (2008). Fatty acid composition as affected by production system, waning and sex. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 2, 47-52.Corpet, D. E. (2011). Red meat and colon cancer: Should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer? Meat Science, 89(3), 310-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.04.009Díaz, M. T., Velasco, S., Cañeque, V., Lauzurica, S., Ruiz de Huidobro, F., Pérez, C., González, J., Manzanares, C. (2002). Use of concentrate or pasture for fattening lambs and its effect on carcass and meat quality. Small Ruminant Research, 43, 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00016-0Díaz, M. T., Álvarez, I., La Fuente, J., Sañudo, C., Campo, M. M., Oliver, M. A. Cañeque, V. (2005). Fatty acid composition of meat from typical lamb production systems of Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Uruguay. Meat Science, 71(2), 256-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.03.020Di Memmo, D. (2015). Influence of multiple injections of vitamin E on quality traits and oxidative stability of lamb meat. Doctorate thesis. Campobasso : University of Molise. 130 p.Guler, G. O., Aktumsek, A., and Karabacak, A. (2011). Effect of Feeding Regime on Fatty Acid Composition of Longissimus dorsi Muscle and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Akkaraman Lambs, Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 17, 885–892. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2011.4495Juárez, M., Horcada, A., Alcalde M. J., Valera, M., Mullen, A. M., Molina, A. (2008) Estimation of factors influencing fatty acid profiles in light lambs. Meat Science, 79(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.08.014Karaca, S., Yilmaz, A., Kor, A., Bingöl, M., Cavidoglu, I., Ser, G. (2016). The effect of feeding system on slaughter-carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of lambs. Archives Animal Breeding, 59, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-59-121-2016Leão, A. G., Silva Sobrinho, A. G., Moreno, G. M. B., Souza, H. B. A., Perez, H. L., Loureiro, C. M. B. (2011). 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Bioactive compounds and fatty acid profile of grape pomace
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-23 | Accepted: 2020-08-04 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.230-235The aims of experiment were to determinate the values of bioactive compounds and fatty acid profile in white dried grape pomace Vitis vinifera “Pinot Gris”. Grape pomace originated from winery of the University farm Kolíňany, centre Oponice. The dry matter and crude fat content was determined after the preparation of samples. The dried grape pomace contained 94.2% of dry matter and 8.40% of crude fat. This research was conducted on antiradical activity (DPPH), total polyphenols, total phelinolic acids, total flavanoids and fatty acid profile. The results confirmed that the grape pomace is considerable source of bioactive compounds, with high antioxidant activity, value of total phenolic acids and total polyphenols. 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