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Uptake and bioaccumulation of diverse hydrocarbon compounds by selected food plants artificially exposed to bioremediated crude oil-contaminated soils
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-12-15 | Accepted: 2021-02-15 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.185-201 Assessment of the uptake and bioaccumulation of diverse hydrocarbon compounds within internal tissues by selected food plants artificially exposed to bioremediated crude oil-contaminated soils was carried out. Three bioremediated crude-oil contaminated soils of different fallow ages (6-, 12-, and 18- months after certified remediation protocols) and an uncontaminated soil were collected and designated as 6m-AB, 12m-AB, 18m-AB and control respectively. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and intermediate metabolites of degradation in soil samples were determined in the dry and wet seasons using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrophotometer. Telfairia occidentalis, Zea mays, Cucumis sativus, and Abelmoschus esculentus were used to assess safety of crops grown on test soils by monitoring the bioaccumulation of chemical residues in their tissues. Baseline TPH contents in various soil samples were 161.25 mg Kg-1 (6m-AB), 51.72 mg Kg-1 (12m-AB), 91.50 mg Kg-1 (18m-AB) and below detectable level in the control soil. A myriad of organic compounds emanating from degradation of petroleum compounds and including toxic and carcinogenic metabolic intermediates like trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, phthalate esters and halogenated aliphatics were detected in bioremediated soil and also in tissues of the plants grown on the bioremediated soils. Higher bioconcentration factors for accumulated organic compounds were obtained during the wet season for all plants with Telfairia occidentalis having the highest bioconcentration factor in both wet and dry seasons. Results obtained provide evidence of contaminant transfer from these bioremediated soils to plant tissues and suggest the need for adequate evaluation of chemical residues in remediated soils before utilizing such sites for farming to ensure safe crop production.Keywords: crude oil-contaminated soil, bioremediation, bioconcentration, plants, TPH ReferencesAbbasian, F. et al. (2015). A Comprehensive review of aliphatic hydrocarbon biodegradation by bacteria. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 176(3), 670–699.Adesuyi, A.A. et al. (2015). Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soils and vegetation around selected industries in Lagos State, Nigeria. J. Geosci. Environ. Prot., 3, 11–19.Alburquerque, J.A. et al. (2011). Improvement of soil quality after ‘‘alperujo’’ compost application to two contaminated soils characterized by differing heavy metal solubility. J. Environ. Manage., 92, 733–741.Alimba, C.G. et al. (2016). 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Effects of the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism on milk production traits in Holstein cattle
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2021-01-27 | Accepted: 2021-03-02 | Available online: 2021-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.233-237DGAT1 gene polymorphism in exon 8 AA→GC which converts lysine to alanine at position 232 (K232A) was determined to have significant influence on bovine milk production characteristics like milk yield, protein content, fat content, and fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of DGAT1 gene polymorphism on dairy production traits [milk yield (kg), fat yield (kg), fat content (%), protein yield (kg) and protein content (%)]. Genotyping of 136 Holstein cows was performed using the ACRS-PCR method. The genotypes frequencies were as follows: homozygous genotype AA (80.88%), heterozygous genotype AK (16.91%) and homozygous genotype KK (2.21%). In the monitored population, allele A had a predominance with a frequency of 89.34% over allele K with a frequency of 10.66%. In the study was observed a statistically significant (P <0.0001) effect of DGAT1 K232A marker genotypes on breeding value variability for milk fat and protein content (%) as well as milk yield (kg) was observed.Keywords: milk production, DGAT1, cattle, Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, Holstein cattleReferencesBobbo, T., Tiezzi, F., Penasa, M., De Marchi, M., & Cassandro, M. (2018). Association analysis of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) mutation on chromosome 14 for milk yield and composition traits, somatic cell score, and coagulation properties in Holstein bulls. Journal of dairy science, 101(9), 8087–8091. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14533Bovenhuis, H., Visker, M. H. P. W., Van Valenberg, H. J. F., Buitenhuis, A. J., & Van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2015). Effects of the DGAT1 polymorphism on test-day milk production traits throughout lactation. Journal of dairy science, 98(9), 6572–6582. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9564Brody, R. J., & Kern, S. E. (2004). Sodium boric acid: a Trisfree, cooler conductive medium for DNA electrophoresis. Biotechniques, 36, 214–216.Carvajal, A. M., Huircan, P., Dezamour, J. M., Subiabre, I., Kerr, B., Morales, R., & Ungerfeld, E. M. (2016). Milk fatty acid profile is modulated by DGAT1 and SCD1 genotypes in dairy cattle on pasture and strategic supplementation. Genetics and Molecular Research, 15(2), 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15027057Čítek, J., Hanusová, L., Brzáková, M., Večerek, L., Panicke, L., & Lískovcová, L. (2018). Associations between gene polymorphisms, breeding values and glucose tolerance test parameters in German Holstein sires. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 63, 167–173. https://doi.org/10.17221/8/2017-CJASČítek, J., Brzáková, M., Hanusová, L., Hanuš, O., Večerek, L., Samková, E., Křížová, Z., Hoštičková, I., Kávová, T., Straková, K., & Hasoňova, L. (2020). Gene polymorphisms influencing on yield, composition and technological properties of milk from Czech Simmental and Holstein cows. Animal Bioscience, 34(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0520Ferlay, A., Bernard, L., Meynadier, A., & Malpuech-Brugère, C. (2017). Production of trans and conjugated fatty acids in dairy ruminants and their putative effects on human health: A review. Biochimie, 141, 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.006Haug, A., Høstmark, A. T., & Harstad, O. M. (2007). Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review. Lipids in health and disease, 6(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-6-25Houaga, I., Muigai, A. W., Ibeagha-Awemu, E. M., Kyallo, M., Youssao, I. A., & Stomeo, F. (2018). Milk fatty acid variability and association with polymorphisms in SCD1 and DGAT1 genes in White Fulani and Borgou cattle breeds. 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Journal of Dairy Science, 98(5), 3460–3469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8872Månsson, H. LL. (2008). Fatty acids in bovine milk fat. Food & Nutrition Research, 52. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1821Marchitelli, C., Contarini, G., De Matteis, G., Crisà, A., Pariset, L., Scatà, M. C., Catillo, G., Napolitano, F., & Moioli, B. (2013). Milk fatty acid variability: effect of some candidate genes involved in lipid synthesis. The Journal of dairy research, 80(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002202991300006XMauriæ, M., Mašek, T., Beniæ, M., Špehar, M., & Starèeviæ, K. (2017). Effect of DGAT1, FASN and PRL genes on milk production and milk composition traits in Simmental and crossbred Holstein cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 87(7), 859–863.Palombo, V., Milanesi, M., Sgorlon, S., Capomaccio, S., Mele, M., Nicolazzi, E., D’andrea, M., Pilla, F., Stefanon, B., & Andrea, M. D. (2018). Genome-wide association study of milk fatty acid composition in Italian Simmental and Italian Holstein cows using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Journal of dairy science, 101(12), 11004–11019. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14413Pereira, P. CC. (2014). Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30, 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.011Institute Inc. (2011) Administering SAS® Enterprise Guide® 5.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc, Version 9.3.Tăbăran, A., Balteanu, V. A., Gal, E., Pusta, D., Mihaiu, R., Dan, S. D., Tăbăran, A. F., & Mihaiu, M. (2015). Influence of DGAT1 K232A polymorphism on milk fat percentage and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Holstein cattle. Animal biotechnology, 26(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2014.933740Tomka, J., Vašíčková, K., Oravcová, M., Bauer, M., Huba, J., Vašíček, D., & Peškovičová, D. (2016). Effects of polymorphisms in DGAT1 and LEP genes on milk traits in Holstein primiparous cows. 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Iodine concentration in raw sheep milk from Slovak farms - preliminary results
Full text linkReceived: 2021-05-18 | Accepted: 2021-07-19 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.322-325The aim of the study was to assess iodine concentration in raw sheep milk from chosen farms in Slovakia and to evaluate the factors that are involved. The assessed factors were as follows: effect of farm, iodine supplementation, farming system (conventional/ organic). The bulk milk samples were collected (June-August 2020) from seven sheep farms located in various districts of Slovakia. The analyses were carried out using the spectrophotometric method of Sandell-Kolthoff. The average milk iodine concentration of analysed bulk milk (26 samples) was 121.4±24.4 μg.l-1. The concentration of iodine in milk was significantly affected by the farm (P <0.05). There was observed large variability among the average milk iodine concentrations of samples ranging from 52.4±9.5 μg.l-1 to 511.6±48 μg.l-1. Similarly, iodine supplementation via mineral licks in farms significantly affected milk iodine concentration (P <0.01). This might be demonstrated by the lowest values in milk from the unsupplemented farm, ranging from 23.0 to 74.6 μg I.l-1, which indicate iodine deficiency. The farming system did not significantly affect the concentration of iodine in raw sheep milk. However, we observed lower milk iodine concentrations in organic farms as compared with conventional (94.4±25.9 μg.l-1 vs 131.4±32.0 μg.l-1, respectively.). To conclude, our results might suggest the important role of iodine supplementation on milk iodine concentration, as well as the significant impact of the farm as an important source of milk iodine concentration variability, which deserves attention regarding milk products and human nutrition.Keywords:ReferencesBednář, J. et al. (1964). Příspěvek ke stanovení proteinového jodu v krevním séru. Československá farmacie, 13(1), 203–209. In Czech. European Commission Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91.Flachowsky, G. (2007). Iodine in animal nutrition and iodine transfer from feed into food of animal origin. Lohmann Information, 42(2), 47–59.Flachowsky, G. et al. (2014). Influencing factors on iodine content of cow milk. European Journal of Nutrition, 53(2), 351– 365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0597-4Franke, K. et al. (2009). Influence of various iodine supplementation levels and two different iodine species on the iodine content of the milk of cows fed rapeseed meal or distillers dried grains with solubles as the protein source. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(9), 4514–4523. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2027Grace, N. D. et al. (2001). Effect of pre-mating iodine supplementation of ewes fed pasture or a Brassica crop pre-lambing on the incidence of goitre in newborn lambs. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 61(1), 164–167.Grau, G. et al. (2015). Normal intellectual development in children born from women with hypothyroxinemia during their pregnancy. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 31, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.02.004Hanuš, O. et al. (2008). A comparison of selected milk indicators in organic herds with conventional herd as reference. Folia Veterinaria, 52(3–4), 155–159.Konečný, R. et al. (2019). Iodine content development in raw cow’s milk in three regions of the Czech Republic between the years 2008 and 2018. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 88(3), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201988030265Mikláš, Š. et al. (2021). Iodine concentration in milk and human nutrition: A review. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 66(6), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.17221/167/2020-CJASPaulíková, I. et al. (2008). Milk Iodine Content in Slovakia. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77, 533–538. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200877040533Rezaei Ahvanooei, M. R. et al. (2020). Effect of potassium iodide supplementation and teat-dipping on iodine status in dairy cows and milk iodine levels. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 74,106504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106504Sandell, E. B. and Kolthoff, I. M. (1937). Micro Determination of Iodine by a Catalytic Method. Microchimica Acta, 1(1), 9–25. ScientificCommittee on Food. (2002). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Iodine. Brussels: European Commision – Health and consumer protection Directorate-General.Schöne, F. and Rajendram, R. (2009). Iodine in Farm Animals. In Preedy, V. R. et al. (eds.) Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Amsterdam: Academic Press (pp. 151–170).Trávníček, J. and Kursa, J. (2001). Iodine concentration in milk of sheep and goats from farms in South Bohemia. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 70(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200170010035Trávníček, J. et al. (2010). Iodine status in ewes with the intake of iodine enriched alga Chlorella. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 55(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.17221/40/2009-CJASVan der Reijden, O. L. et al. (2017). Iodine in dairy milk: Sources, concentrations and importance to human health. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 31(4), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2017.10.004Van der Reijden, O. L. et al. (2019). Effects of feed iodine concentrations and milk processing on iodine concentrations of cows‘ milk and dairy products, and potential impact on iodine intake in Swiss adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 122(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519001041Vorlová, L. et al. (2014). Iodine content in bulk tank milk samples in relation to dairy farm size. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 83(10), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201483S10S9Walther, B. et al. (2018). Iodine in Swiss milk depending on production (conventional versus organic) and on processing (raw versus UHT) and the contribution of milk to the human iodine supply. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 46, 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.12.004World Health Organization. (2007). Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization
Various hen housing systems determine different egg quality
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-12-07 | Accepted: 2021-02-19 | Available online: 2021-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.219-225The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enriched cages and aviary housing system on egg quality. A total of 2520 eggs (180 eggs per age and housing system) were analysed. The egg quality parameters were measured in eggs from 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64 and 68-week-old hens. The analysis of the technological value included the evaluation of egg weight, shape index, surface area, volume, eggshell proportion, thickness, strength, colour, index, albumen proportion and index, Haugh units, yolk proportion, index, colour and yolk to albumen ratio. The significant interactions between housing system and age of hens were found in all observed parameters except for the egg shape index. Considering the eggshell strength, 52-week-old hens from aviary and from enriched cages had the highest values (46.90 and 46.87 N cm-2, resp.), whereas the lowest values had eggs from 64-week-old hens housed in aviary (31.90 N cm-2). Moreover, Haugh units were the highest in enriched cages from 48, 52 and 56-week-old hens (90.63, 89.80 and 89.28, resp.) and the lowest in aviary system from 64-week-old hens (75.38). Bearing in mind the results, the most of the highest and lowest values in eggshell quality were observed in enriched cages, while in internal quality of eggs, the most of the highest values were seen in enriched cages. That could indicate an unbalanced quality of eggshell and relatively stable internal quality depending on housing system. Regarding to the effect of age, higher quality was found in the first half of studied laying period.Keywords: age, aviary, enriched cages, egg quality, housing systemReferencesAhammed, M. et al. (2014). Comparison of aviary, barn and conventional cage raising of chickens on laying performance and egg quality. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 27(8), 1196–1203. doi: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13394Ahmad, S. et al. (2019). Productive Performance, Egg Characteristics and Hatching Traits of Three Chicken Genotypes under Free-Range, Semi-Intensive, and Intensive Housing Systems. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0935Ahmed, A. M. H. et al. (2005). Changes in eggshell mechanical properties, crystallographic texture and in matrix proteins induced by moult in hens. British Poultry Science, 46(3), 268–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660500065425Alm, M. et al. (2015). Welfare and performance in layers following temporary exclusion from the litter area on introduction to the layer facility. Poultry Science, 94(4), 565–573. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev021Appleby, M. C., & Hughes, B. O. (1995). 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The effect of biological additive on the fermentation quality of whole-crop rye silage
Full text linkReceived: 2021-03-23 | Accepted: 2021-04-12 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.297-300The aim of this research was to find out the changes in fermentation parameters of whole-crop rye silage after adding the biological additive. Two variants of rye silage were used in the experiment: variant C (silage without additive) and variant A (silage with the addition of additive). The wilted whole-crop rye was treated with strains of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis 1.25x1011 CFU.g-1) in a dose of 2 g of additive + 25 ml of water per 1 ton of matter. Both silage variants were ensiled with a vacuum pack device and after 2 months of storage, average samples were taken to determine the dry matter content, fermentation products, acidity of water extract, pH and the degree of proteolysis by appropriate methods. Treatment of rye silage with a microbial silage additive affected the quality of rye silage by a statistically significant (P <0.05) higher content of lactic acid and acidity of water extract. The lower content of acetic acid, alcohols, pH value and the degree of proteolysis were also statistically significant (P <0.05). The results confirmed the positive effect of the addition of Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis on the quality of the fermentation process of rye silage. Keywords: rye, silage, biological silage additives, fermentation qualityReferencesAdesogan, A. T. (2014, April). Avoiding the two greatest silage problems. In Proceedings of the 50th Florida dairy production conference (pp. 9–17).Alba-Mejía, J. E. A., Skládanka, J., Delgado, A. H., Klíma, M., Knot, P., Doležal, P. and Horký, P. (2016). The effect of biological and chemical additives on the chemical composition and fermentation process of Dactylis glomerata silage. Spanish journal of agricultural research, 14(2), 8.Arasu, M. V., Jung, M. W., Kim, D. H., Ilavenil, S., Jane, M., Park, H. S. and Choi, K. C. (2014). Enhancing nutritional quality of silage by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum. Indian journal of microbiology, 54(4), 396–402.Auerbach, H. and Theobald, P. (2020). Additive type affects fermentation, aerobic stability and mycotoxin formation during air exposure of early-cut rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. Agronomy, 10(9), 1432.Auerbach, H., Theobald, P., Kroschewski, B. and Weiss, K. (2020). Effects of various additives on fermentation, aerobic stability and volatile organic compounds in whole-crop rye silage. Agronomy, 10(12), 1873.Bíro, D., Juráček, M., Šimko, M., Gálik, B. and Rolinec, M. (2020). Preservation and preparation of feed. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture. In Slovak.Haag, N. L., Grumaz, C., Wiese, F., Kirstahler, P., Merkle, W., Nägele, H. J. and Oechsner, H. (2016). Advanced green biorefining: Effects of ensiling treatments on lactic acid production, microbial activity and supplementary methane formation of grass and rye. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 6(2), 197–208.Herrmann, C., Heiermann, M. and Idler, C. (2011). Effects of ensiling, silage additives and storage period on methane formation of biogas crops. Bioresource technology, 102(8), 5153–5161.Huyen, N. T., Martinez, I. and Pellikaan, W. (2020). Using lactic acid bacteria as silage inoculants or direct-fed microbials to improve in vitro degradability and reduce methane emissions in dairy cows. Agronomy, 10(10), 1482.Choi, K. C., Ilavenil, S., Arasu, M. V., Park, H. S. and Kim, W. H. (2015). Effect of addition of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality of rye silage. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 35(4), 277–282.Choi, K. C., Soundarrajan, I., Srisesharam, S., Park, H. S., Kim, J. H., Jung, J. S. and Kim, H. S. (2016). 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H., Lee, S. S., Paradipta, D. H., Joo, Y. H., Lee, H. J., Kwak, Y. S. and Kim, S. C. (2017). Effect of homo or heterofermentative inoculants on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of rye silage. Journal of Agriculture and Life Science, 51(5), 81–89.Lee, S. S., Paradhipta, D. H., Joo, Y. H., Lee, H. J., Kwak, Y. S., Han, O. K. and Kim, S. C. (2018). Effects of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation indices of rye silage harvested at dough stage. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 38(2), 99–105.Moore, E. B., Wiedenhoeft, M. H., Kaspar, T. C. and Cambardella, C. A. (2014). Rye cover crop effects on soil quality in no‐till corn silage–soybean cropping systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 78(3), 968–976.Morais, G., Daniel, J. L. P., Kleinshmitt, C., Carvalho, P. A., Fernandes, J. and Nussio, L. G. (2017). Additives for grain silages: A review. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 50(1), 42–54.Oliveira, A. S., Weinberg, Z. G., Ogunade, I. M., Cervantes, A. A., Arriola, K. G., Jiang, Y. and Adesogan, A. T. (2017). Metaanalysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(6), 4587–4603.Paradhipta, D. H. V., Joo, Y. H., Lee, H. J., Lee, S. S., Kwak, Y. S., Han, O. K. and Kim, S. C. (2020). Effects of wild or mutated inoculants on rye silage and its rumen fermentation indices. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 33(6), 949
Diversity of small terrestrial mammals under different organic farming management in Mediterranean and Continental agriculture ecosystems
No full textReceived: 2021-01-12 | Accepted: 2021-04-14 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.301-308With climate changes, soil-pollution and degradation, organic farming is communicated much more often. That is why more research about impact of organic farming has been appearing and developing. Aim of our research was to detect if there is any impact of organic farming on small terrestrial mammals such as has been found in other soil, plant and fauna. Nine localities, at which organic agriculture was practised, were studied and two localities were used as control samples. The research sites were located in the west of Slovakia and in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. They represent a typical Continental and Mediterranean areas. Forty-six individuals of seven species (Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus musculus, Mus spicilegus, Mus spretus, Rattus sp., Crocidura russula, Crocidura suaveolens) were recorded. The highest abundance was recorded at hedgerows in biodynamic vineyards and the most species at an ecotone of biodynamic vineyard and forest. At cultivated sites, we documented the highest number of species at biodynamic vineyard and biologically managed vineyard. The observed species show affiliation to different types of habitat which indicates the need of landscape heterogeneity to maintain diversity. The results signify the obligation to pay more attention to different types of organic farming, identify particular benefits and embrace the most suitable of them.Keywords: small terrestrial mammals, organic farming, abundance, species richnessReferencesAldebron, C. et al. (2020). Soil organic matter links organic farming to enhanced predator evenness. Biological Control, 146, 104278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104278Amanullah, D.R and Brajendra, P. (2017). Threats to soils: global trends and perspectives. 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Bringing diversity back to agriculture: Smaller fields and non-crop elements enhance biodiversity in intensively managed arable farmlands. Ecological Indicators, 90, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.001Walmsley, A. and Cerdà, A. (2017). Soil macrofauna and organic matter in irrigated orchards under Mediterranean climate. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 33(4), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2017.1336486Wolka, K. et al. (2021). Soil organic carbon and associated soil properties in Enset (Ensete ventricosum Welw. Cheesman)- based homegardens in Ethiopia. Soil and Tillage Research, 205, 104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104791Yin, R. et al. (2020). Soil functional biodiversity and biological quality under threat: Intensive land use outweighs climate change. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 147, 107847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.10784
Costs, income and economic efficiency of dairy sheep flocks
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-12 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.98-101The objective of this study was to analyse costs and incomes from milk/cheese and lamb production in dairy sheep flocks and to evaluate their economic efficiency by calculating the profit/loss that is expressed as the difference between these two economic indicators. Costs were calculated taking into account their individual item structure, revenues were calculated taking into account sales of milk/cheese and lamb production. The analysis included three-year period i.e. years 2017, 2018 and 2019. The object of investigations were twelve and thirteen dairy sheep flocks per year, respectively. Economic indicators were expressed in Eur per feeding day (costs) and/or in Eur per ewe and year (costs, sales, subsidies, profit/loss). Milk and lamb sales did not cover up costs spent on production and accounting for subsidy improved economic efficiency of dairy sheep only to a lower extent. Sheep farming thus produced with the loss. Across years, milk and lamb sales almost unchanged, whereas costs notably increased. No ability to cover up costs with revenues could become an obstacle for further survival of this livestock sector. The increase of both milk yield and lamb production is therefore needed.Keywords: small ruminants, expences, revenues, profit/loss Referencesde Rancourt, M. et al. (2006). Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future. Small Ruminant Research, 62, 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.012Eurostat. (2016). Livestock population in livestock units by type EU-28. Retrieved October, 2, 2020 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/databaseFAOSTAT. (2019). Food and agricultural data. Retreived October 2, 2020 from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#dataGunlu, A. et al. (2003). Relationship between average milk production costs and some selected technical and socio-economic factors surrounding dairy herds. Indian Journal Animal Sciences, 73(10), 1159–1162.Krupová, Z. et al. (2012). Review of methodologies for costs calculating of ruminants in Slovakia. Jornal of Central European of Agriculture, 13(3), 426–445. https://doi.org/0.5513/JDEA01/13.3.1068Krupová, Z. et al. (2013). Economics of dairy sheep breeding in the year 2011. Agromagazine, 15(1), 12–13.Krupová, Z. et al. (2014). Impact of variation in production traits, inputs costs and product prices on profitability in multi-purpose sheep. Spanish Jornal of Agricultural Research, 12(4), 902–912. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014124-6166Michaličková, M. et al. (2014). Determinants of economic efficiency in dairy cattle and sheep. Slovak Jornal of Animal Science, 47(1), 39–50. Milán, M. J. et al. (2014). Cost structure and profitability of Assaf dairy sheep farms in Spain. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 5239–5249. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7884Oravcová, M. and Peškovičová, D. (2008). Genetic nad environmental trends for milk production trends in sheep estimated with test-day model. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 21(8), 1088–1096. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70700Oravcová, M. et al. (2020). Costs in dairy sheep flocks in the year 2019. Agromagazine, 22(10), 10. Pamukova, D. and Momchilov, H. (2017). Analysis of revenues and production costs of dairy sheep farms. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 15(Suppl. 1), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2017.s.01.050 Trubačová, A. et al. (2019). Costs of agricultural products in the Slovak Republic in 2018. Bratislava: National Agricultural and Food Centre-RIEAF.Tzouramani, I. et al. (2011). An assessment of of the economic performance of organic dairy sheep farming in Greece. Livestock Science, 141, 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.01
Effect of weaning and sex on meat fatty acid profile of grazing lambs
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-20 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.25-28Twenty Tsigai and Suffolk crossbreed lambs in grazing conditions were used to investigate the effect of weaning status (weaned vs. unweaned) and sex on fatty acid composition of meat. Six males and four females were included in both groups, the weaned lambs group (WL) and the unweaned lambs group (UL). The fatty acid profile of Musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis intramuscular fat (IMF) were determined by gas chromatography and analysed by analysis of variance. WL displayed higher proportion of t11-C18:1 (P < 0.001), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) C18:2 (P < 0.01) and C20:4 (P < 0.05), n-3 PUFA C18:3 (P < 0.05), C20:5 (P < 0.01), C22:5 (P < 0.05), C22:6 (P < 0.05) and the total PUFA (P < 0.01) in IMF than UL. On the contrary, IMF of UL had higher proportion of the medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C12:0 (P < 0.01), C14:0 (P < 0.01) and C16:0 (P < 0.01), the total SFA (P < 0.05) and the total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P < 0.05). The weaning status had no significant effect on n-6/n-3 ratio, however the ratio was satisfactory low in both groups. The sex had no effect on a profile of essential and health beneficial fatty acids in meat of lamb. In conclusion, meat of weaned lambs in grazing system might be considered to obtain a higher proportion of healthy n-3 fatty acids compared to unweaned lambs.Keywords: fatty acids, intramuscular fat, lamb meat, weaned lambs, unweaned lambsReferencesBelanche, A. et al. (2019). Amulti-kingdom study reveals the plasticity of the rumen microbiota in response to a shift from non-grazing to grazing diets in sheep. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1-17.Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00122Cañeque, V. et al. (2001). Effect of weaning age and slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality of Talaverana breed lambs raised at pasture. Animal Science, 73, 85-95.Cividini, A. et al. (2014). Fatty acid composition of lamb meat from the autochthonous Jezersko-Solčava breed reared in different production systems. Meat Science, 97(4), 480-485.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.12.012Cividini, A. et al. (2008). Fatty acid composition of lamb meat as affected by production system, weaning and sex. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, Suplement 2, 47-52.De Brito, G. F. et al. (2017). TheEfect of Extensive Feeding Systems on Growth Rate, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Finishing Lambs. Comprehensive Reviews. Food Science and Food Safety. 16(1), 23-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12230Enser, M. et al. (1998). Fatty acid content and composition of UK beef and lamb muscle in relation to production systemand implications for human nutrition. Meat Science., 49, 329–341.French, P. et al. (2000). Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrate-based diets. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 2849-2855.Howes, N. L. (2015). Opportunities and Implications of Pasture-Based Lamb Fattening to Enhance the Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition in Meat. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(1), 22-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12118Jacques, J. et al. (2016). Meat quality, organoleptic characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Dorset lambs fed different forage to concentrate ratios or fresh grass. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 97, 290-301.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0104Kosulwat, S. et al. (2003). Lipid composition of Australian retail lamb cuts with differing carcass classification characteristics. Meat Science, 65, 1413-1420.Margetin, M. et al. (2018). Fatty acids in intramuscular fat of Ile de France lambs in two different production Systems. Archives Animal Breeding, 61(4), 395-403. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-395-2018Velasco, S et al. (2004). Effect of different feeds on meat quality and fatty acid composition of lambs fattened at pasture. Meat Science, 66(2), 457-465. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00134-7Velasco, S. et al. (2001) Fatty acid composition of adipose depots of suckling lambs raised under different production systems. Meat Science, 59(3), 325-333.Velasco, S. et al. (2000). Carcass and meat quality of Talaverana breed sucking lambs in relation to gender and slaughter weight. Animal Science, 70, 253-263.Woods, V. B., &Fearon, A. M. (2009). Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: A review. Livestock Science, 126, 1-20
Salivary cortisol concentrations changes in horses during daily routine
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-20 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.1-4AbstractThe aim of the study was to observe the salivary concentrations of cortisol in horses during daily routine over the course of four weeks lasting experiment in three different stages of day to monitor the changing values of cortisol in horse saliva during the day. Saliva was obtained from 12 Slovak warmblood horses – 1 stallion, 6 mares and 5 geldings. In the experiment we focused purely on changes of salivary cortisol concentrations over the course of the daily routine.The results shown us multiple significant changes between individual sample collections and thus, we can state that according to our results the highest concentration of cortisol in horse saliva is in the morning and it decreases throughout the day with lowest measured concentrations being in the final sample collection of the day (at 22:00). These changes had no visible effect on horses´ organism throughout entirety of the experiment and were caused due to horses daily rhythm.Keywords: horse, cortisol, saliva, rest, daily routineReferencesBohák, Zs, Szabó, F, Beckers, J-F, Melo de Sousa, N, Kutasi, O., Nagy, K, Szenci, O. 2013. Monitoring the circadian rhythm of serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in the horse. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 45:38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.04.001Contreras-Aguilar, MD, Lamy, E, Escribano, D, Cerón, JJ, Tecles, F, Quiles, AJ, Hevia, ML. 2020. Changes in salivary analytes of horses due to circadian rhythm and season: A Pilot Study. Animals. 10(9):1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091486Halo, M, Hollý, A, Mlyneková, E, Polyaková, L, Horný, M, Kovalčík, E. 2009. Influence feeding and training on the metabolic profil sport horses. J Cent. Eur. Agric. 10(4):411-416.Halo, M, Strapák, P, Mlyneková, E, Kovalčík, E, Horný, M. 2008. Influence stres on the training process of the horses. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 9(1):217-224.Ille, N, von Lewinski, M, Erber, M, Wulf, M, Aurich, J, Mostl, E, Aurich, C. 2013. Effects of the level of experience of horses and their riders on cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability during a jumping course. Anim. Welf. 22:457-465. 10.7120/09627286.22.4.457Irvine, CHG, Alexander, SL. 1994. Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 11(2):227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(94)90030-2Kang, O-D, Lee W-S. 2016. Changes in salivary cortisol concentration in horses during different types of exercise. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 29(5):747-752. 10.5713/ajas.16.0009Kang, O-D, Yun Y-M. 2016. Influence of Horse and Rider on Stress during Horse-riding Lesson Program. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 29(6):895-900. 10.5713/ajas.15.1068Leal, BB, Alves, GES, Douglas, RH, Bringel, B, Young, RJ, Haddad, JPA, Viana, WS, Faleiros, RR. 2011. Cortisol circadian rhythm ratio: A simple method to detect stressed horses at higher risk of colic? Equine Vet. J. 31:188-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.02.005Massányi, P, Stawarz, R, Halo, M, Formicki, G, Lukac, N, Cupka, P, Schwarcz, P, Kovacik, A, Tusimova, E, Kovacik, J. 2014. Blood concentration of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead in the horses and its relation to hematological and biochemical parameters. J. Environ. Sci. Health A. 49:973-979. 10.1080/10934529.2014.894322 Peeters, M, Sulon J, Beckers J-F, Ledoux D, Vandenheede M. 2011. Comparison between blood serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses using an adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge. Equine Vet J. 43(4):487-493. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00294.x Schmidt, A, Mostl, E, Wehnert, Ch, Aurich, J, Muller, J, Aurich, Ch. 2010. Corisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport. Hormones Behaviour. 57: 209-215. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003Strzelec, K, Kankofer, M, Piertzak, S. 2011. Cortisol concentration in the saliva of horses subjected to different kinds of exercise. Act Vet. Brno. 80:101-105. 10.2754/avb201180010101Stull, CL, Morrow, J, Aldridge, BA, Stott, JL, McGlone, JJ. 2008. Immunophysiological responses of horses to 12-hour rest during 24 hours of road transport. Vet. Rec. 162:609-614. 10.1136/vr.162.19.609Van der Kolk, JH, Nachreiner, RF, Schott HC, Refsal KR, Zanella AJ. 2001. Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing´s disease. Equine Vet J. 33(2):211-213. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00604.
Effect of gluten on the quality of meat products
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.80-84The aim of the study was the evaluation of gluten quality of selected meat products. Gluten is a vegetable protein, which, due to its properties, is very often used in various sectors of the food industry and therefore in the production of meat products. Sensory evaluation, microbiological examination and gluten detection were performed in samples of sausages, Poultry frankfurter, Fine salami and Malokarpatská salami. The meat products came from different producers and were purchased from a retail network. Sensory quality was determined by assessing color, aroma, juiciness, fragility and taste using a 5-point rating scale. The microbiological examination included the determination of the total number of microorganisms, the number of psychrotrophic, coliform microorganisms and coagulase-positive staphylococci. The presence of gluten alone was detected using a commercially produced GlutenTox Home test kit as well as a PCR reaction. Individual testing of selected meat products showed minor differences in the overall quality of gluten free and gluten-free meat products. Keywords:meat products, salami, gluten, quality, microbiological examinationReferencesAbaffyová, Z. et al. (2015). Cereal grain a little different. Bratislava. Pediatria pre prax. 4, 140–146.Frič, P., Keil, R. (2011). Celiac disease for practice. Olomouc. Medicína pro praxi. 8, 354–359.Hulín, P., Dostálek, P., Hochel, I. (2008). Methods for determination of gluten proteins in food. Metódy stanovení lepkových bílkovin v potravinách. Chemické listy,102(5), 327–337.https://www.academia.edu/18759054/Methods_for_determination_of_gluten_proteins_in_foodOlexová, L. et al. (2006). Detection of gluten-containing cereals in flours and ‘‘gluten-free’’ bakery products by polymerase chain reaction. Food Control, 17(3), 234–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.009STN EN ISO 4833-1. Microbiology of food chain. Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms. Part 1: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique. (ISO 4833-1: 2013)STN EN ISO 6888-1. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species). Part 1: Technique using Baird-Parker agar medium (ISO 6888-1:1999)STN EN ISO 4832. Microbiology. General guidance for the enumeration of coliforms. Colony count techniqueTaylor, S. (1992). Chemistry and detection of food allergens. Food Technology, 46(5), 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399609527761Toldrá, F. (2002). Fermentation and starter cultures. Dry-cured meat products, Trumbull : Food & Nutrition Press Inc., 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470385111van Hengel, A. J. (2007). Food allergen detection methods and the challenge to protect food-allergic consumers. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1353-5