Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Evaluation of the hygienic condition of the slaughterhouse
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-06 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.37-40The food industry has an important role in the prevention of food borne illnesses. Contamination of food can occur in any stage of the production, storage and distribution. An essential part of keeping the products safe is food hygiene. The production process is complicated, changing the processes of production, preparation, and distribution, means there is more room for doubt about the hygienic status of the food. Slaughterhouses are primary production sites and their general hygiene requirements are set out in Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 and the commission regulation (EC) No 2023/2006. These regulations include the minimum rules for cleaning and sanitation of the production sites and requirements for education and training of personnel. Regulations must be followed by all businesses that produce food of animal origin. All levels of the production must operate under hygienic conditions in accordance with above mentioned regulations.The objective of this study was to determine the hygienic level of evaluated surfaces – stunning box, shower wall, floor and lift by microbiological swabs from room, where was perform slaughtering and bleeding. Microbiological swabs were taken before process of slaughtering and bleeding, during process and after disinfection. The swabs were taken from evaluated areas of 10 x 10 cm. The sampled areas were wiped by sterile cotton swabs, the swabs were placed in a sterile tube containing 10 ml of sterile saline solution. From this mixture 0.1 ml was applied to the different agar plates Meat peptone agar, Endo agar, Sabouraud agar. For disinfection of monitored surfaces in slaughterhouse was used disinfectant Virkon S in a 1 % concentration which was effective on all monitored surfaces which was confirmed by statistical analysis. In conclusion, effective disinfection performed by suitable disinfectant in slaughterhouse is essential because it help to prevent the spread of many microorganisms which could cause seriuos consequences on health status of animal and human. Keywords: microbiological swabs, disinfection, Virkon S, slaughterhouse, hygienic conditionReferences ALONGE, D. O. (1991). Textbook of Meat Hygiene in the Tropics. Farm Coe Press. Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 58. ISSN 2224-6088DAVIES, A. & BOARD, R. (1998). The Microbiology of Meat and Poultry. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 346–365. ISBN 978-0-7514-0398-5DILLON, V. M. (1998). Yeasts and moulds associated with meat and meat products. In DAVIES, A.; BOARD, R. (Eds.) The Microbiology of Meat and Poultry. London: Blackie Academic and Professional, 85–117. EISEL, W. G., LINTON, R. H. & MURIANA, P. M. A. (1997). Survey of microbial levels for incoming raw beef, environmental sources, and ground beef in a processing plant. Food Microbiology, Illinois,14(3), 273–282. GILL, C. O., McGINNIS, J. C. & BADONI, M. (1996). Use of total or Escherichia coli counts to assess the hygienic characteristics of a beef carcass dressing process. International Journal of Food Microbiology, Copenhagen, 31(1-3),181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(96)00982-8JAY, J. M. (2005). Indicators of Food Microbial Quality and Safety. In JAY, J. M., LOESSNER, M. J., GOLDEN, D. A. (Eds) Modern Food Microbiology. Berkely:Springer, 387–409. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0826-1LANGSRUD, S., M. S. SIDHU, E. HEIR & HOLCK A. L. (2003). Bacterial disinfectant resistance a challenge for the food industry. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 51(4), 283–290. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00039-8MØRETRØ, T. & LANGSRUD, S. (2017). Residential Bacteria on Surfaces in the Food Industry and Their Implications for Food Safety and Quality. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(5), 1022–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12283MUHAMMAD, S., ERKIHUN, A., ARSHAD, M. & AL-SULTAN, I. (2012). The penetrability of selected bacteria on the raw bovine meat. Journal of Advanced Medicine Research, 212–17. SSN: 2231-8313SERDA, B., AYALEW, H., BERHANU, A. & SIBHAT, B. (2015). Microbiological assessment of meat contact surfaces at the abattoir and retail houses in Jigjiga town, Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia. Journal of Food and Agricultural Science, 5(3), 21–26. DOI: 10.5897/ISABB-JFAS2014.0012The commission of the european communities (2004). Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on the hygiene of food stuffs. In Official Journal of the European Union. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2004/852/ojThe commission of the european communities (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006 on good manufacturing practice for materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. In. Brussels: Official Journal of the European Union. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/2023/ojZAILANI, A., BELLO, M., RAJI, A., KABIR, J. & YAHUZA, M. (2016). Microbial evaluation of meat contact surfaces in red meat abattoirs of Bauchi State, North-Eastern Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, 6, 3–8. DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2016.6100
Assessing the impact of the adoption of agroforestry technology on food production and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-06-22 | Accepted: 2020-08-08 | Available online: 2021-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.25-34This study determines the impact of agroforestry practices on food production, income generation and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Both descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages as well as inferential statistics such as Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) analysis were used in the study. It was discovered that the propensity score distribution and common support for propensity score estimation shows the results from the covariate balancing tests both before and after matching in which the treatment (adopters) and comparison (non-adopters) groups are said to be balanced. The result of the impact of the adoption of agroforestry practices on farmers’ income from the PSM analysis shows that the adoption produces a positive and significant impact on the farmers’ income, while the result of the impact of the adoption on farmers’ output was found to be negative, though not significant. This could be attributed to improper adoption or practices of the technologies by the farmers. It was also discovered that about 27% of the adopters fell below the poverty line (102.21) and can therefore be described as poor. FGT poverty index was then used to show the extent of poverty among the farming households and it was found that the adopters of agroforestry technology were faring better than the non-adopters of agroforestry technology.Keywords: agroforestry technology, food production, poverty reduction, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) ReferencesADAMS, W.M. et al. (2004). Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science, (306), 1146.ADEOLA, A.O. (2015). Principles and Practice of Agroforestry. YEMPET PUBLISHERS, Akure.ADEPOJU, A.O. et al. (2010). Households’ Vulnerability to Poverty in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Rural Economics and Development, 20, pp. 1–14.AJAYI, O.C. et al. (2012). Role of externality in the adoption of smallholder agroforestry: Case studies from Southern Africa and Southeast Asia. In S. Sunderasan (Ed.). Externality: Economics, Management and Outcomes, NY: NOVA Science Publishers, pp. 167–188.AKINWALERE, B.O. (2016). Agroforestry Practices among Farmers in SouthWest Nigeria: An Analysis of Benefits. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 10(2), 1–9.ALI, A. et al. (2010). The Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan. J. Agric. Econ., 61(1), 175–192.AMONUM, J.I. et al. (2019). Adoption Level of Agroforestry Practices in Katsina State, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 11(2), 1–10.BEEGLE, K. et al. (2016). Poverty in a rising Africa. World BankPublications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0723-7CHARLES, A. et al. (2019). Addressing the climate change and poverty nexus: a coordinated approach in the context of the 2030 agenda and the Paris agreement. Rome. FAO.DANAAN, V.V. (2018). Analysing Poverty in Nigeria through Theoretical Lenses. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(1), 20–31.GARRITY, D. et al. (2011). More trees on farms. Farm. Matt., 27(2), 8–9.GRIGGS, D. et al. (2013). Policy: sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, (495), 305–307.GUO, S. et al. (2010). Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences: Propensity score analysis: Statistical methods and applications. Sage Publications, Inc.FFOSTER J. E. et al. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty indices. Econometrica, (5), 761–766.IDUMAH, F.O. et al. (2019). Determinants of Yam Production and Resource use Efficiency under Agroforestry System in Edo State, Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 35–42.IDUMAH, F.O. et al. (2018). Balancing Food Production and Forest Conservation in Nigeria: The Agroforestry Option. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR–JAVS), 11(11), pp. 63–68.IDUMAH, F.O. et al. (2014). Contribution of agroforestry to food production and income generation in Sapoba forest area, Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 6(8), pp. 64–71.INSTITUTE FOR FOOD SECURITY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH(IFSERAR). Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Cartographic, Laboratory, 2016.JAMA, B. et al. (2006). Role of Agroforestry in Improving Food security and Natural Resource Management in the Drylands: A Regional Overview. Journal of the Drylands, 1(2), 206–211.KANDJI, S.T. et al. (2006). Opportunities for linking climate change adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry systems. In Garrity DP, Okono A, Grayson M, Parrott S (Eds) World Agroforestry into the Future (Edn) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Nairobi, Kenya.KAREEM, I.A. et al. (2017) Evaluation of selected agroforestry practices and farmers’ perception of climate change in Ogun State, Nigeria. Forest Research Engineering: International Journal, 1(1), 9–16.KENNEDY, N. et al. (2016). Adoption of soil and water conservation practices in central Haiti. J. Soil Water Conserv., 71(2), 83–90.MADUKA, S.M. (2007). Role of Agroforestry Products in Household Income and Poverty Reduction in Semi-Arid Areas of Misungwi District, Mwanza, Tanzania. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sciencein Forestry of Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.MAREN, O. et al. (2011). Climate Change Adaptation using Agroforestry Practices: A Case Study from Costa Rica. Stefano Casalegno (Ed.) Global Warming Impacts – Case Studies on the Economy, Human Health, and on Urban and Natural Environments. https://doi.org/10.5772/241727MUTUA, J. et al. (2014). Conservation Agriculture with Trees: Principles and Practice. A simplified guide for Extension Staff and Farmers. World Agroforestry Centre, (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya.OLAJUYIGBE, S. (2016). Potential role of traditional agroforestry in climate change mitigation in rural communities of Oyo State Nigeria. In Conference Paper presented at the 38th Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria, held at Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.OSOWOLE, O.I. (2011). An Analysis of Rural Poverty In Oyo State: A Principal Component Approach. JORIND, 9(2), 100–104. www.ajol.info/journals/jorindOWOMBO, P.T. et al. (2017). Determinants of agroforestry technology adoption among arable crop farmers in Ondo state, Nigeria: an empirical investigation. AgroforestSyst., (91), 919– 926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9967-2OZOWA, B. (2005). Making the Most of Agricultural Investment. PDF adobe acrobat document at www.ifad.org/agri_investment.pdf Retrieved in November, 2011.RAHMAN, S.A. et al. (2010). SustainableForest Management for Poverty Reduction Through Agroforestry Options:Lesson from the Remote Uplands of Eastern Bangladesh. Libyan Agriculture Research Center Journal International, 1(3), 134–141.RUBIN, D. R. (2001). Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation. Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology, 2, 169–88.SARVADE, S. et al. R. (2014). Role of Agroforestry in Food Security. Popular Kheti, 2(2), 25–29.SILESHI, G.W. (2012). Can Integration of Legume Trees Increase Yield Stability in Rain-fed Maize Cropping Systems in South Africa? Agronomy Journal, (104), 1392–1398.THOEMMES, F.J. et al. (2011). A Systematic Review of Propensity Score Methods in the Social Sciences. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(1), 90–118.THORNTON, P. K. et al. (2006). Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 171.TIWARI, P. et al. (2017). Agroforestry for Sustainable Rural Livelihood: A Review. International Journal of Pure Applied Biosciences, 5(1), 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2439NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. (2019). Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century Briefing note for countries on the 2019 Human Development Report. Retrieved on http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/NGA.pdfUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS, GDP per capita (2011 PPP$).WORLD BANK. (2018). Poverty and Equity Brief in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria. April, 2018. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Archives-2018/GlobalPOVEQ_NGA. pdfWorld BankWORLD BANK. (2001). Attacking poverty. World development report 2000/2001 (draft copy). West African, USA, 352 p
Difference in exploration and use of PET bottle and horseshoe for environment enrichment in piglets
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-20 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.62-66AbstractAttractivity of two different enrichment objects was investigated in paper. Eight piglets were housed in pen with slatted floor. Pen environment was enriched with two hanging objects – PET bottle and horseshoe. Interactions with enrichment objects were evaluated during two consecutive days. PET bottle was more attractive, total number of interactions was 600 on day 1 and 451 on day 2. Horseshoe has very low attractiveness, number of interactions on day 1 was only 64 and 74 on day 2. Exploration of more attractive object was decreasing between days. Exploration of less attractive object was increasing. We recommend use of different enrichment objects for prolonged duration of exploration and occupation by manipulation, but both objects should be attractive for piglets.Keywords: environment, enrichment, piglets, keyword, keywordReferencesAverós, X., et al. (2010). A meta-analysis of the combined effect of housing and environmental enrichment characteristics on the behaviour and performance of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 127(3-4), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.09.010Bolt, S. L. and George, A. J. (2019). The use of environmental enrichment on farms benefits animal welfare and productivity. Livestock, 24(4), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.4.183Buijs, S. and Muns, R. (2019). A Review of the Effects of Non-Straw Enrichment on Tail Biting in Pigs. Animals, 9(10), 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100824Chen, Ch. et al. (2020). A computer vision approach for recognition of the engagement of pigs with different enrichment objects. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 175, 105580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105580Council directive 2008/120/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/120/2019-12-14 (accessed on 15 October 2020).Elkmann, A. and Hoy, S. (2009). Frequency of occupation with different simultaneously offered devices by fattening pigs kept in pens with or without straw. Livestock Science, 124(1-3), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.12.008Ernst, K. et al. (2018). Play behavior and environmental enrichment in pigs. Available online: https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/e/f/b/6af2e2db-430e-4771-8f7d-6f5b974eab5e_final%20report%20ACT%202060%20juli%202018%20op%20website%20.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2020).Godyń, D. et al. (2019). Effects of environmental enrichment on pig welfare-A Review. Animals, 9(6), 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060383Jensen, P. (2002). The ethology of domestic animals. New York: CABI Publishing.Wood-Gush, D. G. M. and Beilharz, R. G. (1983). The enrichment of a bare environment for animals in confined conditions. Applied Animal Ethology, 10(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3762(83)90142-6Young, R. J. (2003). Enrichment for captive animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd
Analysis of movement mechanics in the training process of sport horses
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-15 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.145-149The aim of the study was to determine the effect of training process on changes of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the movement mechanics of sport horses. A load controller was used to evaluate the motion mechanics. The training load was divided into three stages with different lengths, speeds and degrees of load. Tested animals were 14 horses of Slovak Warmblood breed. Our results have shown that gradual increase of load in the tested horses resulted in better spaciousness of movement, which was reflected in the elongation of the horse´s stride, regular movement and significant energy of the pelvic limbs (p<0.05). From our findings we can state that the effect of gender did not have significant effect on the number and length of steps in each degree of load. We have noticed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the „number of steps“ parameter between the age categories of horses in the age up to 7 years (3.460±619) and the category aged up to 14 years (3.383±572). Gradual increase of the training load led to the economization of the movement and the long-term training process sled to the adaptation of the organism to repeated load. Keywords: horse, movement mechanics, training, treadmill, loadReferencesArfuso, F. et al. (2016). Dynamic modulation of platelet aggregation, albumin and nonesterified fatty acids during physical exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Research in Veterinary Science, 104, 86-91.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.013Barrey, E. (2016). Biomechanics of locomotion in the athletic horses. Veterian Key [online], 10. Retrieved June 20, 2019 from https://veteriankey.com/biomechanics-of-locomotion-in-the-athletic-horse/Barrey, E. et al. (1993). Stride characteristics of overground versus treadmill locomotion in the saddle horse. Acta Anatomica,146(2-3), 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1159/000147427Becero, M. et al. (2020). Capacitive resistive electric transfer modifies gait pattern in horses exercised of treadmill. BMC Veterinary Research, 16, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-2233-x Becker, A. C., Stock, K. F. & Distl, O. (2011). Genetic correlations between free movement and movement under rider in performance tests of German Warmblood horses. Livestock Science, 142(1-3), 245-252.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.08.001Clayton, H. M. (2004). The dynamic horse: a biomechanical guide to equine movement and performance. Madison, MI: Sport Horse Publications. ISBN 097476700X.Fredricson, I. et al. (1983). Treadmill for equine locomotion analysis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 15(2), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01730.xHalo, M. et al. (2008). Genetic efficiency parameters of Slovak warm-blood horses. Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf 51 (2008) 1, 05-15.Halo, M. et al. (2008). Influence stres on the training process of the horses. Journal of Central European Agriculture Open Access, 9(1), 217-223.Leleu, C., Cotrel, C. & Barrey, E. (2005). Relationships between biomechanical variables and race performance in French Standardbred trotters. Livestock Production Science, 92(1), 39-46.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.07.019 Mcbride, S. D. & Mills, D. S. (2012). Psychological factors affecting equine performance. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-180McGreevy, P. D. & McLean, A. N. (2007). Roles of learning theory and ethology in equitation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 2(4), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.05.003Mlyneková, E. et al (2016). Impact of training load on the heart rate of horses. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 19, 2016(4):167-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.167-170Moore, J. (2010). General biomechanics: the horse as a biological machine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 30(7), 379-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2010.06.002Parkes, R. S. V. et al. (2019). The Effect of Training on Stride Duration in a Cohors of Two-Year-Old and Three-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals, 9(7), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070466Persson, S. G. P. (1967). On blood volume and working capacity in horses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 19(Suppl.), 9-189.Straub, R. & Hoppeler, U. (1989). Leistungstest im Feld und auf dem Laufband - Eine vergleichende Studie. 2nd Congress of the world Equine Vet. Assoc. Essen: Equitana
The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae additive to cattle ration on milk yield of dairy cows
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-06 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.45-48This research aimed to evaluate the effect of live yeast additive to cattle ration on milk yield of dairy cows. The research was conducted on a dairy farm, on a sample of 265 dairy cows during winter. The dairy cows were fed with a feed containing live yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species (CNCM I-1077). The dosage was 2.1010 cfu.head-1.day-1. Milk yield and the components of milk were monitored for a three-month-long period – starting one month before the supplementation of yeast to feed and ending two months after. The addition of live yeast to cattle ration had a significant positive impact already in the first month on milk yield (+1.25 kg.day-1), and the amount of fat (+0.055 kg.day-1), protein (+0.057 kg.day-1), lactose (+0.056 kg.day-1) and milk solids (+0.170 kg.day-1) contained in milk (p<0.001). The general conclusion of the experiment is, that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae additive had an apparent positive impact on milk yield and milk components.Keywords: dairy cows, live yeast, milk yieldReferencesAl Ibrahim, R. M. et al. (2010). The effect of body condition score at calving and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production, metabolic status, and rumen fermentation of dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(11), 5318–5328. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3201Bach, A., Iglesias, C. & Devant, M. (2007). Daily rumen pH pattern of loose-housed dairy cattle as affected by feeding pattern and live yeast supplementation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136(1-2), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.011Bauman, D. E. & Griinari, J. M. (2001). Regulation and nutritional manipulation of low milk fat: Low fat milk syndrome. Livestock Production Science, 70(1-2), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00195-6Bruno, R. G. S. et al. (2009). Effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of dairy cows during summer heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 150(3-4), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.001Clauss, M., Hume, I. D. & Hummel, J. (2010). Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems. Animal, 4(7), 979-992. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110000388De Ondarza, M. B. et al. (2010). Case study: Multiple-study analysis of the effect of live yeast on milk yield, milk component content and yield and feed efficiency. The Professional Animal Science, 26(6), 661–666. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30664-1Desnoyers, M. et al. (2009). Meta-analysis of the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters and milk production of ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(4), 1620–1632. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1414DeVries, T. J. & Chevaux, E. (2014). Modification of the feeding behavior of dairy cows through live yeast supplementation. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(10), 6499–6510. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8226Hummel, J. et al. (2008). Differences in fecal particle size between free-ranging and captive individuals of two browser species. Zoo Biology, 27(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20161Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Walker, N. D. & Bach, A. (2008). Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145(1-4), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.019Choi, N. J. et al. (2005). Effect of pH and oxygen on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by mixed rumen bacteria from cows fed high concentrate and high forage diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123–124(2), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.054Marden, J. P. et al. (2008). How does live yeast differ from sodium bicarbonate to stabilize ruminal pH in high-yielding dairy cows? Journal of Dairy Science, 91(9), 3528–3535. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0889Marsola, R. S. et al. (2010). Effect of feeding live yeast on performance of Holstein cows during summer. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(E-Suppl. 1), 432.Moallem, U. et al. (2009). The effects of live yeast supplementation to dairy cows during the hot season on production, feed efficiency, and digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(1), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0839Newbold, C. J., Wallace, R. J. & McIntosh, F. M. (1996). Mode of action of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a feed additive for ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition, 76(2), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960029Perdomo, M. C. et al. (2020). Effects of feeding live yeast at 2 dosages on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows under heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(1), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17303Salvati, G. G. S. et al. (2015). Response of lactating cows to live yeast supplementation during summer. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 4062–4073. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-921
Occurrence of epigeic groups, with emphasis on the families of beetles (Coleoptera) in various types of soil management
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-27 | Accepted: 2021-03-14 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.167-173 The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of epigeic groups of animals in five types of soil management. Research areas were marked as V1-EKO, whereas on the V1 area, mulching technology was used, on the V2 area, conventional technology, on V3 area, minimization technology, on the V4 area, no-till technology and the EKO area was managed in an ecological way. A ground pitfall trap was placed in the variety of a hybrid of Triticum aestivum × Triticum spelta – PS Lubica. The experiment was carried out between 2016 and 2018 in the research areas of the Research Institute of Plant Production in Borovce. In the course of three years, 11,365 specimen from 8 epigeic groups and 6 families were collected. At the eudominant level, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera groups were found in every research area. At the dominant level, Arachnoidea group were found on the V1 research area. and larvae on the EKO research area. The most numerous variant in terms of the number of individuals, but the number of groups also, collected over three years, was variant 1 – mulching technology. This means that shallow tillage, which decreases evaporation, soil loose and eliminates the weeds, is most beneficial to epigeic groups. Based on the statistical evaluation, we were unable to demonstrate the effect of rainfall on the occurrence of groups each year in the compared research areas. On the contrary, we were able to demonstrate the effect of temperature changes on the occurrence of epigeon.Keywords: epigeic groups, Coleoptera, ecological agriculture, pitfall trap ReferencesAratrakorn, S., Thunhikorn, S., & Donald P.F. (2006). Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand. 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Insecticidal potentials of dry powder and solvent extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray flower against rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-17 | Accepted: 2020-10-16 | Available online: 2021-06-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.02.94-100 Post-harvest losses of agricultural produce due to storage food grain pests lead to detrimental effects on the economic growth of any nation. However, a solution to this is to rely on adapting necessary cultural operations and effective traditional remedies that are locally available, which are inexpensive for the control of pests. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is an invasive weed that grows along the roadside and wasteland in rural and urban areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pesticidal efficacy of powder and extracts of T. diversifolia flower by using different solvents such as aqueous, methanol, chloroform, hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate against rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. The dry powder and extracts of T. diversifolia flower were tested to check the mortality of C. cephalonica eggs, larvae, and adults under the laboratory conditions (28 ±2 °C and relative humidity 65 ±5%). The mortality of the insect increased with an increase in the concentration of extracts. The results showed that the different solvent extracts of T. diversifolia flower were significantly more effective than the dry powder and control against different developmental stages of C. cephalonica. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed an almost equitoxic lethal effect on all three stages of the life cycle of C. cephalonica. The present work suggests that the T. diversifolia flower possesses insecticidal properties against C. cephalonica eggs, larvae and adults. Thus, it can be recommended for use by the farmers as a potential pesticidal plant.Keywords: Tithonia diversifolia, Corcyra cephalonica, larvae, pesticidal plant, weed ReferencesAbbott, W.S. (1925). 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Climatic niche and potential distribution of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray in Africa. PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0202421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202421Pantoja-Pulido, K. D. et al. (2020). Insecticidal and cholinesterase activity of dichloromethane extracts of Tithonia diversifolia on Atta cephalotes worker ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insects, 11(3), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030180Pathak, C.S. & Tiwari, S.K. (2012). Insecticidal action of neem seed (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) acetone extract against the life-cycle stages of rice-moth, Corcyra cephalonica Staint. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(5), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2012.8.5.1235Pathak, C.S. & Tiwari, S.K. (2010). Toxicological effects of neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss leaf powder against the ontogeny of Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Biopesticides, 3(3), 617–621.Pavela, R. et al. (2016). Oviposition inhibitory activity of the Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) polar extracts against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae). Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2016.11.002Pillai, M. G. et al. (2017). Impact of four plant powders on the development of the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton in rice grain. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 8(5), 17179–17182. http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsrPitan, O. R. et al. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of insecticidal activities of some botanicals against four insect pests of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research, 11(1–2), 172–182.Séraphin, D.Y. K. et al. (2018). Repellent and toxic of macerât of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) gray (Asteraceae) on Ancistrotermes sp. at the laboratory. 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Economic assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) – Spinach (Basella alba L.) intercropping system for improving the livelihood of smallholders’ in South-Asia
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-21 | Accepted: 2020-09-09 | Available online: 2021-06-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.02.101-109 The study was undertaken at Regional Agricultural Research Station of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh in consecutive two years of 2015 and 2016 for evaluating the performance of maize and Indian spinach intercropping (MIS) under different row spacing for higher profitability through economic assessment. Five different cropping systems viz., T1 : hybrid maize normal row along with one row of spinach, T2 : hybrid maize paired row along with one row of spinach, T3 : hybrid maize paired row along with two rows of spinach, T4 : hybrid maize paired row along with three rows of spinach and T5 : sole maize were included in this experiment. The performance of the component crops was evaluated regarding total grain and vegetable yield, competitive functions, and economic returns. The results indicate that yield and yield contributing characters of maize were not significantly affected by the intercrop of spinach at different ratios. Maize paired row along with three rows of spinach (IS) (T4 ) combination had higher maize equivalent yield (11.06 t ha-1), gross return (US 564 ha-1) and benefitcost ratio (BCR) (2.07) than others treatments. This intercropping system also recorded higher land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index, land equivalent coefficient, income equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio of 1.24, US$ 2,434 ha-1, 0.30, 1.24 and 1.18, respectively. Hence, this cropping system may adopt in the smallholders’ for getting maximum benefits in prevailing climate change.Keywords: competitive functions, economics, intercropping, spinach, maize ReferencesAasim, M., Muhammad, E. U. & Karim, A. (2008). Yield and competition indices of intercropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using different planting patterns. 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Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.FAO. (2009). How to feed the world in 2050. FAO, Rome. BARC. (2012). FRG (Fertilizer recommendation guide). Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Dhaka.Ghaffarzadeh, M. (1997). Economic and biological benefits of intercropping berseem clover with oat in corn-soybean-oat rotations. Journal of Production Agriculture, 10, 314–319.Ghosh, P. K. (2004). Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Research, 88, 227–237.Gebru, H. (2015). A Review on the comparative advantage of intercropping systems. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5 (7), 28–38.Hiebsch, C. K. (1980). Principles of intercropping: Effects on nitrogen fertilization, plant population and crop duration on equivalency ratios in intercrop versus monoculture comparisons. Ph.D. Dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh.Hossain, M. H., Bhowal, S. K. & Khan, A. S. M. M. R. (2015). Intercropping system of maize with different winter vegetables. Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2(2), 153–156.Hossain, J. et al. (2015). Economic feasibility of intercropping of chili with sweet gourd. International Journal Agricultural Research, Innovation & Technology, 5 (2), 64–69.Islam, M. R. et al. (2018). Evaluation of turmeric-mung bean intercrop productivity through competition functions. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 111(1), 199–207.Islam, M. R., Molla, M. S. M. & Main, M. A. K. (2016). Productivity and profitability of intercropping sesame with turmeric at marginal farmers level of Bangladesh. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 14(1), 47–58.Khan, M. A. H. et al. (2018). Intercropping garden pea (Pisium sativum L.) with maize (Zea mays L.) at farmers’ field. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 43(4), 691–702.Kheroar, S. & Patra, B. C. (2013). Advantages of maize-legume intercropping systems. 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Effect of feeding conditions on the quality traits of rainbow trout
Full text link The effect of use of complete feed with different protein levels on the morphological composition of the body and the amino acid content of trout meat proteins is studied in the article. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the analog method. The study lasted 210 days and was divided into two periods: equalizing (10 days) and basic (200 days). In the equalizing period, the trial fish consumed feed of the control group. In the basic period, the level of protein in the feed of trout of the experimental groups was regulated by changing individual components of the feed. Feeding of rainbow trout in the study period was performed 4-6 times a day, in the day time at regular intervals. The required amount of feed was calculated according to the indicators of individual fish weight and ambient temperature at the time of feeding. Rearing of commercial two-year-old ones was performed in ponds with an area of 100 m2 at a fish-holding density of 50 specimens/m2 and a water level of 1 m. The total number of trout in experimental studies was 25 thousand specimens. The use of feed with high crude protein content in the period of commercial rainbow trout rearing improves their commercial properties, while fish feeding with feed with crude protein content at the level of 44% leads to a decrease in their productivity. Keywords: rainbow trout, fish feeding, protein, morphological composition, amino acid conten
Trypanocidal function of Terminalia catappa leaf extract in Albino rat
Full text linkReceived: 2021-03-18 | Accepted: 2021-05-31 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.326-333On Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected albino rats, the trypanocidal activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaf (EETL) was evaluated. Thirty-six rats were allocated into six groups: Group 1 (control); Group 2: infected; Group 3: infected and treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight diminazene aceturate; Group 4: infected and treated with 500 mg kg-1 body weight EETL; Group 5: infected and treated with 1,000 mg kg-1 body weight EETL; Group 6: infected and treated with 1,500 mg kg-1 body weight EETL. The highest parasitaemia level (P <0.05) was recorded in group 2, compared to the rest groups. The total/complete chemosuppression recorded in the group 3 was (P <0.05) higher than the rest groups. The percentage chemo-suppression improves (P <0.05) with an increased EETL dosage from 500 mg kg-1 1,500 mg kg-1. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined using Abacus 380 and a Reflectron® Plus BC79 analyzer, respectively. Post-infection, the rats‘ packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration in group 2 and group 4 were (P <0.05) lower than group 1 and other groups. On day five postinfection, the rats‘ red blood cell counts in groups 2 and 4 were lower (P <0.05) than in other groups. On day 15 post-infection, the white blood cell counts of rats in groups 2 and 4 were lower (P <0.05) than in group 1, 3 and 6. Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels in groups 2 and 4 were (P <0.05) higher than the control and other treatment groups. This study demonstrated 1,500 mg kg-1 EETL bodyweight efficacy in reducing the parasitemia level in T. brucei brucei infected ratsKeywords: Phytoconstituents, Terminalia catappa, Trypanosomosis, Zoonotic diseasesReferencesAbdullahi, A.M. et al. (2019). 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