Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Genomic diversity of beef cattle in Slovakia
Full text linkReceived: 2020-10-22 Accepted: 2021-02-08 Available online: 2021-02-28https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-apa.11-14The aim of the study was to determine the state of genetic diversity in Charolais and Limousine populations. The analysis wasbased on the panel of 49 629 SNPs that were used for genotyping of 85 individuals. For the assessment of the genetic diversity,the genomic inbreeding coefficient resulting from runs of homozygosity distribution in the genome and linkage disequilibriumbased effective population size (Ne) were calculated. The results reflected a decrease in recent inbreeding (FROH >16 Mb under 1%)compared to historical (FROH >1 Mb in average 6%). The current effective population size was estimated based on the linear regressionusing Ne estimates for 50 generations ago. The effective population size across all analysed animals was 33.05 for Charolais breed(decrease of 4.51 animals per generation) and 7.02 for Limousine breed (decrease of 2.81 animals per generation). The estimationof current Ne indicated the endangered status of assessment populations and referred the need for continuous monitoring toincrease population size but without reducing genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding.Keywords: effective populations size, homozygosity, Charolais, inbreeding, LimousineReferenceAL-MAMUN, H.A. et al. (2015). Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium and genetic diversity in five populations of Australiandomestic sheep. Genetics Selection Evolution, 47(90). DOI: 10.1186/s12711-015-0169-6.BARBATO, M. et al. (2015). SNeP: a tool to estimate trends in recent effective population size trajectories using genome-wideSNP data. Front Genetics, 6, 109. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2015.00109.BOUQUET, A. et al. (2011). Genetic structure of the European Charolais and Limousin cattle metapopulations using pedigreeanalyses. Journal of Animal Science, 89(6), 1719–1730. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3469CHANG, CH. C. et al. (2015). Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience, 4, 7.CURIK, I., FERENČÁKOVIĆ, M. and SÖLKNER, J. (2014). Inbreeding and runs of homozygosity: A possible solution to an oldproblem. Livestock Science, 166, 26–34.FERENČAKOVIĆ, M., SÖLKNER, J. and CURIK, I. (2013). Estimating autozygosity from high-throughput information: effects ofSNP density and genotyping errors. Genetics Selection Evolution, 45, 42.FLURY, C. et al. (2010). Effective population size of an indigenous Swiss cattle breed estimated from linkage disequilibrium.Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 127(5), 339-347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00862.x.FORUTAN, M. et al. (2018). Inbreeding and runs of homozygosity before and after genomic selection in North AmericanHolstein cattle. BMC Genomics, 19, 98.KADLEČÍK, O. et al. (2016). Inbreeding and genetic diversity loss of four cattle beef breeds in Slovakia. Acta fytotechn zootechn,19(2), 59–63.KASARDA, R., KUKUČKOVÁ, V. and MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. (2017). The most important sires in Pinzgau population. Acta fytotechnzootechn, 20(2), 28–30.KELLER, M. C., VISSCHER, P. M. and GODDARD, M. E. (2011). Quantification of inbreeding due to distant ancestors and itsdetection using dense single nucleotide polymorphism data. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.130922LEE, S. H. et al. (2011). Linkage disequilibrium and effective population size in Hanwoo Korean cattle. Asian-Australas. Journalof Animal Science, 34, 1660–1665.LENSTRA, J. A. et al. (2012). Molecular tools and analytical approaches for the characterization of farm animal genetic diversity.Anim Genet., 43, 483–502.LU, D. et al. (2012). Linkage disequilibrium in Angus, Charolais and Crossbred beef cattle. Front. Genet. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00152MÉSZÁROS, G. et al. (2015). Genomic analysis for managing small and endangered populations: a case study in Tyrol Greycattle. Front Genet., 6, 173.METZGER, J. et al. (2015). Runs of homozygosity reveal signatures of positive selection for reproduction traits in breed and nonbreedhorses. BMC Genomics, 16(764). DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1977-3.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. et al. (2018) Autozygosity island resulting from artificial selection in slovak spotted cattle. Agriculture &Forestry, 64(4), 21–28.MORAVČÍKOVÁ, N. et al. (2017). Effective Population Size and Genomic Inbreeding in Slovak Pinzgau Cattle. AgriculturaeConspectus Scientifi cus., 82(2), 97–100.PERIPOLLI, E. et al. (2018). Assessment of runs of homozygosity islands and estimates of genomic inbreeding in Gyr (Bos indicus)dairy cattle. BMC Genomics, 19, 34. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4365-3.ŠIDLOVÁ, V. et al. (2015). Genomic variability among cattle populations based on runs of homozygosity. Poljoprivreda, 21(1),44–47.SZMATOŁA, T. et al. (2019). A Comprehensive Analysis of Runs of Homozygosity of Eleven Cattle Breeds Representing DifferentProduction Types. Animals, 9, 1024. DOI:10.3390/ani9121024.WRIGHT, S. (1938). Size of population and breeding structure in relation to evolution. Science, 87, 430–431
Plasma chemical method of extending the apples shelf life
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-12-21 | Accepted: 2021-02-10 | Available online: 2021-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.03.202-205 The efficiency of using ozone and plasma chemical technology to reduce the concentration of ethylene impurities to extend the shelf life of apples has been studied. The ozone concentration was measured by sensors located in the experimental box. The ethylene concentration was measured with an ICA56 meter (in the experimental box) and monitored by sampling from the circulation lines of both boxes. The ICA56 meter use electrochemical sensor with ethylene resolution 0.2 ppm. This sensor have cross sensitivities for CO (40%), ethanol (72%), CO2 (0%), H2 S (220%) and its reason use control method of measuring ethylene. Control samples were analyzed with a Thermo Scientific Trace 1310 gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The chromatograph was pre-calibrated with calibration gas mixtures with ethylene content of 10 and 100 ppm. It has been shown that Gala, McIntosh and Jonathan apples are stored several times better when the air in which apples are stored is treated with a plasma-chemical system. After 40 days of storage in the control box, the weight of apples acceptable for consumption (absence of rot and mold) was for varieties Gala – 3.3 kg (31%), Jonathan – 2.1 kg (15.6%), McIntosh – 2 kg (20%). In the experimental boxing varieties Gala – 12.1 kg (66.4%), Jonathan – 10.2 kg (59.3%), McIntosh – 9.3 kg (52.5%). Thus, the combined plasma-ozone method of air treatment of stored apples has shown high efficiency and has prospects for use.Keywords: plasma treatment, barrierless plasma chemical reactor, ethylene ReferencesBagher, H. et al. (2020). Effect of Cold Plasma on Quality Retention of Fresh-Cut Produce. Journal of Food Quality, 8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866369Crocker, W. et al. (1935). Similarities in the effects of ethylene and the plant auxins. Contrib. Boyce Thompson inst., 7, 231–248.Concello, A. et al. (2005). Effect of chilling on ethylene production in eggplant fruit. Food Chemistry, 92, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.048Dong, L. et al. (2002). Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on ripening of ‘Canino’ apricots and ‘Royal Zee’ plums. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 24, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00130-2Golden, K. (2014). Ethylene in Postharvest Technology: A Review. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(4), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2014.135.143Golota, V. et al. (2003). Patent US #6,544,486 B2 Date 04/18/2003. Golota, V. et al. (2018), Decomposition of ethylene in low temperature plasma of barrierless discharge. Problems of Atomic Sci. and Technol. Ser. Plasma Electronics and New Methods of Acceleration, №4 (116), 160–163. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/147342Golota, V. et al. (2018). The use of ozone technologies in grain storage. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, 116(4), 185–188. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/149325Ma, L. et al. (2017). Recent developments in novel shelf life extension technologies of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 64, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.03.005Miller, F. A. et al. (2013). Review on Ozone-Based Treatments for Fruit and Vegetables Preservation. Food Eng Rev, (5), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-013-9064-5Nakatsuka, A. et al. (1998). Differential Expression and Internal Feedback Regulation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1- Carboxylate Synthase, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase, and Ethylene Receptor Genes in Tomato Fruit during Development and Ripening. Plant Physiol, 118, 1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.118.4.1295Skog, L. J. et al. (2001). Effect of ozone on qualities of fruits and vegetables in cold storage. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81(4), 773–778. https://doi.org/10.4141/P00-110Taran, G.V. et al. (2019). Plasma-chemical methods for control of biotic contaminants. Problems of Atomic Sci. and Technol. Ser. Plasma Electronics and New Methods of Acceleration, 2019, №4 (122), 198–202. https://vant.kipt.kharkov.ua/ARTICLE/ VANT_2019_4/article_2019_4_198.pd
Ultra structural study on different sensory structure and some associated body parts of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (G.) by scanning electron microscopy
No full textArticle Details: Received: 2020-02-05 | Accepted: 2020-08-04 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.78-86Observation on the ultra- structure of both mouth parts and sensory apparatus of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Stebbing, 1903) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) was carried out. Seven segments of different size in each antenna have been identified in D.mangiferae in the present observation. Out of the all segments, the terminal segment was the longest trailed by third and second flagellomere in downward order. Sensilla with flexible socket was noted in almost every body parts in the present observation. Abundant wax pores on the dorsal and ventral surface on the body surface of mealy bug secrete spiral wax filaments. Two types of wax pores namely trilocular and quinquelocular were observed. Leg consisted of basal coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus which ended with curved claw and two claw digitules.Hair like sensilla trichoidea was mostly abundant in antenna and was of four subtypes. All of these function as mechanoreceptor or gustatory receptor. The labium of second instar nymphs of D.mangiferae had three segments with a median labial groove for housing stylet fascicle. Ten pairs of trichoid sensilla were found in the labium that also function as mechanoreceptors. Long hair like sensilla chaetica with pointed tip (SCh) in five pairs was also observed. Apart from that different kind of mechanoreceptor sensilla with flexible sockets, sensilla were found having inflexible sockets and pores with probable olfactory function. Keywords: Drosicha mangiferae, antenna, sensilla, mechanoreceptor, labium, stylet fascicle, wax poresReferencesAhamad, A., Kaushik, S., Ramamurthy, V., Lakhanpaul, S., Ramani, R., Sharma, K.K. and Vidyarthi, A.S. (2012). Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera: Tachardiidae). Arthropod Structure and Development, 41(5), 435–441.Alliaume, A., Reinfold, C., Uzest, M., Lemairo, O. and Herrbach, E. (2018). Mouth parts morphology of mealy bug Phenacoccusaceris. Bulletin of Insectology, 71(1), 1–9.Agren, L. (1977). Flagellar sensilla of some Colletidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). International Journal of Insect Morphological Embryology, 6(3–4), 137–146.Altner, H. and Prillinger, L. (1980). Ultra structure of invertebrate chemothermo- and hygroreceptors and its functional significance. International Review of Cytology, 67, 69–139.Backus, E. A. (1988). Sensory systems and behaviours which mediate hemipteran plant-feeding: a taxonomic overview. Journal of Insect Physiology, 34(3), 151–165.Blanke, A., Ruhr, P.T., Mosko, R., Villaneuva, P.,Wilde, F.M., Stampanoni, M.,Uesogi, K. R., Machida, R. and Misof, B. (2015). 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Ultrastructural and phylogenetic assessment of wax glands in pit scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea). International Journal of Insect Morphological Embryology, 24(1), 35–49.Hallberg, E., Hansson, B.S. and Lofstedt, C. (2003). Sensilla and proprioreceptors. (Ed). Kristensen NP, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies: morphology, physiology and development, (2nd ed.). WdG, New York, Berlin, pp. 267–288.Hu, F., Zhang, G.N. and Wang, J.J. (2009). Scanning electron microscopy studies of antennal sensilla of bruchid beetles, Callosobruchu schinensis (L.) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Micron, 40(3), 320–326.Jansen, M.G.M. (2001). Instar identification and some notes about the life cycle of Rhizoecushibisci Kawai and Takagi (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidea). Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies (ed. G. Pellizzari). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 33(3), 53–66.Manjunatha, D., Kumar, P., Kishore, R., Prasad, S.K., Narayanaswamy, K.C. and Datta. R.K. (1993). Towards understanding tukra and its management. Indian Silk, 32, 6–9.McIver, S.B. (1975). Structure of cuticular mechanoreceptors of arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 20, 381–397.Koteja, J. (1980). Campaniform, basiconic, coeloconic, and intersegmental sensilla on the antennae in the Coccinea. Acta Biologia Cracoviensia, Series Zoologia, 22, 73–88.Karar, H., Arif, J., Saeed, S. and Sayeed, H. A. (2006). A threat to Mango. DAWN Scientific technology World, 23.LeRü B., Renards, S., Allo, M. R., Lelanic, J. and Rolland, J.P. (1995A). Antennal sensilla and their possible meaning in the host plant selection behavior of Phenacoccus manihoti MatileFerrero. International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 24, 375–389.Le Rü, B., Renards, S., Allo, M. R., Lelanic, J. and Rolland, J.P. (1995B). Morphology and ultrastructure of sensory receptors of the labium of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 77, 31–36.Peregrine, D.J. (1972). Fine structure of sensilla basiconica on the labium of the cotton stainer, Dysdercus fasciatus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). International Journal of Insect Morphological Embryology, 1(3), 241–251.Pesson, P. (1944). Contribution à l’étudemorphologique et fonctionnelle de la tête, de l’appareil buccal et du tube digestif des femelles de Coccides. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, France.Pope, R.D. (1983). Some aphid waxes, their form and function (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Natural History, 17, 489–506.Salama, H. S. (1971). Olfaction and gustation in coccids (Coccoidea). Experientia, 27, 1294.Schneider, D. (1964). Insect antennae. Annual Review of Entomology, 9, 103–122.Shields, V.D.C. and Hildebrand, J.G. (1999). Fine structure of antennal sensilla of the female sphinx moth, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). II. Auriculate, coeloconic and styliform complex sensilla. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(2), 302–313.Sirisena, U.G.A.I., Watson, G.W., Hemachandra, K.S., Sage, O. and Wijayagunasekara, H.N.P. (2015). Scanning Electron Microscopy of Six Selected Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 26(2), 237–247.Tjallingii, W. F. (1978). Mechanoreceptors of the aphid labium. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 24, 731–737.Vahedi, H.A. and Mahfar, F.G. (2010). Scanning electron microscope observations on the multiloculardisc-pores and dermal projections of adult female Porphyrophor atritici and P. cynodontis. Entomolgia Hellenica, 19, 76–81.Whietefield, A.E., Falk B.W. and Rotenford, B.W. (2015). Insect vector mediated transmission of plant viruses. Virology, 79, 278–289.Walker, G. P. and Gordh, G. (1989). The occurrence of apical labial sensilla in the Aleyrodidae and evidence for a contact chemosensory function. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 35, 215–224.Wensler, R. J. D. (1977). The fine structure of distal receptors on the labium of the aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae. Implications for current theories of sensory transduction. Cell and Tissue Research, 181, 409–422
Dependence of milk production of dairy sheep on climate conditions
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.85-88The aim of the study was to determine the influence of selected climatic characteristics on the milk production of ewes during lactation. Data of ewes from sheep farm Liptovská Teplička located in moderate climate zone (latitude 48°57'50.3"N, longitude 20°04'31.0"E) were analysed. In period from 2017 to 2019, the following milk traits: total morning milk production (TMPM), total evening milk production (TMPE), total morning+evening production (TMPM+E) and average daily milk production per ewe (ADMP) were measured on a daily basis. Traditional (Carpatian) production system was applied: ewes were on pasture and machine milked twice a day. Climate characteristics were monitored in 10-minute intervals by standard weather station (supplier: firm PHYSICUS), located near sheep farm. The influence of air temperature - T (°C), of relative humidity - RH (%), of wind speed (m.s-1) and of total precipitation (mm)recorded daily between 5 a.m. and 4 p.m. in period from April to September on milk traits was analysed. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated according to National Research formula. The influence of year, of month and of interaction year x month was also analysed. Covariance analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients using statistical programme SASv9.2 (procedures GLM and CORR) were employed. The influence of month and of interaction year x month, respectively, on milk traits was found (P40.0 and THI <= 68.0). Preliminary results suggest that milk production traits of dairy sheep may be significantly influenced by climate also in moderate climatic zone.Keywords: sheep, thermal stress, milk yield, temperate zoneReferencesAl Dawood, A. 2017. Towards heat stress management in small ruminants – a review. Ann. Anim. Sci., 17(1), 59-88. DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0068Finocchiaro, R., Van Kaam, J.B.C.H.M., Portolano, B., Misztal, I. 2005. Effect of heat stress on production of Mediterranean dairy sheep. J. Dairy Sci., 88, 1855-1864.Gauly, M., Ammer, S. 2020. Review: Challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate changes. Animal,. 14:S1, s196-s203. doi:10.1017/S1751731119003239Gauly, M., Bollwein, H., Breves, G., Brugemann, K., Danicke, S., Das, G., Demeler, J., Hansen, H., Isselstein, J., Konig, S., Loholter, M., Martinshon, M., Meyer, U., Potthoff, M., Sanker, C., Schroder, B., Wrange, N., Meibaum, B., von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G., Stinshof, Wrenzycki, C., 2013. Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe – a review. Animal, 7, 843-859. doi:10.1017/S1751731112002352Ramón, M., Díaz, C., Pérez-Guzman, M.D., Carabaño, M.J. 2016. Effect of exposure to adverse climatic conditions on production in Manchega dairy sheep. J. Dairy Sci., 99, 5764-5779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10909Hamzaoui, S., Salama, A.A.K., Albanell, E., Such, X., Caja, G. 2013. Physiological responses and lactational performances of late-lactation dairy goats under heat stress conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 96, 6355-6365. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2013-6665National Research Council (NRC). 1971. A guide to envronmental research on animals. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.Sánches-Molano, E., Kapsona, V.V., Ilska, J.J., Desire, S., Conington, J., Mucha, S., Banos., G. 2019. Genetic analysis of novel phenotypes for farm animal resilience to weather variability. BMC Genetics., 20-84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-019-0787-zSilanikove, N., N. Koluman (Darcan). 2015. Impact of climate change on the dairy industry in temperate zones: predications on the overall negative impact and on the positive role of dairy goats in adaptation to earth warming. Small Rumin Res., 123, 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.00
Effect of humic acid substances on proteolytic activity in intestine, digestibility of crude protein and protein content in the blood of broiler chickens
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-18 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.159-163The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary intake of humic substances (HS) on the proteolytic activity and the digestibility of crude protein (CP) measured as the apparent assimilable mass coefficient of CP corrected for protein catabolism (AMCN) in the intestine as well as on the total protein and albumin content in the serum of broiler chickens (Cobb 500, n=120). Chickens (groups A, B, C / negative control) were fed with mixtures with CP (g.kg-1 DM) – Hyd1 230.20 (d 1-7), Hyd2 222.20 (d 8-28), Hyd3 209.40 (d 29-37) for 37 days. The humic substances were added into diets of experimental groups in the feed additive according to the content of humic/fulvic acids (HA/FA; g.kg-1) A 4.55/0.35, B 3.99/0.35, C 2.85/0.25. The body weights and feed consumption were measured once a week. The average daily weight gains and the feed conversion ratio were calculated. The dietary intake of HS had a positive effect on the increase of proteolytic activities in the intestinal apparatus and caused the significant enhancement of AMCN of birds from experimental groups on days 17, 24 and 31. However, the values of the total protein and the albumin in the serum were significantly decreased in the groups after intake of HA/FA 4.55/0.35 or 3.99/0.35 in the feed.Keywords: gut of poultry, humates, enzymatic activity, crude protein, albuminReferencesArif, M. et al. (2016). Impacts of dietary humic acid supplementation on growth performance, some blood metabolites and carcass traits of broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 86(9), 1073–1078.Broderick, G. A. (1987). Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 58(3), 463–475. 10.1079/bjn19870114 Carvalho, L. H. M., De Koe, T. and Tavares, P. B. (1998). An improved molybdenum blue method for simultaneous determination of inorganic phosphate and arsenate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration, 1(1), 13–19.Cunniff, P. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 16th edn., Arlington, Va, USA: AOAC International.Daněk, P., Paseka, A., Smola, J., Ondráček, J., Bečková, R. and Rozkot, M. (2005). Influence of lecithin emulsifier on the utilisation of nutrients and growth of piglets after weaning. Czech Journal of Animal Science,50, 459–465. https://doi.org/10.17221/4245-CJASEuropean Commission (2009). Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Official Journal of European Union, 54, 1–130.Gomez-Rosales, S. and Angeles, M. D. (2015). Addition of a worm leachate as source of humic substances in the drinking water of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28(2), 215–222. 10.5713/ajas.14.0321Grieninger, G. and Granick, S. (1975). Synthesis and differentiation of plasma proteins in cultured embryonic chicken liver cells: a system for study of regulation of protein synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 72(12), 5007–5011. 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5007Gugliemo C. G. and Karasov W. H. (1993). Endogenous mass and energy losses in ruffed grouse. The Auk, 110(2), 386–390.Jamdar, S. N., Harikumar, P. (2005). Autolytic degradation of chicken intestinal proteins. Bioresource Technol., 96(11), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.014Kočí, Š. et al. (1994). The nutrient requirements and nutrient value of feeds for poultry. 1. ed.1 Nitra: Research institute of animal production, 46 pp.McMurphy, C. P., Duff, G. C., Sanders, S. R., Cuneo, S. P. and Chirase, N. K. (2011). Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 41(2), 134–140. 10.4314/sajas.v41i2.71017Ozturk, E. et al. (2014). Performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers. British Poultry Science, 55(5), 668–674. 10.1080/00071668.2014.960807 Van Loon, J. C. (1980). Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Selected methods. New York: Academic press, 337 pp.Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2Windisch, W. et al. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86(14 Suppl), E140-E148. 10.2527/jas.2007-0459
Sheep mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci and their influence on oxidative status
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.53-57AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of oxidative product levels, using malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker on occurrence of mastitis and its causing pathogens in two dairy flocks of ewes situated in east and north of Slovakia. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed on the basis of clinical examination of the udder, macroscopic evaluation of milk, with the evaluation of Californian mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological analysis of individual raw milk samples. From total 537 and 444 halves ewe’s milk samples were 16.6% and 23.2% positive to CMT, respectively. The prevalence of mastitis caused by bacterial pathogenes in the monitored herds was 14.3% to 19.1%, respectively. In all monitored sheep flocks were confirmed predominantly subclinical forms (SM) of intramammary infection (IMI). The highest of etiological agents in all monitored herds had coagulase negative staphylococci and coagulase positive staphylococci especially Staphylococcus aureus. Except for staphylococci were Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus spp. most frequently pathogens isolated from mastitic sheep. The highest MDA level was observed from clinical cases of mastitis however, increased MDA levels were detectable from subclinical cases. Bacterial isolates from mastitc halves milk samples are different in levels of MDA. In this study, we found that milk samples infected with S. aureus were higher compared to other pathogens. In conclusion, differences in both severities of IMI and mastitis pathogens were associated with differences of MDA in infected udders.Keywords: sheep, milking, mastitis, lipid peroxidation,S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococciReferencesContreras, A. et al. (2007). Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 68(1-2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.011Fthenakis, G. C. (1995). California mastitis test and White side test in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis of dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 16(3), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(95)00638-2Hariharan, H. et al. (2004). Bacteriology and somatic cell counts in milk samples from ewes on a Scottish farm. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(3), 188–192.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1142138/Malinowski, E. et al. (2008). Etiological agents of dairy cows’ mastitis in western part of Poland. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 9(3), 191-194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17020014/Mørk, T. et al. (2007). Clinical mastitis in ewes; bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical features. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 49(1), 23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1751-0147-49-23Pyörälä, S. and Taponen, S. (2009). Coagulase-negative staphylococci - Emerging mastitis pathogens. Veterinary Microbiology, 34(2), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.015Sharma, N. (2011). Oxidative stress and antioxidant status during transition period in dairy cows. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 24(4), 479–484. https://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/24-58.pdfSuriyasathaporn, W. (2006). Higher somatic cell counts resulted in higher malondialdehyde concentrations in raw cow´s milk. International Dairy Journal, 16(9), 1088–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.11.004Turk, R. et al. (2017). The role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of mastitis in dairy cows. Mljekarstvo, 67(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.020
Growth of suckled rabbit kits depending on litter size at birth
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-02 | Accepted: 2020-10-09 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.55-59Standardization of litter size after birth is a common management practice used on broiler rabbit farms to optimize the growth intensity of kits in the litter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the litter size at birth before the standardization performed on the subsequent growth intensity of suckled HYPLUS broiler rabbit kits. A total of 70 litters with a total of 639 newborn kits were selected for evaluation, while assessed litter sizes at birth covered 7 to 12 kits per litter. The assessed levels of litter sizes at kindling did not show significant differences in the average birth weight of the kits. Although the litter size was standardized to 8 kits for primiparous and to 9 kits for multiparous does on the first day after birth, the intrinsic litter size of does at kindling had a highly significant effect on the average live weight (LW) of 19-day old suckled kits (P <0.01). The average LW of kits at this age were higher in females which kindled 7 and 8 kits in litter compared to females in which the number of kits born in the litter was between 9 and 12. The same trend as in the case of LW was found for average daily gain values, while its higher values (P <0.01) were found in litters where does kindled only 7 and 8 kits per litter (19.1 and 17.9 g day-1, resp.) in contrast to litters in which does kindled 9 to 12 kits per litter (14.0 to 15.4 g day-1). The performed standardization of litter size in the involved farm thus was not a sufficient management practice to reduce the variability of the average LW of suckled kits at 19 days of age.Keywords: broiler rabbit, does, litter standardization, nursing, pre-weaning periodReferencesAlfonso-Carrillo, C. et al. (2014). Effect of late weaning and use of alternative cages on performance of does, suckling and fattening rabbits under extensive reproductive management. Livestock Science, 167, 425–434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.018Bautista, A. et al. (2008). Do newborn domestic rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus compete for thermally advantageous positions in the litter huddle? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62(3), 331–339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0420-4Blasco, A. et al. (2018). Genetics of growth, carcass and meat quality in rabbits. Meat Science, 145, 178–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.030Castellini, C. et al. (2003). Comparison of different reproduction protocols for rabbit does: effect of litter size and mating interval. Livestock Production Science, 83, 131–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00070-8Chrenek, P. et al. (2007). The yield and composition of milk from transgenic rabbits. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 20(4), 482–486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.482Dalle Zotte, A. et al. (2013). Influence of rabbit sire genetic origin, season of birth and parity order on doe and litter performance in an organic production system. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 26(1), 43–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12401Fik, M. et al. (2018). Reproduction performances, growth and slaughter traits analysis of rabbit of Nitra breed. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 21(4), 162–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.162-165FIK, M. (2020). Possibilities for improvement of rabbit reproduction. Nitra: SPU, 90 p.Fortun-Lamothe, L. et al. (2003). Estimation de la production laitière à partir de la croissance des lapereaux. In Proceedings of the 10èmes Journ. Rech. Cunicole, Paris: ITAVI éd., Paris (pp. 69–72). In French.Juárez, J.D. et al. (2020). Evaluation by re-derivation of a paternal line after 18 generations on seminal traits, proteome and fertility. Livestock Science, 232, 103894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103894Ludwiczak, A. et al. (2020). Hycole doe milk properties and kit growth. Animals, 10(2), 214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020214Maertens, L. et al. (2006). Rabbit milk: A review of quantity, quality and non-dietary affecting factors. World Rabbit Science, 14, 205–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2006.565Migdal, L. et al. (2019). Association of polymorphisms in the GH and GHR genes with growth and carcass traits in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64(6), 255–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/27/2019-CJASPalka, S. et al. (2018). Effect of housing system and breed on growth, slaughter traits and meat quality traits in rabbits. Scientific Annals of Polish Society of Animal Production-Roczniki Naukowe, 14(4), 9–18.Parigi-Bini, R. et al. (1992). Energy and protein utilization and partition in rabbit does concurrently pregnant and lactating. Animal Science, 55(1), 153–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100037387Pascual, J.J. et al. (2013). Resources allocation in reproductive rabbit does: A review of feeding and genetic strategies for suitable performance. World Rabbit Science, 21, 123–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2013.1236Poigner, J. et al. (2000). Effect of birth weight and litter size on growth and mortality in rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 8(1), 17–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2000.413Reyes-Meza, V. et al. (2011). Possible contribution of position in the litter huddle to long-term differences in behavioral style in the domestic rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 104 (5), 778–785, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.019Rödel, G.H. et al. (2008). Why do heavy littermates grow better than lighter ones? A study in wild and domestic European rabbits. Physiology & Behavior, 95, 441–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.011Szendrö, Zs. et al. (2012). Management of reproduction on small, medium and large rabbit farms: A review. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25(5), 738–748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12015Szendrö, Zs. et al. (2019). The birth weight of rabbits: Influencing factors and effect on behavioural, productive and reproductive traits: A review. Livestock Science, 230, 103841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103841Šimek, V. et al. (2019). The comparison of the selected morphometric traits in three medium-sized rabbit breeds. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 22(4), 138–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.04.138-143Tůma, J. et al. (2010). The effect of season and parity order on fertility of rabbit does and kit growth. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 55(8), 330–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/317/2009-cjasVolek, Z. et al. (2014). Effect of diets containing whole white lupin seeds on rabbit doe milk yield and milk fatty acid composition as well as the growth and health of their litters. Journal of Animal Science, 92, 2041–2049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-712
Milk fat as a source of bioactive compounds
Full text linkReceived: 2021-05-17 | Accepted: 2021-07-08 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.315-321Milk fat is a source of not only nutritionally valuable but also biologically active ingredients that are involved in various regulatory processes, thus participating in a functioning organism. These compounds have been studied and various beneficial effects on the health and development of the organism have been described. Ingredients such as fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid) and phospholipids (glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids) may have a beneficial effect on human health or can prevent various diseases. Some candidate genes that are significantly involved in milk fat metabolisms, such as diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, thus contribute to the composition and concentration of the individual components of milk fat. This review deals with the composition of the collected bioactive components of milk fat and their impact on health and their potential to produce functional foods.Keywords: milk fat, phospholipids, fatty acids, bioactive compoundsReferencesArgov-Argaman, N., Mida, K., Cohen, B. C., Visker, M. and Hettinga, K. (2013). Milk fat content and DGAT1 genotype determine lipid composition of the milk fat globule membrane. PLoS One, 8(7), e68707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068707Arranz, E. and Corredig, M. (2017). Invited review: Milk phospholipid vesicles, their colloidal properties, and potential as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules. Journal of dairy science, 100(6), 4213–4222. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12236Bauman, D. E., Mather, I. H., Wall, R. J. and Lock, A. L. (2006). Major advances associated with the biosynthesis of milk. Journal of dairy science, 89(4), 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72192-0Bernard, L., Bonnet, M., Delavaud, C., Delosière, M., Ferlay, A., Fougère, H. and Graulet, B. (2018). Milk fat globule in ruminant: major and minor compounds, nutritional regulation and differences among species. European journal of lipid science and technology, 120(5), 1700039. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201700039Bovenhuis, H., Visker, M. H. P. W., Poulsen, N. A., Sehested, J., Van Valenberg, H. J. F., van Arendonk, J. A. M. et al. (2016). Effects of the diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism on fatty acid, protein, and mineral composition of dairy cattle milk. Journal of dairy science, 99(4), 3113–3123. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10462Calder, P. C. (2014). Very long chain omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids and human health. European journal of lipid science and technology, 116(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400025Contarini, G. and Povolo, M. (2013). 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The effect of different vegetable oils on energy content of table eggs yolk
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-08-31 | Accepted: 2020-11-16 | Available online: 2021-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.02.137-140The aim of this study was to analyse the gross energy (GE) value of egg yolk from hens feed with different vegetable oils addition and based on gained results calculate the linear regression between GE and dry matter % (DM) in yolk. Total 66 hens Lohmann brown lite were divided in to 11 groups according to concentration and type of used vegetable oil (pumpkin oil 3%, flax seed oil 3%, indian hemp seed oil 2.5% and 5%, grape seed oil 2.5% and 5%, olive oil 2.5 and 5%, apricot seed oil 2.5% and 5%). Hens were in 40th week of life and were housed per 6 in cage. From each group eight eggs were randomly selected. In total 88 egg yolks were separated and analysed for DM and GE content. The highest yolk GE was detected in group with 3% pumpkin oil addition (1639 kJ/100g) followed by groups with 2.5 and 5% indian hemp seed oil addition 1632 and 1632 kJ/100g, respectively. Difference between these three groups compared to yolk GE content (1584 kJ/100g) in control group was significant (P0.05). GE concertation of yolk can be calculated as follows: GE = -17.34 + (32.73 * DM), R2 = 0.819.Keywords: laying hens, egg yolk gross energy, regressionReferencesAntova, G. A. et al. (2019). Comparative analysis of nutrient content and energy of eggs from different chicken genotypes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(13), 5890–5898. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9863AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis AOAC. International 17th edition. Association of Analytical Communities, Gaithersburg.Benková, J. (2008). Artificial hatching of poultry is nothing simple. Slovenský chov, 13(6), 45-47. In Slovak.Gálik, B.et al. (2014). The effect of dietary Rhus coriaria L. on table eggs yolk nutrients composition. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 17(3), 93–95. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2014.17.03.93-95Herkeľ, R. et al. (2016). Fatty acid profile and nutritional composition of table eggs after supplementation by pumpkin and flaxseed oils. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 85(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201685030277Hrnčár, C. & Bujko, J. (2012). Effect of pre-storage incubation of hatching eggs on hatchability of poultry. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 15(2), 34-37. http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk/journal/index.php/on_line/article/view/31Javad, N. et al. (2011). Effects of amino acids and metabolizable energy on egg characteristics and broiler breeder performance. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(49), 10066–10071. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.1268Noble, R. C. et al. (1996). Yolk lipids and their fatty acids in the wild and captive ostrich (Struthio camelus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 113(4), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(95)02097-7Pearson, R. A. & Herron, K. M. (1981). Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. British Poultry Science, 22(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071688108447881Pištěková, V. et al. (2011). The quality comparison of eggs laid by laying hens kept in battery cages and in a deep litter system. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 51(7), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.17221/3945-cjasRadu-Rusu, R. et al. (2014). Chemical features, cholesterol and energy content of table hen eggs from conventional and alternative farming systems. South African Journal of Animal Science, 44(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.5Roe, M. et al. (2013). Nutrient analysis of eggs. Analytical Report (revised version). UK Government, Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved December 10, 2020 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/167973/Nutrient_analysis_of_ eggs_Analytical_Report.pdfRoztočilová, A. et al. (2018). Effect of purple wheat RU 687- 12 on performance parameters of laying hens at the end of the lay. In NutriNET 2018. Proceedings of reviewed scientific papers. Mendel University in Brno (pp. 92–97).Vojtaššáková, A. et al. (2000). Milk and eggs. Food nutrition tables. Výskumný ústav potravinársky, Bratislava. In Slovak.Van der Wagt, I. et al. (2020). A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poultry Science, 99(4), 2162–2175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041Zhang, Y. (2016). Studies on chicken hatchability and its relation with egg yolk metabolites. Dissertation thesis. GeorgAugust-University, Göttingen
Wildlife diseases management: a case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-03-24 | Accepted: 2020-08-24 | Available online: 2021-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.44-46Wildlife diseases management and wildlife health monitoring in protected areas is a preclude to the management of mega fauna in the protected areas. A case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR), Kerala, India in free ranges animals’ revels that two important diseases like amphistomiasis in Sambar and anthrax in Elephant. They were controlled by effective management interventions by extensive survey to detect the diseased animals. The diagnosis was based on field observations and treatment was done not only for the affected animals but also localizing and treating the source of the pathogens. An elaborate health monitoring protocol was developed in PTRfor management of wildlife diseases. The present study gives a base line data in the wildlife health monitoring in South India.Keywords: Periyar Tiger Reserve, anthrax, amphistomiasis, sambar, wildlife diseasesReferencesARYA, S.N. and BHATIA, D.K. (1992). Incidence of some livestock diseases in Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 26, 41–43. GORTAZER, C., DELGADO, I.D., BARASONA, J.A., VICENTE, J., FUENTE, J.D. and BOADELLA, M. (2014). The wild side of disease control at the wildlife-livestock-human interface: a review. Frontier of Veterinary Science, 1(27). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2014.00027MAHANTI, P., PANDA, S.M. and PANDAV, B. (2016). Community based protection oriented eco-tourism: A tool for conservation of tigers in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerela, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 5(7), 64–69. MARCHESE, C. (2015). Biodiversity hotspots: a shortcut for a more complicated concept. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 297–309. MONDAL, S.P. and YAMAGE, M. (2014). A retrospective study on the epidemiology of anthrax, food and mouth disease, haemorrhagic septicemia, peste des petits ruminants and rabies in Bangladesh, 2010–2012. PLos One, 9(8), e104435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104435RADHAKRISHNAN, K.V. and KURUP, M.B. (2010). Ichthyodiversity of Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerela, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(10), 1192–1198.RAWAT, M., SHARMA, K.N. and JATICAR, P.R. (1990). Presumed anthrax in a camel. Veterinary Record, 127, 411–411.SHARMA, M., JOSHI, V.B., BATTAMK, KATOCH, R.C., SHARMA, A.K. and NAGAL, K.B. (1996). Anthrax in buffaloes in Shivalik Valleys of Himachal Pradesh in India. Buffalo Journal, 12, 109–113.SHARMA, S.K., SINGH, G.R. and PATHAK, R.C. (1992). Epidemiological pattern of livestock diseases affecting pigs in Uttar Pradesh: anthrax and black quarters. Veterinary Research Journal, 6, 17–19.SINHA, S.K. (2012). Indian Bison Bos gaurus in the shiwalik hills-gangetic plains landscapes in India. Current Science, 103(5), 466–467.WOBESER. (1996). Forensic (Medico-legal) necropsy of wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32(2), 240–249