Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Castration and alternatives in pig: advantages and disadvantages
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-07 | Accepted: 2020-11-05 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.60-63This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various alternatives to the surgical castration of piglets. Producers use castrations against boar taint which is present in the meat. Alternative methods could be immunocastration, production with entire male pigs or castration with anesthesia and/or analgesia. Production with entire male pigs means to feed pigs to lower carcasses, as the boar taint is very low at that time. But this method is not suitable for all especially If pigs need to be fattened up to 180-200 kg. Castration with anesthesia and analgesia reduces pain and is suitable for welfare but the cost of anesthesia and analgesia is high for some producers. The expense of immunocastration is also higher than for entire pigs but advantages of this method are higher meat percentage, better carcass quality, improved feed conversion ratio.Keywords: castration, immunocastration, boar taint, entire male pigs, castration with anesthesia or analgesiaReferencesAdam, J.L. (1977). Boar odour in entire males after slaughter. Agricultural Research in the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Annual Report of the Research Division, 1976–1977.Giffin, B. J., Allison, J. R., Martin, S., Ward, P. and Tschopp, A. (2008). Consumer acceptance of the use of vaccination to control boar taint. Proceedings 20th Int Pig Vet Soc Cong, Durban, South Africa.Aluwé, M., Langendries, K. C. M., Bekaert, K. M., Tuyttens, F. A. M., De Brabander, D. L., De Smet, S. and Millet, S. (2013). Effect of surgical castration, immunocastration and chicory-diet on the meat quality and palatability of boars. Meat Science, 94(3), 402–407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.015Aluwé, M., Tuyttens, F. A. M. and Millet, S. (2015). Field experience with surgical castration with anaesthesia, analgesia, immunocastration and production of entire male pigs: performance, carcass traits and boar taint prevalence. Animal: an international journal of animal bioscience, 9(3), 500. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731114002894Aluwé, M., Vanhonacker, F., Millet, S. and Tuyttens, A. M. (2015). Influence of hands-on experience on pig farmers‘ attitude towards alternatives for surgical castration of male piglets. Research in Veterinary Science, 103, 80–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.019Batorek, N., Candek-Potokar, M., Bonneau, M. and Van Milgen, J. (2012). Meta-analysis of the effect of immunocastration on production performance, reproductive organs and boar taint compounds in pigs. Animal: an international journal of animal bioscience, 6(8), 1330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731112000146Bee, G., Chevillon, P. and Bonneau, M. (2015). Entire male pig production in Europe. Animal Production Science, 55(12), 1347–1359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/an15279Bohrer, B. M., Flowers, W. L., Kyle, J. M., Johnson, S. S., King, V. L., Spruill, J. L. and Boler, D. D. (2014). Effect of gonadotropin releasing factor suppression with an immunological on growth performance, estrus activity, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of market gilts. Journal of animal science, 92(10), 4719–4724. doi: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7756Brunius, C., Zamaratskaia, G., Andersson, K., Chen, G., Norrby, M., Madej, A. and Lundström, K. (2011). Early immunocastration of male pigs with Improvac® – Effect on boar taint, hormones and reproductive organs. Vaccine, 29(51), 9514–9520. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.014Čandek-Potokar, M., Škrlep, M. and Zamaratskaia, G. (2017). Immunocastration as alternative to surgical castration in pigs. Theriogenology, 6, 109–126. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68650D’Souza, D. N. and Mullan, B. P. (2003). The effect of genotype and castration method on the eating quality characteristics of pork from male pigs. Animal Science, 77(1), 67–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053650Dostálová, A., Koucký, M. and Průšová, V. (2008). Výkrm kanečků v podmínkách ekologického zemědělství. Mudrik, Z., Dvorak, J. Metodika zemědělského poradenského systemu.Dunshea, F. R., Colantoni, C., Howard, K., McCauley, I., Jackson, P., Long, K. A. and Hennessy, D. P. (2001). Vaccination of boars with a GnRH vaccine (Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance. Journal of animal science, 79(10), 2524–2535. doi: https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.79102524xFredriksen, B., Johnsen, A. M. S. and Skuterud, E. (2011). Consumer attitudes towards castration of piglets and alternatives to surgical castration. Research in veterinary science, 90(2), 352–357. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.018Hennessy, D. and Newbold, R. (2004). Consumer attitudes to a boar taint vaccine, Improvac (R)–A qualitative study. In Proceedings of the 18th IPVS congress, Hamburg, Germany, 612 p.Holinger, M., Früh, B. and Hillmann, E. (2015). Group composition for fattening entire male pigs under enriched housing conditions – Influences on behaviour, injuries and boar taint compounds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 165, 47–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.01.016Holinger, M., Früh, B., Stoll, P., Graage, R., Wirth, S., Bruckmaier, R. and Hillmann, E. (2018). Chronic intermittent stress exposure and access to grass silage interact differently in their effect on behaviour, gastric health and stress physiology of entire or castrated male growing-finishing pigs. Physiology & behavior, 195, 58–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.01Huber-Eicher, B. and Spring, P. (2008). Attitudes of Swiss consumers towards meat from entire or immunocastrated boars: A representative survey. Research in veterinary science, 85(3), 625–627. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.03.002Viske, D., Lagerkvist, C. J. and Carlsson, F. (2006). Swedish consumer preferences for animal welfare and biotech: a choice experiment. AgBioForum 9(1), 51–58.Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (2004). Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. The veterinary journal, 168(2), 118–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.08.004Mellor, D. J. and Gregory, N. G. (2003). Responsiveness, behavioural arousal and awareness in fetal and newborn lambs: experimental, practical and therapeutic implications. New Zealand veterinary journal, 51(1), 2–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2003.36323Moberg, G. P. (2000). Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare, 1, 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993591.0001Needham, T. and Hoffman, L. C. (2015). Physical meat quality and chemical composition of the Longissimus thoracis of entire and immunocastrated pigs fed varying dietary protein levels with and without ractopamine hydrochloride. Meat science, 110, 101–108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.01Némethová, S. (2018). Vplyv trieslovín na kvalitu a nutričné zloženie mäsa kančekov. Nitra: SPU.Prunier, A., Bonneau, M., Von Borell, E. H., Cinotti, S., Gunn, M., Fredriksen, B. and Velarde, A. (2006). A review of the welfare consequences of surgical castration in piglets and the evaluation of non-surgical methods. Animal Welfare Journal, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 15, 277–289.Seiquer, I., Palma-Granados, P., Haro, A., Lara, L., Lachica, M., Fernández-Fígares, I. and Nieto, R. (2019). Meat quality traits in longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius muscles from immunocastrated and surgically castrated Iberian pigs. Meat science, 150, 77–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.12.004Telles, F. G., Luna, S. P. L., Teixeira, G. and Berto, D. A. (2016). Long-term weight gain and economic impact in pigs castrated under local anaesthesia. Veterinary and Animal Science, 1, 36–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2016.11.003Tuyttens, F. A., Vanhonacker, F., Langendries, K., Aluwé, M., Millet, S., Bekaert, K. and Verbeke, W. (2011). Effect of information provisioning on attitude toward surgical castration of male piglets and alternative strategies for avoiding boar taint. Research in Veterinary Science, 91(2), 327–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.005Tuyttens, F. A., Vanhonacker, F., Verhille, B., De Brabander, D. and Verbeke, W. (2012). Pig producer attitude towards surgical castration of piglets without anaesthesia versus alternative strategies. Research in Veterinary Science, 92(3), 524– 530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.017Von Borell, E., Baumgartner, J., Giersing, M., Jäggin, N., Prunier, A., Tuyttens, F. A. M. and Edwards, S. A. (2009). Animal welfare implications of surgical castration and its alternatives in pigs. Animal, 3(11), 1488–1496. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s175173110900472
Evaluation of the oil content of Silybi mariani fructus cultivated in a warm climatic region (Dolná Malanta, district Nitra)
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2021-02-10 | Accepted: 2021-03-29 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.212-218 Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family that is grown for its silymarin content. In the production of the silymarin complex, oil is obtained as a secondary product that must be removed from the seeds before extraction of silymarin. The oil contains a favorable ratio of fatty acids and essential phospholipids and has a high vitamin E concent. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of the harvest and the oil content in the dry matter of milkthistle fruit in three varieties (Silyb, Silma, Mirel) during growing seasons 2019 and 2020. The field experiment was conducted in a warm climatic region of western Slovakia (at the experimental site, Dolná Malanta locality). The results showed that the average yield of milk thistle fruit was 452.72 ±61.71 kg ha-1. The oiliness results wereat the level of 28.62 ±1.12%. The maximum and minimum oil content values in the dry matter were determined in the variety Silma 2019. The differences between the individual varieties were not statistically significant. The factor of the growing season had a statistically significant effect on the oil content. Based on two-year fertility and oil content results, it is recommended to continue to monitor the quantitative and qualitative potentials of the milk thistle in the following growing season.Keywords: milk thistle, fruit, yield, oiliness, Soxhlet extraction ReferencesAbascal, K., & Yarnell, E. (2004). The Many Faces of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Part 1 – Treating Cancer and Hyperlipidemia and Restoring Kidney Function. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 9(4), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1089/107628003322256878Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Assareh, M. H., Hashemi, M., & Liaghat, A. (2014). Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Product, 58, 166–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.043Ahmad, M. et al. (2012). Prospects and Potential of Green Fuel from some Non-Traditional Seed Oils Used as Biodiesel. Biodiesel: Feedstocks, Production and Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/52031Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4129298Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.027Andrzejewska, J., & Sadowska K. (2008). Effect of cultivation conditions on the variability and interrelation of yield and raw material quality in the milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Acta Scientiarum polonorum, Agricultura, 7(3), 3–11.Anum, F., Raja, I. N., Ain, U. N., Javed, U., & Yasmeen, F. (2018). Some Physio-Chemical Properties of Silybum marianum Seed Oil Extract. Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences, 13(5), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.19080/CTBEB.2018.13.555875Denis, I. et al. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids and brain resistance to ageing and stress: Body of evidence and possible mechanisms. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(2), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2013.01.007Engelberth, S. A., Carrier, J. D., & Clausen, C. E. (2008). Separation of Silymarins from Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Extracted with Pressurized Hot Water using Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 31(19), 3001–3011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070802424907Estaji, A., & Niknam, F. (2020). Foliar salicylic acid spraying effect on growth, seed oil content, and physiology of drought-stressed Silybum marianum L. plant. Agricultural Water Management, 234, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106116Fadhil, B. A., Ahmed, M. K., & Dheyab, M.M. (2017). Silybum marianum L. seed oil: A novel feedstock for biodiesel production. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.11.009Fadhil, B. A., Aziz, M. A., & Al-Tamer, M. H. (2016). Biodiesel production from Silybum marianum L. seed oil with FFA content using sulfonated carbon catalyst for esterification and base catalyst for transesterification. Energy Conversion and Management, 108, 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.013Fathi, A. B., & Azadmard, D. S. (2009). Milk thistle seed oil constituents from different varieties grown in Iran. Journal of the American Oil Chemists´Society, 86(7), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1399-yFreedman, D. N. et al. (2010). Silymarin use and liver disease progression in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 33(1), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04503.xHabán, M., Otepka, P., Kobida, Ľ., & Habánová, M. (2009). Production and quality of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) cultivated in cultural conditions of warm agri-climatic macroregion. Horticultural Science, 36(2), 69–74.Hadolin, M. et al. (2001). High pressure extraction of vitamin E-rich oil from Silybum marianum. Food Chemistry, 74(3), 355– 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00152-2Indrák, P., & Chytilová, D. (1992). On the issue of determination of Silybin in the drug of milk thistle (Silybum marianum /L./ Gaertn.). Horticulture, 19(4), 309–313. In Czech.Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.027Khalili, M. et al. (2009). Influence of exogenous salicylic acid on flavonolignans and lipoxygenase activity in the hairy root cultures of Silybum marianum. Cell Biology International, 33(9), 988–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.003Koláčková, P. et al. (2014). Quick method (FT-NIR) for the determination of oil and major fatty acids content in whole achenes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95, 2264–2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6945Li, F. et al. (2012). Optimization of enzymatic pretreatment for n-hexane extraction of oil from Silybum marianum seeds using response surface methodology. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.02.010Luque-Garcia, L. J., & Casto, D. L. D. M. (2004). Ultrasound-assisted Soxhlet extraction: an expeditive approach for solid sample treatment: Application to the extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds. Journal of Chromatography A, 1034 (1–2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.020Migahid, M. M. et al. (2019). Priming of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn seeds with H2O2 and magnetic field ameliorates seawater stress. Heliyon, 5(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01886Polyak, J. S., Ferenci, P., & Pawlotsky, J-M. (2013). Hepatoprotective and Antiviral Functions of Silymarin Components in HCV Infection. Hepatology, 57(3), 1262–1271. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26179Rahal, B. N. et al. (2015). Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 83, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.07.006Ramadhas, S. A., Muraleedharan, C., & Jayaraj, S. (2005). Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil. Renewable Energy, 30(12), 1789–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.009Ramasamy, K., & Agarwal, R. (2008) Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. Cancer Letters, 269(2), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.053Růžičková, G., Fojtová, J., & Součková, M. (2011). The yield and quality of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L). Gaertn.] seed oil from the perspective of environment and genotype a pilot study. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 14(1), 9–12.Sadowska, K., Andrzejewska, J., & Woropaj-Janczak, M. (2011). Effect of Weather and Agrotechnical Conditions on the Content of nutrients in the Fruits of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 10(3), 197–207.Takase, M. et al. (2014). Silybum marianum oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel: A comparison of its production using conventional and ultrasonic assisted method. Fuel Processing Technology, 123, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.032Vagnerova, L., Pluhackova, H., & Sofrova, J. (2016). The variability of contained compounds in selected milk thistle [Silybum marianum L. (GAERTN.)] varieties cultivated in 2010– 2015. MendelNet, 23, 178–182.Vaknin, Y., Hadas, R., Schafferman, D., Murkhovsky, L., & Bashan, N. (2008). The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59, 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480701554095Zheljazkov, D. V., Zhalnov, I., & Nedkov, K. N. (2006). Herbicides for Weed Control in Blessed Thistle (Silybum marianum). Weed Technology, 20, 1030–1034. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267031316Zhu, Y. S. et al. (2014). Silybum marianum oil attenuates oxidative stress and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in mice treated with D-galactose. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 10, 92–99. https://doi:10.4103/0973-1296.127353 Zhu, Y. S. et al. (2018). Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 100, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.144
Comparison of pig classification using Fat-O-Meater in Slovakia
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2021-02-09 | Accepted: 2021-04-01 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.238-242Pig carcass classification is based on instrumental prediction of lean meat content and application of the common SEUROP scale. Each member country uses an authorised apparatus with respective regression equation to predict the lean meat content. These equations may differ between countries since they are calculated on different populations. Differences in equations may lead to different predictions of lean meat content. In Slovakia, a significant portion of slaughtered fatteners come from abroad, especially from the Czech Republic and Hungary. Since the same apparatus is approved in neighbouring countries, our study was aimed on the Fat-O-Meater and the comparison of lean meat prediction using three equations from neighbouring countries. Overall, the Slovak equation overestimated the lean meat content by 2.1% compared to the equation from Czech Republic and 2.56% compared to the equation from Hungary. Higher differences were observed in the R, O, P classes and lower differences were observed in the S, E, U classes when individual classes were considered. Different predicted lean meat content led to different carcass distribution over the SEUROP classes. Most visible changes were in the S and E classes. These changes suggest that the inclusion of carcasses from different suppliers should be considered in the authorisation trial.Keywords: SEUROP, grading, lean meat content, backfat thickness, muscle thickness, FOMReferencesCommission Decision 2009/622/EC of 20 August 2009 authorising methods for grading pig carcases in Slovakia (OJ L 224, 27.8.2009, pp. 11–14).Commission Decision 2005/1/EC of 27 December 2004 authorising methods for grading pig carcases in the Czech Republic (OJ L 1, 4. 1. 2005, pp. 8–11), as amended by the Commission Implementing Decision 2013/187/EU.Commission Decision 2005/382/EC of 18 May 2005 authorising methods for grading pig carcases in Hungary (OJ L 126, 19.5.2005, pp. 55–58), as amended by the Commission Implementing Decision 2011/507/EU.David, L., Pulkrábek, J., & Vališ, L. (2014). Pig carcass value parameters analysed within the context of SEUROP grading system. Research in pig breeding, 8(2), 1–3.Engel, B., Lambooij, E., Buist, W. G., & Vereijken, P. (2012). Lean meat prediction with HGP, CGM and CSB-Image-Meater, with prediction accuracy evaluated for different proportions of gilts, boars and castrated boars in the pig population. Meat Science, 90(2), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.020Eurostat. (2020). Slaughtering in slaughterhouses/ annual data/pigmeat [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Dec 15] Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_mt_pann&lang=enFont i Furnols, M., & Gispert, M. (2009). Comparison of different devices for predicting the lean meat percentage of pig carcasses. Meat Science, 83(3), 443–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.018Font-i-Furnols, M., Čandek-Potokar, M., Daumas, G., Gispert, M., Judas, M., & Seynaeve, M. (2016). Comparison of national ZP equations for lean meat percentage assessment in SEUROP pig classification. Meat Science, 113, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.11.004Fortin, A., Jones, S. D. M., & Haworth, C. R. (1984). Pork carcass grading: A comparison of the New Zealand Hennessy Grading Probe and the Danish Fat-O-Meater. Meat Science, 10(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(84)90065-2Krška, P., Bahelka, I., Demo, P., & Peškovičová, D. (2002). Meat content in pigs estimated by various methods and compared with objective lean meat content. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 47(5), 206–211.Kvapilík, J., Přibyl, J., Růžička, Z., & Řehák, D. (2009). Results of pig carcass classification according to SEUROP in the Czech Republic. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 54(5), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.17221/1662-CJASLisiak, D., Borzuta, K., Janiszewski, P., Magda, F., Grześkowiak, E., Strzelecki, J., & Lisiak, B. (2012). Verification of regression equations for estimating pork carcass meatiness using CGM, IM03, Fat-O-Meat’er II and UltraFom 300 devices. Annals of Animal Science, 12(4), 585–596. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0049-8Lowe, B. K., Clark, D. L., Boler, D. D., Dilger, A. C., McKeith, F. K., Eggert, J. M., & Killefer, J. (2011). Characterization of loin shape from Duroc and Duroc composite finishing gilts. Meat Science, 87(2), 146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.10.004National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO). (2017): A minősítésre kötelezett vágóhidak sertésvágásának alakulása 2016-ban. Available at: https://sertesinfo.aki.gov.hu/publikaciok/publikacio/a:1045/A+min%C5%91s%C3%ADt%C 3%A9sre+k%C3%B6telezett+v%C3%A1g%C3%B3hidak+sert%C3%A9sv%C3%A1g%C3%A1s%C3%A1nak+alakul%C3%A1sa+2016-banNissen, P. M., Busk, H., Oksama, M., Seynaeve, M., Gispert, M., Walstra, P., & Olsen, E. (2006). The estimated accuracy of the EU reference dissection method for pig carcass classification. Meat Science., 73(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.10.009Olsen, E. V., Candek-Potokar, M., Oksama, M., Kien, S., Lisiak, D., & Busk, H. (2007). On-line measurements in pig carcass classification: Repeatability and variation caused by the operator and the copy of instrument. Meat Science, 75(1), 29– 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.011Szőllősi, L., Molnár, S., Ladányi, K., Karnai, L., & Szűcs, I. (2017). Cost analysis of pig slaughtering: A hungarian case study. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 11(3–4), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.19041/APSTRACT/2017/3-4/17Tomka, J., Demo, P., Gondeková, M., & Salagová, Z. (2021). The analysis of pig carcass classification in Slovakia. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 66(3), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.17221/231/2020-CJA
Influence of organo-mineral ferilizer rates and weeding frequency on mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2021-02-10 | Accepted: 2021-03-29 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.206-211 The initial slow growth of mango ginger makes them highly vulnerable to weed interference with high yield losses. Timely weeding and adequate fertilization therefore is a necessity for enhanced productivity of mango ginger. Field trials were conducted in the early cropping seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria to evaluate the effect of weeding frequency under different application rates of organo-mineral fertilizer on growth and productivity of mango ginger. Treatments were laid out in split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot treatments were three levels of organo-mineral fertilizer at 0 t ha-1, 2.4 t ha-1 and 3.6 t ha-1 while sub plots treatments consisted of six weeding frequencies viz: weeding at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 weeks after planting (WAP); Weeding at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 WAP; Weeding at 3, 6, 9, 12 WAP; Weeding at 4, 8, 12, 16 WAP; Weed free and Weedy check as control. Results showed that application of 3.6 t ha-1 organo-mineral fertilizer gave the highest rhizome yield and return on investment in both years. Although plot kept weed free throughout crop life cycle produced the highest rhizome yield, plot weeded at 4, 8, 12 and 20 WAP gave the highest return on investment in both years. This study reveals that application of 3.6 t ha-1 of organo-mineral fertilizer and weeding at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 WAP resulted in optimum yield with highest return on investment.Keywords: Curcuma amada, fertilizers, hoe-weeding, weed-free, yield ReferencesAbubacker. A.T.N. (2009). Export potential of Ginger. Department of Economics, Dr Zakir Husain College, Ileyangudi, Tamil Nadu, India.Bahadur, M.M., Azad, A.K.M., Hakim, M.A., Hossain, M.M., & Sikdar, S.P. (2000). Effect of spacing and potassium levels on the growth and yield of turmeric var. Sinduri. Pakistan Journal of Biological Scencesi, 3(4), 593–595.Banafar, R.N. S., & Tiwara, R. J. (1995). Response of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) to potassium application in medium black soils of Madhya Pradesh. Crop. Research (Hisar), (10), 93–95.Channappagoudar, B. B., Babu, V., Naganagoudar, Y. B., & Rathod, S. (2013). Influence of herbicides on morpho-physiological growth parameters in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). The Bioscan., 8(3), 1019–1023.Cho, G.H., Yoo, C.H., Choi, J.W., Park, K.H., Hari, S.S., & Kim, S.J. (1987). Research Report. Rural Development Administration, Plant Environment Mycology and Farm Products Utilisation, Korea Republic, (29), 30–42.Dan, D. Q., Joseph, S., Stephanie, D., Alusaine, E. S., Abdul Rahman, C., Jenneh, F. B., & Janatu, V. S. (2016). Economic Evaluation of Weed Control and Herbicide Residues on Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(7).Food and Agriculture Organization. (2013). Production/ Crops for Ginger, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United.Habetewold, K., Bekelle, K., Kasahun, S., & Tariku, H. (2015). Prevalence of bacterial wilt of ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Ralstonia solansearum (Smith) in Ethiopia. Int. J. Res Stud Agric Sci., (6), 14–22.Hailemichael, G., & Tesfaye, K. (2008). The effects of seed rhizome size on the growth, yield and economic return of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Asian Journal. Plant Sci. 7: 213-217.KAU [Kerala Agricultural University] (2006). Annual Reportofthe AICRPon weed control. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, pp.16.MOARD. (2007). Annual yield assessment report 2007. Results on area, production and yield a coffee, tea and spices. Statistical Bullefin150. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.Nagarajan, M., & Pillai, N.G. (1979). A note on nutrient removal by ginger and turmeric rhizomes. Madras Agricultural Journal, (66), 56–59.Policegoudra., R.S, Aradhya, S.M., & Singh, l. (2011). Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) – A promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities. J. Biosci., 36(4), 739– 748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-011-9106-1Pushpangadan, P. R, Chandana, V. R, Ajay, K. S, Ojha, S. K., & Reddy, G. D. (2006) Anti-allergic herbal formulation(s). Patent No. WO2006067802.Rahnavard, A., Ashrafi, Z. Y. H., Alizade, M., & Sadeghi S. (2009). Studies on the effect of fertilizer application and croprotation on the weed infested fields in Iran. J. Agric. Technol., 5(1), 41–50.Roy, S.S., & Hore, J.K. 2007. Influence of organic manures on growth and yield of ginger. Journal of Plantation Crops, (35), 52–55.Shadap, A., Pariari, A., & Lyngdoh, Y. A. (2018). Influence of organic manures, bio-fertilizers and graded dose of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale rosc.). Plant Archives, 18(2), 1593–1597
The effect of different feeding system on fatty acids composition of cowʼs milk
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-01-16 | Accepted: 2020-01-22 | Available online: 2020-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.01.37-41The aim of the experiment was study the effect of different feeding system on fatty acids (FA) profile of cow’s milk. The tank’s samples from two farms were collected. On these farms breed: the Slovak Spotted cattle was reared. Feeding system was realized on the base pasture + supplementary feeding without silage – grazing feeding system (farm A) and silage feeding system (farm B). The FA profile in the milk samples with the apparatus (Agilent 6890A GC, Agilent technologies, USA) were analysed. Feeding system affects FA profile of cow’s milk. Significantly higher proportion of FA in milk samples: C4:0, C17:0, C18:1 cis-n9, C18:2 cis-n9, C18:3-n3 and C20:0 in milk from grazing feeding system (farm A) was detected. The samples of milk only from this feeding system contained C20:5 n3. Significantly higher content of 18:2 cis n6 and presence of C13:0, C20:3 n6 and C20:4 n6 only in milk samples from silage feeding system were determined. Significantly lower proportion of saturated FA was typical for milk from farm A and significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated FA was characteristic for the samples from farm B. The influence of the feeding system on the monounsaturated FA content was not confirmed. In milk samples from both feeding systems very different n6/n3 FA ratio was detected, with lower value for milk from grazing feeding system (1.36 vs. 9.12).Keywords: dairy cattle, milk, fatty acids, feeding systemReferencesAlothman , M. et al. (2019). The “grass-fed” milk story: understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk. Foods, 8(8), 350.Bagnicka , E. et al. (2010). Expression and polymorphism of defensins in farm animals. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 57(4), 487–497.Barca , J. et al. (2018). Milk fatty acid profile from cows fed with mixed rations and different access time to pastureland during early lactation. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 102(3), 620–629.Blaško , J. et al. (2010). Fatty acid composition of summer and winter cows’ milk and butter. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 49(4), 169–177.Boro , P. et al. (2016). Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting milk composition in dairy cows. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 6(2), 170–174.BSSR. (2017). The breeding services of the Slovak republic, s.e. The results of dairy herd milk recording in Slovak republic year 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2020 from http://test.plis.sk/volne/RocenkaMagazin/Rocenka.aspx?id=mlhd2017/BSSR. (2018). Breeding services of the Slovak Republic, s.e. The results of dairy herd milk recording in Slovak Republic foryear 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2020 from http://test.plis.sk/volne/rocenkamagazin/rocenka.aspx?id=mlhd2018/Bujko , J. et al. (2018). The impact of genetic and nongenetic factors on somatic cell count as a monitor of udder health in Slovak Simmental dairy cows. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 21(4), 166–168. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.166-168D’urso, S. et al. (2008). Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 92(3), 405–410.Elgersma , A. (2015). Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 117(9), 1345–1369.Filipejová, T. et al. (2010). Evaluation of selected biochemical milk parameters of dairy cows and their correlations. Potravinárstvo, 4, 12–15.Gálik, B. et al. (2011). Biotechnology and animal food quality. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra.Guler, G. O. et al. (2010). Fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of some commercial milk in Turkey. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(Supplement-A), 37–40.Haug , A., Høstmark , A. T. and Harstad , O. M. (2007). Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review. Lipids in health and disease, 6(25), 1–16.Hudečková P. et al. (2011). Plants oil in the diet for laying hens. In Strakov á, E. and Suchý, P. (eds.): 9th Kabrt’s dietetic days. Brno: Tribun EU, 144–147. In Czech.Kadlečík, O. et al. (2013). Diversity of cattle breeds in Slovakia. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 46(4), 145–150.Kajaba , I. et al. (2009). Role of milk and dairy products in prevention of cardiovascular distribution. In Fatrcová Šramková, K. (eds.): Zobor day and West Slovakia days about osteoporosis 2009. Nitra: SUA in Nitra, 70–77. In Slovak.Kalač, P. and Samkov á, E. (2010). The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: A review. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 55(12), 521–537.Kubicová, Ľ. and Habánová, M. (2012). Development of milk consumption and marketing analysis of its demand. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 6(4), 66–72.Lorková, M. et al. (2017). Consumption of milk and dairy products in patients with cardiovascular disease. In Gálik, B. and Zelinkov á, G. (eds.): Proceedings of Slovak community for agricultural, forestry, food and veterinary sciences. Nitra: SUA in Nitra, 98–107. In Slovak.Lindmark-Månsson, H. (2008). Fatty acids in bovine milk fat. Food & Nutrition Research, 2008, 52.Markiewicz-Kęszycka , M. et al. (2013). Fatty acid profile of milk-a review. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 57(2), 135–139.Martin , B. et al. (2002). Variabilité de la teneur des laits en constituants d‘intérêt nutritionnel selon la nature des fourrages consommés par les vaches laitières. Rencontres Recherche Ruminants, 9, 347–350.Martin , B. et al. (2004). Effects of grass-based diets on the content of micronutrients and fatty acids in bovine and caprine dairy products. In Lúscher, A. et al. (eds.): Land use systems in grassland dominated regions. Proceedings of the 20th general meeting of the European grassland federation, Zurich: Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, 876–886.Mendoza, A., Cajarville , C. and Repetto , J. L. (2016). Intake, milk production, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed diets combining fresh forage with a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(3), 1938–1944.Miluchová, M., Gábor, M. and Trakovick á, A. (2014). Analysis of genetic structure in Slovak Pinzgau cattle using five candidate genes related to milk production traits. Genetika, 46(3), 863–875.Morales -Almaráz, E. et al. (2017). Parity and grazingtime effects on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. Animal Production Science, 58(7), 1233–1238.Muehlhoff, E., Bennett , A. and McMahon, D. (2013). Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).O’Callaghan , T. F. et al. (2016). Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on raw milk composition and quality over an entire lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(12), 9424–9440.Regal, V. (1956). Microscopic method for evaluating feed quality. In Proceedings ČSAZV, Plant production, 6, 31 – 40. (in Czech).Rolinec, M. et al. (2018). Change of feeding affects fatty acids profile of goat’s milk. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 19(4), 883–889.Szwajkowska , M. et al. (2011). Bovine milk proteins asthe source of bioactive peptides influencing the consumers’ immune system–a review. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 29(4), 269–280.
Diversity of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in Southwest Nigeria
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-02-05 | Accepted: 2020-05-07 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.42-48 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the potential to increase crop productivity and play a key role in the functioning and sustainability of most agroecosystems. However, limited information is available on the divervisity of AMF associated with upland rice varieties in Southwest Nigeria. Field survey was conducted to investigate colonization and diversity of AMF in 13 upland rice varieties commonly grown in Southwest Nigeria. Root and soil samples were collected from rice fields in 2012. The results showed natural root colonization of all the rice varieties by AMF with highest root colonization in ITA 157and Ofada. The spore densities retrieved from the different rhizospheres were relatively high, varying from 13 spores in UORW 111 to 174 spores in Ofada with a mean of 67.6 spores per 20 g dry soil. Glomus was observed to be the most abundant AMF genus. Funneliformis mosseae was the most frequently occurring AMF species (96.2%) with relative density (RD) of 32.2%, followed by Glomus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Glomus clareium. This study showed that AMF naturally colonized the roots of these rice varieties and diversity of different AMF genera in rice rhizosphere. This study will help draw attention to natural colonization of AMF in rice producing areas of Nigeria that can influence future possibility of using inocula of the dominant AMF species in upland rice cultivation.Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, community structure, diversity, upland rice, spore densityReferences ADEYEMI, N.O. et al. (2020). Effect of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculant on growth and yield of soybean under controlled and natural field conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(4), 487–499, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/019041 67.2019.1685101 ADEYEMI, N.O. et al. (2019). Identification and relative abundance of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with oil-seed crops and maize (Zea mays L.) in derived savannah of Nigeria. Acta fytotechn zootechn, 22(3), 84–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.84-89 ADEYEMI, N. et al. (2017). Yield and yield attributes responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to elevated CO2 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in the humid transitory rainforest. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9(2), 233–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9210002 BARBER, N.A. et al. (2013). Linking agricultural practices, mycorrhizal fungi, and traits mediating plant-insect interactions. Ecol Appl, 23(7), 1519–1530.BŁASZKOWSKI, J. (2012) Glomeromycota. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences. BOUYOUCOS, G.H. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for testing mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43,434–438.BRUNDRETT, M.C. and TEDERSOO, L. (2018) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytol, 220,1108–1115. CAMPOS-SORIANO, L. et al. (2010). Activation of basal defense mechanisms of rice plants by Glomus intraradices does not affect the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol, 188(2), 597–614. CHEN, M. et al. (2018) Beneficial services of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi – from ecology to application. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01270DAVISON, J. et al. (2015). Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science, 349, 970–973. DE ANDRADE-JÚNIOR, J.A. et al. (2018) Fixação de carbono em sistemas agroecológicos na região do Vale do São Patrício, Goiás. Científica – Multidiscip J, 5, 85–98. DE MOURA, J.B. et al. (2018) Taxa de colonização micorrízica sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo no cerrado em cana-deaçúcar. Diálogos & Ciência, 2, 60–66. GIANINAZZI, S. et al. (2010). Agroecology: The key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services. Mycorrhiza, 20(8), 519–530. INVAM (2018). International culture collection of (vesicular) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Morgantown: West Virginia University. HAZARD, C. et al. (2013). The role of local environment and geographical distance in determining community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the landscape scale. The ISME Journal, 7, 498–508. JIANG, Y.N. et al. (2017). Plants transfer lipids to sustain colonization by mutualistic mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi. Science, 356, 1172–1175. JOHNSON, N.C. (2010). Resource stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales. New Phytol, 185(3), 631–647. LEKBERG, Y. and KOIDE, R.T. (2005). Is plant performance limited by abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? A metaanalysis of studies published between 1988 and 2003. New Phytol, 168(1). LIN, X. et al. (2012). Long-term balanced fertilization decreases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in an arable soil in north China revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 5764–5771. LUGINBUEHL, L.H. et al. (2017). Fatty acids in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are synthesized by the host plant. Science, 356, 1175–1178. LUMINI, E. et al. (2011). Different farming and water regimes in Italian rice fields affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil communities. Ecol Appl, 21(5), 1696–1707.OEHL, F. et al. (2010). Soil type and land use intensity determine the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, 724–738. OEHL, F. et al. (2017) Diversity and biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Biol Fertil Soils, (53), 777–797. PEYRET-GUZZON, M. et al. (2016). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and Rhizophagus irregularis populations shift in response to short term ploughing and fertilisation in a buffer strip. Mycorrhiza, 26, 33–46. PHILLIPS, J.M. and HAYMAN, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc., 55,158–IN18. PIVATO, B. et al. (2007). Medicago species affect the community composition of arbuscular myccorhizal fungi associated with roots. New Phytologist 176, 197–210. RILLIG, M.C. and MUMMEY, D.L. (2006). Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol, 171(1), 41–53. SILVA-FLORES, P. et al. (2019) Factors affecting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore density in the Chilean Mediterraneantype ecosystem. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 19, 42–50. SMITH, S.E. and READ, D.J. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. 3rd ed., New York: Academic Press. SNOECK, D. et al. (2010). Temporal changes in VAM fungi in the cocoa agroforestry systems of central Cameroon. Agroforestry Syst., 78, 323–328. SOUZA, B.R. et al. (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as indicative of soil quality in conservation systems in the region of vale do São Patrício, Goiás. Int J Curr Res, 8, 43307–43311.VALLINO, et al. (2014). Rice flooding negatively impacts root branching and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, but not fungal viability. Plant Cell Environ, 37(3), 557–572. VAN Der HEIJDEN, M.G. et al. (2015) Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future. New Phytol 205, 1406–1423. VENTURA, M.V.A, et al. (2018) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the establishment of pre-broken sugar cane. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 64,149–157. WALKLEY, A., and BLACK, I.A. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid in soil analysis.1. Experimental soil science, 79, 459–465. WANG, Y.T. et al. (2015). Community dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in high-input and intensively irrigated rice cultivation systems. Appl Environ Microbiol, 81(8), 2958–2965. ZHANG, S.J. et al. (2015). Is resource allocation and grain yield of rice altered by inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? J Plant Ecol, 8(4), 436–448
Epiphyllous bryophytes in Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia)
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-10-28 | Accepted: 2020-04-01 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.51-57 In this work we screened for the diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes covering leaves of evergreen plants growing in temperate region of Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). We identified five taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme Brid., Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Schimp., Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. All these taxa are considered as obligate members of bryoflora of Slovakia at low risk of extinction. The most abundant was the generalist H. cupressiforme, while the rarest was the typical epiphyte P. polyantha. All identified epiphylls occurred on nine species of evergreen angiosperm phorophytes: Prunus laurocerasus L., Hedera helix L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Ilex aquifolium L., Rubus caesius L., Viburnum × burkwoodii auct., Rhododendron catawbiense Michx., Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl., Aucuba japonica Thunb.; on one gymnosperm phorophyte Cephalotaxus harringtonii var. drupacea (Siebold. & Zucc.) Koidz; and on one fern Asplenium scolopendrium L. The most often species of phorophyte for epiphyllous bryophytes was P. laurocerasus, while the rarest taxa were R. caesius, V. rhytidophyllum, R. catawbiense, A. japonica, V. × burkwoodii.Keywords: epiphyllous bryophytes, epiphylls, epiphytes, phorophytesReferencesATHERTON, I. et al. (2010). Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland: A Field Guide. Plymouth: Latimer Trend & Co. Ltd. Retrieved November 3, 2019 from http://www.britishbryologicalsociety.org.uk/BENNICI, A. (2008). Origin and early evolution of land plants Problems and considerations. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 1(2), 212–218.BERRIE, G. K. and EZE, J. M. O. (1975). The Relationship between an Epiphyllous Liverwort and Host Leaves. Annals of Botany, 39 (163), 955–963.BLAGNYTĖ, R. and PALIULIS, D. (2010). Research into Heavy Metals Pollution of Atmosphere Applying Moss as Bioindicator: a Literature Review. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 4(54), 26–33.BOWMAN, J. L. et. al., (2017). Insights into Land Plant Evolution Garnered from the Marchantia Polymorpha Genome. Cell, 171(2), 287–304.BURKHARDT, J. and HUNSCHE, M. (2013). “Breath figures” on leaf surfaces-formation and effects of microscopic leaf wetness. Front Plant Sci., 4, 422.DANYLKIV, I. et al. (2002). Bryophytes of Ukrainian Roztochia. Lviv: Institute of Ecology of Carpathians.FRAHM, J. (2009). A preliminary study of the infraspecific taxa of Hypnum cupressiforme in Europe. Archive for Bryology, 40(1), 1–10.GLIME, J. M. (1982). Bryophyte Ecology. Michigan: The International Association of Bryologists. Retrieved November 1, 2019 from https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/ bryophyte-ecology4/GRADSTEIN, S. R. (1997). The taxonomic diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes. Abstracta Botanica, 21(1), 15–9.GUNATHILAKA, M. D. (2019). A Review of Bryophytes; Evolution, Value and Threats. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9, 384–398.HOŤKA, P. and BARTA, M. (2012). Inventory of Living Collections of the Mlyňany Arboretum. Bratislava: SAS.KIRÁLY, I. and ÓDOR, P. (2010). The effect of stand structure and tree species composition on epiphytic bryophytes in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests of Western Hungary. Biological Conservation, 143, 2063–2069.LEPP, H. (2012). Epiphyllous Bryophytes. Australian National Botanic Gardens and Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved October 28, 2019 from https://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/ ecology-epiphyllous.htmlLIGRONE, R. et al. (2012) Major transitions in the evolution of early land plants: a bryological perspective. Annals of Botany, 109, 851–871.MALOMBE, I. (2016). The ecological response of epiphyllous bryophytes to human-induced edges in Afromontane fragmented forests. Journal of Bryology, 38(1), 1–47.MIŠÍKOVÁ, K. et al. (2015). Bryophytes of selected villages in Slovakia. Acta Botanica Universitatis Comenianae, 50, 25–33.MIŠÍKOVÁ, K. et al. (2020). Checklist and red list of mosses (Bryophyta) of Slovakia. Biologia, 75, 21–37.MORRISA, J. L. et al. (2018). The timescale of early land plant evolution. PNAS, 115, E2274–E2283.NOWIŃSKA, R. et al. (2009). Species diversity of plants and fungi on logs of fallen trees of different species in oak‐hornbeam forests. Botanika-Steciana, 13, 109–124.PÓCS, T. (1989). A preliminary study of the undergrowth of primary and secondary submontane rainforests in the East Usambara Mountains, with notes on epiphytes. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Benstead-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains. Tanzania: IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 301–306.PÓCS, T. (1996). Epiphyllous liverwort diversity at worldwide level and its threat and conservation. Anales. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mexico, Ser. Bot., 67(1), 109–127.PORLEY, R. D. (1996). Foliicolous Metzgeria fruticulosa on Box leaves in the Chiltern Hills, England. Journal of Bryology, 19(1), 188–189.RISK, A. C. et al. (2011). Epiphyllous bryophytes in the Appalachian Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee, U.S.A. The Bryologist, 114(2), 289–297.SHAW, A. J. et al. (2011) Bryophyte diversity and evolution. Window into the early evolution of land plants. American Journal of Botany, 98(3), 352–69.SMITH, A. J. E. (ed.) (1982) Bryophyte Ecology. London, New York: Chapman and Hall. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-94009-5891-3VITT, D. H. et al. (1973) Foliicolous bryophytes and lichens of Thuja plicata in western British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany, 51(3), 571–580.WIERZGOŃ, M. and FOJCIK, B. (2014). Dead wood as a mainstay of bryophytes diversity in managed forest. Studia i Materiały CEPL w Rogowie, 41(2), 212–222.ZHOU, L. et al. (2014). Differential Effects of Lichens versus Liverworts Epiphylls on Host Leaf Traits in the Tropical Montane Rainforest, Hainan Island, China. Scientific World Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/68136
Low doses of lactoferrin supplementation in weaning calves
Get PDFDifferent trials demonstrated lactoferrin (LF) to possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antimycotic and anti-inflammatory activity. This molecule is an iron-binding protein that could have preventive effects on calf diseases. Several authors studied the effects of LF at doses between 1 and 10 g/calf/day as a supplement in milk administrated to weaning calves. The results are variable and not always consistent. Twenty-two female replacement calves divided into 2 groups (Control-C and Treated-LF) during a 56-d experimental period were employed to investigate the effect of the use of 0.1 g/d of LF during weaning on growth performances, feed efficiency and health status. The field trial was conducted employing an early weaning protocol (49-d of length, excluding the colostral phase). After parturition, density and immunoglobulin G (IgG) content of dam colostrum were measured as a colostrum quality indicator. Only colostrum with at least 50 mg/mL of IgG was bottle-fed to the calf. Morphometric measurements and feedstuff intake were recorded weekly. Health status and milk consumption were evaluated daily. Calves receiving low doses of LF had numerically less incidence of diarrhoea than the C group (P > 0.05). From a statistical point of view, any significant difference was observed between groups both on growth performances and feed efficiency. A trend for an increase of the FCR was found for LF group at weaning (P = 0.099). More researches are needed to define the optimal dose and the real action of LF in weaning calves.Keywords: calf, lactoferrin, pre-weaned, performances, health statusReferencesAbdel fattah, A., Mohammed, H., Youssef, M., Saleem, A.-S., & Youniss, I. (2019). Assessment the Calf’s Welfare Due to The Gender, Number of Offspring and Calving Status in Holstein Calves. SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.21608/svu.2019.6656.1002Bartier, A. L., Windeyer, M. C., & Doepel, L. (2015). Evaluation of on-farm tools for colostrum quality measurement. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(3), 1878–1884. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8415Bielmann, V., Gillan, J., Perkins, N. R., Skidmore, A. L., Godden, S., & Leslie, K. E. (2010). An evaluation of Brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(8), 3713–3721. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943Cho, Y. il, & Yoon, K. J. (2014). An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1Comino, L., Tabacco, E., Righi, F., Revello-Chion, A., Quarantelli, A., & Borreani, G. (2014). Effects of an inoculant containing a Lactobacillus buchneri that produces ferulate-esterase on fermentation products, aerobic stability, and fibre digestibility of maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 198, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.001Cowles, K. E., White, R. A., Whitehouse, N. L., & Erickson, P. S. (2006). Growth characteristics of calves fed an intensified milk replacer regimen with additional lactoferrin. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(12), 4835–4845. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72532-2English, E. A., Hopkins, B. A., Stroud, J. S., Davidson, S., Smith, G., Brownie, C., & Whitlow, L. W. (2007). Lactoferrin supplementation to holstein calves during the preweaning and postweaning phases. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(11), 5276–5281. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0361García-Montoya, I. A., Cendón, T. S., Arévalo-Gallegos, S., & Rascón-Cruz, Q. (2012). Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: An overview. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 1820(3), 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.018Godden, S. (2008). Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 24(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.005Habing, G., Harris, K., Schuenemann, G. M., Piñeiro, J. M., Lakritz, J., & Clavijo, X. A. (2017). Lactoferrin reduces mortality in preweaned calves with diarrhea. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(5), 3940–3948. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11969Heinrichs, A. J., Jones, C. M., Erickson, P. S., Chester-Jones, H., & Anderson, J. L. (2020). Symposium review: Colostrum management and calf nutrition for profitable and sustainable dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6), 5694–5699. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17408Jamrozik, J., & Miller, S. P. (2014). Genetic evaluation of calving ease in Canadian Simmentals using birth weight and gestation length as correlated traits. Livestock Science, 162(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.027Joslin, R. S., Erickson, P. S., Santoro, H. M., Whitehouse, N. L., Schwab, C. G., & Rejman, J. J. (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation to dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(5), 1237–1242. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74187-8Legrand, D., Pierce, A., Elass, E., Carpentier, M., Mariller, C., & Mazurier, J. (2008). Lactoferrin structure and functions. In Bioactive components of milk (pp. 163–194). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02018076Lokke, M. M., Engelbrecht, R., & Wiking, L. (2016). Covariance structures of fat and protein influence the estimation of IgG in bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research, 83(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029915000734Maunsell, F., & Donovan, G. A. (2008). Biosecurity and Risk Management for Dairy Replacements. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 24(1), 155–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.007Mechor, G. D., Gröhn, Y. T., McDowell, L. R., & Van Saun, R. J. (1992). Specific Gravity of Bovine Colostrum Immunoglobulins as Affected by Temperature and Colostrum Components. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(11), 3131–3135. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78076-XMorrill, K. M., Conrad, E., Lago, A., Campbell, J., Quigley, J., & Tyler, H. (2012). Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(7), 3997–4005. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5174NRC. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Research Council. (N. A. Press, Ed.) (Nutrition,). National Academies.Pan, Y., Rowney, M., Guo, P., & Hobman, P. (2007). Biological properties of lactoferrin: An overview. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 62(1), 31–42.Pempek, J. A., Holder, E., Proudfoot, K. L., Masterson, M., & Habing, G. (2018). Short communication: Investigation of antibiotic alternatives to improve health and growth of veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4473–4478. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14055Prenner, M. L., Prgomet, C., Sauerwein, H., Pfaffl, M. W., Broz, J., & Schwarz, F. J. (2007). Effects of lactoferrin feeding on growth, feed intake and health of calves. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 61(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390600973675Righi, F., Simoni, M., Foskolos, A., Beretti, V., Sabbioni, A., & Quarantelli, A. (2017). In vitro ruminal dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of common feedstuffs as affected by the addition of essential oils and their active compounds. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 26(3), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/76754/2017Righi, F., Simoni, M., Malacarne, M., Summer, A., Costantini, E., & Quarantelli, A. (2016). Feeding a free choice energetic mineral-vitamin supplement to dry and transition cows: Effects on health and early lactation performance. Large Animal Review, 22(4), 161–170.Robblee, E. D., Erickson, P. S., Whitehouse, N. L., McLaughlin, A. M., Schwab, C. G., Rejman, J. J., & Rompala, R. E. (2003). Supplemental lactoferrin improves health and growth of holstein calves during the preweaning phase. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(4), 1458–1464.https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73729-1Shah, A. M., Shah, A. R., Hassan, M. F., Yousif, M., & Wang, Z. (2019). Colostrum composition and its importance to the health ofanimals - A review. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 34(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2019.34.2.197.206Simoni, M., Temmar, R., Bignamini, D. A., Foskolos, A., Sabbioni, A., Ablondi, M., Quarantelli, A., & Righi, F.(2020). Effects of the combination between selected phytochemicals and the carriers silica and Tween 80 ondry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of common feeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 19(1), 723-738.https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1787882Superti, F., Ammendolia, M. G., Valenti, P., & Seganti, L. (1997). Antirotaviral activity of milk proteins:Lactoferrin prevents rotavirus infection in the enterocyte like cell line HT-29. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 186(2–3), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004300050049Svensson, C., Lundborg, K., Emanuelson, U., & Olsson, S. O. (2003). Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 58(3–4), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00046-1Taha, N., El barbary, H., Ibrahim, E., Mohammed, H., & Wahba, N. (2019). Application of lactoferrin as a trial to control E.Coli O1and O26 in pasteurized milk. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 36(2), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.21608/bvmj.2019.15172.1054Teraguchi, S., Shin, K., Fukuwatari, Y., & Shimamura, S. (1996). Glycans of bovine lactoferrin function as receptors for the type 1 fimbrial lectin of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity, 64(3), 1075–1077. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.64.3.1075-1077.1996Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2
The correlation between Longissimus thoracis muscle ageing extent, growth and carcass traits in Simmental bulls: preliminary results
No full textSubmitted 2020-07-24 | Accepted 2020-09-16 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.282-289A common practice to improve meat quality is aging under controlled conditions, which results in improved tenderness, a key factor in the consumer acceptance of beef meat. Among other traits, the tenderness and the effect of ageing are also genetically determined. Therefore, a trial was performed to assess the effect of ageing in the progeny of young bulls included in the routine breeding program for Simmental breed in Slovenia. In the trial, 127 young bulls were included, and the shear force of grilled Longissimus thoracis muscle was measured fresh and after three weeks of ageing. There was a significant difference between the fresh and aged muscle in shear force, but growth and other carcass traits did not affect it as it was expected. We assume that after enlarging the number of animals, the data will be usable to be included in the genetic evaluation of the breeding program for Simmental breed in Slovenia.Keywords: Longissimus thoracis, beef, ageing, shear forceReferencesCarvalho, M. E. et al. (2014). Heat shock and structural proteins associated with meat tenderness in Nellore beef cattle, a Bos indicus breed. Meat Science, 96, 1318-1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.11.014Dikeman, M. and Devine, C. (2014). Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences. Academic Press.Dikeman, M. E. et al. (2005). Phenotypic ranges and relationships among carcass and meat palatability traits for fourteen cattle breeds, and heritabilities and expected progeny differences for Warner-Bratzler shear force in three beef cattle breeds. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 2461-2467. https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.83102461xFlorek, M. et al. (2007). Changes of physicochemical properties of bullocks and heifers meat during 14 days of ageing under vacuum. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 57(3), 281–287.Hanzelková, Š. et al. (2011). The effect of breed, sex and aging time on tenderness of beef meat. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 80, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180020191Harper, G. S. (1999). Trends in skeletal muscle biology and the understanding of toughness in beef. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 1105-1129. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR98191Holloway, J. W. and Wu, J. (2019). Tenderness Intrinsic Character. In: Red Meat Science and Production. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7860-7_5Koohmaraie, M. et al. (2002). Meat tenderness and muscle growth: Is there any relationship? Meat Science, 62, 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00127-4Lawrence, T. E. et al. (2001). Evaluation of electric belt grill, forced-air convection oven, and electric broiler cookery methods for beef tenderness research. Meat Science, 58(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00159-5Miller, M. F. et al. (1995). Retail consumer acceptance of beef tenderized with calcium chloride. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2308-2314. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7382308xPurslow, P. P. (2005). Intramuscular connective tissue and its role in meat quality. Meat Science, 70, 435-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.028Sazili, A. Q. et al. (2004). The effect of altered growth rates on the calpain proteolytic system and meat tenderness in cattle. Meat Science, 66, 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00091-3Shackelford, S. D., Koohmaraie, M. and Wheeler, T. L. (1995). Effects of slaughter age on meat tenderness and USDA carcass maturity scores of beef females. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 3304-3309. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.73113304xSplan, R. K. et al. (2002). Estimates of parameters between direct and maternal genetic effects for weaning weight and direct genetic effects for carcass traits in crossbred cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 80(12), 3107-3111. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80123107xWall, K. R. et al. (2019). Grilling temperature effects on tenderness, juiciness, flavor and volatile aroma compounds of aged ribeye, strip loin, and top sirloin steaks. Meat Science, 150, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.11.009Wulf, D. M. et al. (1996). Genetic influences on beef Longissimus palatability in Charolais- and Limousin-sired steers and heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 2394-2405. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74102394xYancey, J. W. S., Wharton, M. D. and Apple, J. K. (2011). Cookery method and end-point temperature can affect the Warner-Bratzler shear force, cooking loss, and internal cooked color of beef longissimus steaks. Meat Science, 88, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.11.020Zwambag, A. et al. (2013). Heritability of beef tenderness at different aging times and across breed comparisons. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 93, 307312. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJAS2012-10
β-Carotene concentration in blood serum of cows from herds with impaired fertility
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-02 | Accepted 2020-08-28 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.162-166β-carotene has many important functions in the body: as a precursor of vitamin A, it works as antioxidant and affects the fertility of cows. This paper presents the results of measurements of the content of β-carotene in the blood serum of cows from different farms in Slovenia. Blood samples of cows (n = 604) from 176 farms with impaired fertility were analysed for β-carotene content using Yudkin's photometric method. The descriptive statistics and the proportion of samples that deviated from the reference values were calculated. Influence of month of sampling and farm on β-carotene level was studied as well. The median value of β-carotene in the investigated samples was 5.02 mg/L (minimum 0.63 mg/L, maximum 16.10 mg/L) and was within the reference range. In 32.8% of cow samples, the content of β-carotene was below the reference value (4.0 mg/L). According to the results, we believe that this is not a negligible problem in Slovenian farms, and that it is advisable to control β-carotene status in cows, especially in herds where fertility is impaired and in farms where the composition of the diet indicates the possibility of β-carotene deficiency.Keywords: dairy cattle, reproduction, β-caroteneReferencesAkar, Y. and Gazioglu, A. (2006). Relationship between vitamin A and β-carotene levels during the postpartum period and fertility parameters in cows with and without retained placenta. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 50, 93-96.De Bie, J., Langbeen, A., Verlaet, A. A. J., Florizoone, F., Immig, I., Hermans, N., Fransen, E., Bols, P. E. J. and Leroy J. L. M. R. (2016). The effect of a negative energy balance status on β-carotene availability in serum and folicullar fluid of nonlactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 5808-5819. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10870de Ondarza, M. B., Wilson J. W. and Engstrom, M. (2009). Case study: effect of supplemental β-carotene on yield of milk and milk components and on reproduction of dairy cows. The Professional Animal Scientist, 25, 510-516. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30742-7Gouvêa, V. N. d., Colli, M. H. A., Junior, W. A. G., Lemos Motta, J. C., Acedo, T. S., Vasconcellos, G. d. S. F. M. d., Tamssia, L. F. M., Morag Elliff, F., Mingoti, R. D. and Baruselli, P. S. (2018). The combination of β-carotene and vitamins improve the pregnancy rate at first fixed-time artificial insemination in grazing beef cows. Livestock Science, 217, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.002Hurley, W. L. and Doane, R. M. (1989). Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science, 72, 784-804. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79170-0Jazbec, I. (1990). Clinical laboratory diagnostics. Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty.Johansson, B., Persson Waller, K., Jensen, S. K., Lindquist, H. and Nadeau, E. (2014). Status of vitamins E and A and β-carotene and health in organic dairy cows fed a diet without synthetic vitamins. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 1682-1692. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7388Kawashima, C., Kida, K., Schweigert, F. J. and Miyamoto, A. (2009). Relationship between plasma β-carotene concentrations during the peripartum period and ovulation in the first follicular wave postpartum in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 111, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.02.008LeBlanc, S. J., Herdt, T. H., Seymour, W. M., Duffield, T. F. and Leslie, K. E. (2004). Peripartum serum vitamin E, retinol, and beta-carotene in dairy cattle and their associations with disease. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 609-619. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73203-8Lindquist, H., Nadeau, E. and Jensen, S. K. (2012). Alpha-tocopherol and β-carotene in legume-grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive. Grass Forage Science, 67, 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00827.xMogensen, L., Kristensen, T., Soegard, K., Jensen, S. K. and Sehested, J. (2012). Alfa-tocopherol and beta-carotene in roughages and milk in organic dairy herds. Livestock Science, 145, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.021Nozière, P., Grolier, P., Durand, D., Ferlay, A., Pradel, P. and Martin, B. (2006a). Variations in carotenoids, fat-soluble micronutrients, and color in cows' plasma and milk following changes in forage and feeding level. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 2634-2648. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72340-2Nozière, P., Graulet, B., Lucas, A., Martin, B., Grolier, P. and Doreau, M. (2006b). Carotenoids for ruminants: From forages to dairy products. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131, 418-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.018Oliveira, R. C., Guerreiro, B. M., Morais Junior, N. N., Araujo, R. L., Pereira, R. A. N. and Pereira, M. N. (2015). Supplementation of prepartum dairy cows with β-carotene. Journal of Dairy Science, 98, 6304-6314. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9037Rakes, A. H., Owens, M. P., Britt, J. H. and Whitlow, L. W. (1985). Effects of adding beta-carotene to rations of lactating cows consuming different forages. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1732-1737. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81019-5Rucker, R. B. and Morris, J. G. (1997). The vitamins. In: Kaneko, J. J., Harvey, J. W., Bruss, M. L. (eds.). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (5.ed.). San Diego: Academic Press (pp. 703–739).Stöber, M. and Scholz, H. (2006). Krankheiten der Sinnesorgane. In: Dirksen, G., Gründer, H. D., Stöber, M. (eds.) Innere Medizin und Chirurgie des Rindes (5. ed.9. Stutgart: Parey (pp. 1171–1209).Torsein, M., Lindberg, A., Svensson, C., Krogh Jensen, S., Berg, C. and Persson Waller, K. (2018). α-Tocopherol and β-carotene concentrations in feed, colostrum, cow and calf serum in Swedish dairy herds with high or low calf mortality. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 60, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-018-0361-0Trojačanec, S., Boboš, S. and Pajić, M. (2012). Influence of β-carotene and vitamin A supplementation on the ovarian activity of dairy cows with chronic fertility impairment. Veterinarski Arhiv, 82, 567-575.Yudkin, S. (1941). Estimation of vitamina A and carotene in human blood. Biochemical Journal, 35, 551-556. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0350551Žust, J., Pestevšek, U., Vengušt, A. and Jakovac Strajn, B.( 2009). Pathology of nutrition of cattle, small ruminants, pigs and poultry. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana,Veterinary Faculty.